Good morning, dear readers!

In today's article, we will look at such a serious illness as HIV infection, and everything that is associated with it - causes, how it is transmitted, first signs, symptoms, stages of development, types, analyses, tests, tests nostic, likuvannya, remedies, prevention and other useful information. Oz...

What does VIL mean?

HIV infection in children

VIL infection in children in many cases is accompanied by inhibition of development (physical and psychomotor), often infectious diseases, pneumonitis, encephalopathy, hyperplasia of the pulmonary lymphatics catch, hemorrhagic syndrome. Moreover, HIV infection in children, who acquired it from infected mothers, is characterized by a more rapid progression and progression.

The main cause of HIV infection is infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. The cause of SNID is also the virus itself, because SNID is the remaining stage of development of HIV infection.

- a virus that is rapidly developing, belongs to the family of retroviruses (Retroviridae) and to the genus Lentivirus (Lentivirus). The word “lente” itself, translated from Latin, means “more,” which often characterizes this infection, which develops from the moment it enters the body and lasts until the remaining stage.

The size of the human immunodeficiency virus is approximately 100-120 nanometers, which is approximately 60 times smaller than the diameter of a blood particle - a red blood cell.

The foldability of VIL is due to some genetic changes during the process of self-creation - even the skin virus splits from its predecessor by at least 1 nucleotide.

In nature, as of 2017, there are 4 types of viruses - HIV-1 (HIV-1), HIV-2 (HIV-2), HIV-3 (HIV-3) and HIV-4 (HIV-4), skin from which the structure of the genome and other authorities are affected.

In the basis of the illness of most HIV-infected patients, the role of HIV-1 infection itself plays a role, so if the number of the subtype is not indicated, it is believed to be based on 1 itself.

Dzherelo VIL – people infected with the virus.

The main routes of infection are: injections (especially injectable drugs), transfusions (of blood, plasma, red blood cells) or organ transplantation, non-absorption, contact with unknown people, unnatural sex (anal, oral), trauma under the curtains, bathing the breasts mothers (infected), injury to bed curtains, loss of undisinfected medical or cosmetic items (scalpel, heads, scissors, tattoo machines, dental and other instruments).

For infection and further expansion in the body and development, it is necessary that the infected blood, mucus, sperm and other biomaterials of the patient are consumed in the bloodstream or lymphatic system of the person.

The important fact is that some people in their bodies have congenital protection from the human immunodeficiency virus, which is resistant to HIV. Such chemical powers are exerted by the following elements: the CCR5 protein, the TRIM5a protein, the CAML protein (calcium-modulated cyclophilin ligand), as well as the transmembrane interferon-inducing protein CD317/BST-2 (“tetherin”).

Before speaking, the CD317 protein, in addition to retroviruses, also actively protects against arenoviruses, filoviruses and herpesviruses. Cofactor CD317 is a protein called BCA2.

Groupy riziku infected with VIL

• Drug addicts, which are important to use injectable drugs;
• State partners of drug addicts;
• Individuals who lead a hopeless life, as well as those who engage in unnatural sex;
• New and existing clients;
• Donors are people who will require blood transfusion or organ transplantation;
• People are sick with venereal diseases;
• Doctors.

The classification of HIV infection is as follows:

Classification for clinical manifestations (in the Russian Federation and in other SND countries):

1. Incubation stage.

2. The stage of initial manifestations, which may include:

• without clinical manifestations (asymptomatic);
• gas flows without second illnesses;
• acute illness due to secondary illnesses;

3. Subclinical stage.

4. The stage of secondary illness, damage to the body by viruses, bacteria, fungi and other types of infection that develop due to weakened immunity. Subsequently divided into:

A) body weight decreases by less than 10%, as well as frequently recurring, infectious diseases of the skin and mucous membranes - pharyngitis, otitis media, lichen opercula, angular cheilitis ();

B) body weight decreases by more than 10%, as well as persistent and often repeated infectious diseases of the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs - sinusitis, pharyngitis, lichen planus, or diarrhea I (carried) for a month, Kaposi's sarcoma was localized;

C) body weight significantly decreases (cachexia), as well as persistent generalized infectious disease of the respiratory, herbal, nervous and other systems - candidiasis (trachea, bronchi, leg, tract), Pneumocystis pneumonia, post-legal tuberculosis, herpes, encephalopathy, (Diseminated Kaposi's sarcoma ).

All options for moving through the 4 stages are followed by the following phases:

• progression of pathology due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART);
• progression of pathology and persistence of HAART;
• remission during or after HAART.

5. Terminal stage (SNID).

A higher classification has been established, which avoids the classification approved by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Classification of clinical manifestations (CDC - US Center for Disease Control and Prevention):

The CDC classification includes not only the clinical manifestations of illness, but also the indicator of the number of CD4 + T-lymphocytes in 1 μl of blood. The division of HIV infection is based on two categories: the disease itself and SNID. If the below parameters correspond to criteria A3, B3, C1, C2 and C3, the patient should be treated as sick on SNID.

Symptoms in the long-term CDC category:

A (acute retroviral syndrome) – characterized by asymptomatic or generalized lymphadenopathy (GLAP).

(SNID-associated complex syndromes) – can be accompanied by oral candidiasis, operating herpes, cervical dysplasia, peripheral neuropathy, organic diseases, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, leukoplakia or listeriosis.

C (SNID) – may be accompanied by candidiasis of the respiratory tract (from the oropharynx to the leg) and/or stravokhoda, pneumocystosis, pneumonia, herpetic esophagitis, IL-encephalopathy, isosporosis, histoplasmosis, mycobacteria teriosis, cytomegaoma, cervical cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, salmonella and other illnesses.

Diagnosis of HIV infection

Diagnosis of VIL infection includes foot treatment methods:

• Anamnesis;
• visual examination of the patient;
• Screening test (detection of blood antibodies before infection using enzyme immunoassay - ELISA);
• The presence of antibodies in the blood is confirmed by a test (blood testing by immune blotting (blot)), which is carried out only after a positive result of the screening test;
• Polymerase Lanzug reaction (PLR);
• Analysis for immune status (CD4 + lymphocyte count - performed using automatic analyzers (flow cytometry method) or manually using microscopes);
• Analysis for viral infection (detection of the number of copies of VIL RNA in a milliliter of plasma);
• Express tests for HIV - diagnosis is carried out using additional ELISA on test substances, aglutination reaction, immunochromatography and immunological filtration analysis.

To establish a diagnosis of SNID, tests alone are not enough. Confirmation is obtained only after additional evidence of 2 or more opportunistic illnesses associated with this syndrome.

VIL infection - cleansing

Treatment of HIV infection is only possible after reliable diagnosis. However, unfortunately, as of 2017, the official availability of adequate therapy and medications that would completely eliminate the virus from immunodeficiency in people and cure the patient has not been established.

The only current method of treating HIV infection today is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which is aimed at increasing the progression of illness and slowing the transition from the stage of SNID. . The effects of HAART on a person's life can cost dozens of lives, and one can lose their previous use of regular medications.

The human immunodeficiency virus is also affected by the same mutation. Thus, since medicinal drugs against VIL cannot be changed after about an hour, which means that as a result of continuous control of the illness, the virus becomes stable, and the treatment regimen becomes ineffective. Therefore, at different intervals, the doctor changes the treatment regimen, and at the same time the treatment. The reason for changing the drug may also be individual intolerance by the patient.

Current development of the brain is aimed not only at achieving effectiveness against VIL, but also at reducing the side effects of them.

The effectiveness of treatment also improves by changing the way a person lives, reducing their lifestyle - healthy sleep, proper eating, stress reduction, an active way of life, positive emotions, etc.

Thus, you can see the following points in the treatment of HIV infection:

• Drug treatment of HIV infection;
• Diet;
• Preventative visits.

Important! Before taking any medications, you must contact your doctor for advice!

1. Drug treatment of HIV infection

To begin with, it is necessary to remember once again that SNID is the last stage in the development of HIV infection, and at this stage itself a person is deprived of very little time to live. Therefore, it is very important not to allow the development of SNID, and there is much to be done in timely diagnosis and adequate therapy for HIV infection. We also noted that highly active antiretroviral therapy is the only method of treating VIL today, since statistics reduce the risk of developing HIV infection to 1-2%.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)– a method of treating HIV infection, which is based on the one-hour intake of three or four drugs (tritherapy). The number of drugs is related to the mutagenicity of the virus, and in order to bind it at this stage for as long as possible, the doctor selects the complex of drugs itself. Skin preparations, according to the principle of action, should be included in the following group – reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside and non-nucleoside), integration inhibitors, protease inhibitors, receptor inhibitors and fusion inhibitors (inhibitors of fusion).

HAART has the following goals:

• Virological - directed at the reduction of the multiplication and expansion of HIV, which is indicated by a decrease in viral prevalence by 10 or more times in 30 days, up to 20-50 copies/ml or less in 16-24 days, as well as in the morning the manna of these demonstrators is longer;
• Immunological – aimed at renewing the normal functioning and health of the immune system, which is determined by an updated number of CD4 lymphocytes and an adequate immune response to infection;
• Clinical – aimed at preventing the formation of secondary infectious diseases and SNID, which makes it possible to conceive a child.

Faces of HIV infection

Nucleoside inhibitors of turn transcriptase- The mechanism of action is based on the competitive suppressed enzyme VIL, which ensures the creation of DNA, which is based on the RNA virus. The first group of drugs against the retrovirus. It’s good to bear with it. Some of the side effects can be seen - lactic acidosis, suppression of the cerebrospinal fluid, polyneuropathy and lipoatrophy. Speech is eliminated from the body in the same way.

Some of the nucleoside inhibitors of serum transcriptase can be seen - abacavir (Ziagen), zidovudine (Azidothymidine, Zidovirine, Retrovir, Timazide), lamivudine (Virolam, Heptavir-150) ", "Epivir" ), stavudine ("Aktastav", "Zerit", "Stavudine"), tenofovir ("Viread", "Tenvir"), phosphazide ("Nikavir"), emtricitabine ("Emtriva"), as well as abacavir + lamivudine complexes (" Kivexa, Epzycom), zidovudine + lamivudine (Combivir), tenofovir + emtricitabine (Truvada) and zidovudine + lamivudine + abacavir (Trizivir).

Non-nucleoside inhibitors of turn transcriptase– delavirdine (“Rescriptor”), nevirapine (“Viramun”), rilpivirine (“Edurant”), efavirenz (“Regast”, “Sustiva”), etravirine (“Intelence”).

Inhibitory integration the mechanism of action on the blocked enzyme of the virus, which takes part in the integration of viral DNA into the genome of the target cell, after which the provirus is created.

Among the integration inhibitors you can see - dolutegravir (Tivikay), raltegravir (Isentress), elvitegravir (Vitekta).

Protease inhibitors- The mechanism of action is based on the blocked protease enzyme of the virus (retropepsin), which immediately takes part in the splitting of Gag-Pol polyproteins on the outside of the protein, after which the moisture and the formation of mature proteins in Human immunodeficiency virus.

Among the protease inhibitors you can see are amprenavir (“Agenerase”), darunavir (“Prezista”), indinavir (“Crixivan”), nelfinavir (“Viracept”), ritonavir (“Norvir”, “Ritonavir”), saquinav ir Invirase"), tipranavir (“Aptivus”), fosamprenavir (“Lexiva”, “Telzir”), as well as combinations of lopinavir + ritonavir (“Kaletra”).

Receptor inhibitors- The mechanism of action on blocking the penetration of VIL into the target cell, which is due to the influx of speech on the coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5.

Among the receptor inhibitors, you can see maraviroc (Celsentri).

Inhibitors of fusion (inhibitors of fusion)- The mechanism of action is based on blocking the remaining stage before the virus enters the target cell.

Among the inhibitors you can see is enfuvirtide (Fuzeon).

The use of Vaart during pregnancy reduces the risk of transmission of infection from an infected mother to a child to 1%, although without this therapy in a hundred infected children it becomes close to 20%.

Some of the side effects from stagnation of HAART medications include pancreatitis, anemia, skin viscera, stones, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, lipodystrophy. , as well as Fanconi syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and others.

The diet for HIV infection is aimed at preventing the sick person from wasting energy, as well as providing the body’s cells with the necessary energy and, of course, stimulating and supporting normal functioning, not depriving the immune system, but y other systems.

It is also necessary to pay attention to the impact of the weakened immune system due to infection, and to protect yourself from infection with other types of infection - be sure to follow the rules of special hygiene and preparation rules bath

Food for people with HIV/AIDS may:

2. It is high-calorie, so it is recommended to add olive oil, mayonnaise, cheese, and sour cream to the urchin.

3. Turn on plenty of drinks, especially drink broths and fresh juices with a lot of vitamin C, which stimulates the immune system - broth, juices (apple, grape, cherry).

4. Eat in small portions, 5-6 times per serving, or in small portions.

5. Drinking water and cooking water are cleaned. Avoid eating processed foods, undercooked meat, dry eggs, and pasteurized milk.

What you can eat if you have HIV infection:

• Soups - vegetable, on cereals, with noodles, with meat broth, can be added with top oil;
• Meat - cowhide, turkey, chicken, legion, liver, lean types of fish (salmon);
• Cereals - buckwheat, pearl barley, rice, pshonyan and oatmeal;
• Porridge - with added dried fruits, honey, jam;
• Bread;
• Fats - sonyashnikov oil, vershkova butter, margarine;
• Roslinna hedgehog (vegetables, fruits, berries) - carrots, potatoes, cabbage, zucchini, watermelon, legumes, peas, apples, grapes, plums and others;
• For licorice - honey, preserves, jam, jam, marmalade, marshmallow, tsukor, licorice vipichka (not more than once a month).

Also, in case of HIV infection and HIV/AIDS, there is a shortage of such

3. Preventive visits

Preventive measures for HIV infection that must be followed during treatment include:

• Avoidance of repeated contact with infection;
• Healthy sleep;
• Introducing the rules of special hygiene;
• Understanding the possibility of infection with other types of infection - and others;
• Elimination of stress;
• In-house volunteer tidying up the place of residence;
• Vidmova from the dry weather under the sleepy streets;
• Povna vidmova from alcoholic products, chicken;
• Full-time food;
• Active way of living;
• Repairs to the sea, mountains, etc. in the most environmentally friendly places.

Let's take a closer look at the statistics in order to prevent prevention.

Important! Before applying folk remedies against HIV infection, be sure to consult a doctor!

Zvirobiy. Place the well-dried herbs into an enamel saucepan and pour in 1 liter of purified water, then place the container on the fire. After it comes to a boil, cook it for 1 year on low heat, then remove, cool, strain and pour the mixture into a jar. Add 50 g of sea buckthorn oil to the mixture, mix thoroughly and place in a cold place to steep for 2 additions. Take 50 g of zasib 3-4 times a day.

Licorice. Boil 50 g of the mixture into an enamel saucepan, pour 1 liter of purified water and place on the stove over high heat. After bringing to a boil, reduce the heat to the minimum setting and simmer for about 1 more year. After that, remove the pan from the stove, cool it, strain, pour into a container, add 3 tbsp. spoons of natural, mix. You need to drink 1 glass of wine each time.

Propolis. Pour 10 g of the prepared half bottle of water and place it in a water bath to soak for 1 year. Afterwards, let it cool and take it 1-3 times a day, 50 g each.

Syrup with berries, apples and peas. Mix together in an enamel saucepan 500 g of fresh blue berries, 500 g of lingonberries, 1 kg of chopped green apples, 2 bottles of ingredients, 2 kg of zucchini and 300 ml of purified water. Leave for an hour until the zukru is broken down, then put on a small fire for 30 minutes and boil the syrup. Afterwards, you need to cool the syrup, pour it into a jar and take 1 tbsp. spoons, which can be soaked with a ladle of boiled water.

Prevention of HIV infection includes:

• Dotrimannya;
• Restriction of blood and organ donors;
• Observation of all patients for the presence of antibodies to VIL;
• Control over the birth of children in HIV-positive women and prevention of breastfeeding;
• Conducting lessons to inform young people about the legacy of these articles;
• There are studies on working with drug addicts, such as psychological assistance, learning about safe injections and exchanging heads and syringes;
• Reducing the scale of drug addiction and prostitution;
• Development of rehabilitation centers for drug addicts;
• Promotion of safe articles of paper;
• Vidmova from unnatural sexual intercourse (anal, oral sex);
• Medical practitioners must adhere to all safety rules when working with biomaterials of infected people, incl. such illnesses as;
• If a medical worker comes into contact with mucous or blood (cuts, punctures of the skin) with infected biomaterial, the wound must be treated with alcohol, after washing the hands with the gentle gentleman and again treating with alcohol, and also after that, In the first 3-4 years of age, take HAART drugs ( for example – “Azidothymidine”), which minimizes the possibility of developing VIL infection and prevents the infection from occurring for 1 day;
• Obov'yazkova likuvannya sickness, which is transmitted by state way (ZPSSH), so that the stench does not pass into a chronic form;
• Vidmova from tattooing, as well as from unverified beauty salons, home cosmetology specialists, low-volume dental clinics with a dubious reputation;
• As of 2017, the vaccine against HIV/AIDS has not yet been officially released, but at least some drugs are still undergoing preclinical testing.

This expression “People who live with HIV” (PLHIV) is used to refer to people or groups of individuals who may have a HIV-positive status. This term was chosen in connection with the fact that PLHIV can live in a society of dozens of years, and live their lives not because of the infection itself, but because of the natural deterioration of the body. PLHIV are always not guilty of being a brand, so there is a need for isolation and isolation. Also, PLHIV have the same rights as HIV-negative people - to medical care, education, work, children.

Which doctor will you go to for VIL infections?

VIL infection - video

The human immunodeficiency virus is classified as a group of retroviruses, which provokes the development of HIV infection. This illness can occur in a number of stages, the skin of which changes with a clinical picture and intensity of manifestations.

VIL stages

Stages of development of HIV infection:

• Incubation period;
• the first manifestations are acute infection, asymptomatic and generalized lymphadenopathy;
• secondary manifestations – damage to the internal organs of a persistent nature, damage to the skin and mucous membranes, illness of a generalized type;
• Terminal stage.

According to statistics, VIL infection is most often diagnosed at the stage of secondary manifestations and this is due to the fact that the symptoms of VIL become clearly visible and begin to turbulence of the patient itself during this period of overcoming illness. .

At the first stage of the development of VIL infection, there may be severe symptoms, but symptoms, as a rule, occur in a mild form, the clinical picture is blurred, and the diseases themselves do not follow such “drugnitsa” to doctors . There is also one more nuance - since patients undergo qualified medical care at the first stage of HIV infection, doctors may not diagnose the pathology. Moreover, at this stage of development of the analyzed illness, the symptoms will be the same in men and women – which often confuses doctors. Only at the second stage can a diagnosis of HIV infection be felt, and the symptoms will be individual for both men and women.

After what hour does VIL appear?

Recommended reading:

The most important signs of HIV infection are no longer visible, but they stink. І are detected in the middle period from 3 days to 3 months after infection. A rather trivial term.

Signs of secondary manifestations of the analyzed illness may appear soon after infection with HIV infection, or may appear immediately after 4-6 months from the time of infection .

Recommended reading:

After a person has become infected with HIV infection, there is no need to avoid the usual symptoms and slight signs of development of any pathology. This period itself is considered to be incubation, perhaps similar to classification V.I. Pokrovsky from 3 years to 3 months.

Everyday observation and laboratory testing of biomaterials (serological, immunological, hematological analyses) will not help to detect HIV infection, and the infected person itself does not appear sick at all. However, the incubation period itself, without any manifestations, becomes especially dangerous - people are susceptible to infection.

About an hour after infection, the patient enters the acute phase of the illness - the clinical picture during this period can lead to a diagnosis of HIV infection “under nutrition.”

The first manifestations of HIV infection in the acute phase will greatly resemble the symptoms of mononucleosis. Appear on average between 3 days and 3 months from the time of infection. These can be seen:

The doctor, when examining the patient, may notice a slight increase in the size of the spleen and liver - the patient, before speech, may present with scars and pain in the right hypochondrium, which periodically arises. The skin of the sick person may be covered with a friable visip - pale horny heels, which do not show clear boundaries. It is not uncommon to find scum from infections and pain and diarrhea, which cannot be treated with specific medications or a change in diet.

Please note: with such a transition from the acute phase of HIV infection in the blood, lymphocytes/leukocytes will be detected in the joints and mononuclear cells of an atypical type.

The above-described signs of the acute phase of illness can be observed in 30% of patients. Shchel 30-40% of Patzіntiv, to the state, the phase at the rosvitka of the meningit of a gray-haired type is sub-lecephalite-the symptom of radically vidimatima is already described: nudota, vyudannia, the temperature of the TIL TILA, strong head BIL.

Often the first symptom of HIV infection is esophagitis - an inflammatory process in the patient, which is characterized by impaired movement and pain in the breasts.

In any case, the phase of VIL infection has not proceeded, after 30-60 days the symptoms appear - the patient often thinks that he has completely recovered, especially since this period of pathology proceeding practically asymptomatically or their intensity was low (and may also be) .

During the period of passing this stage of the analyzed illness, there are no daily symptoms - the illness feels better, there is no need to go to the medical office for a preventive examination. Even at the stage of asymptomatic flow in the blood, antibodies can be detected up to VIL! This makes it possible to diagnose the pathology at one of the early stages of development and provide adequate, effective treatment.

The asymptomatic stage of HIV infection can occur in a number of cases, but only because the patient’s immune system has not recognized a significant increase. The statistics are very clear - less than 30% of patients 5 years after an asymptomatic passage of HIV infection begin to show symptoms of the onset stages, while in some infections the asymptomatic stage of passage of the infection begins to appear. It lasts no more than 30 days.

This stage is characterized by an increase in almost all groups of lymphatic nodes, this process does not consume only the groin lymph nodes. It is noteworthy that generalized lymphadenopathy itself may become the main symptom of HIV infection, since all the advanced stages of the development of illness proceeded without any manifestations.

The lymph nodes will increase by 1-5 cm, become loose and painless, and the surface of the skin above them shows absolutely no sign of the pathological process. In addition to such a clearly expressed symptom, such as an increase in groups of lymphatic nodes, the standard causes of this phenomenon are excluded. And here lies the danger - some doctors classify lymphadenopathy as an important disease.

The stage of generalized lymphadenopathy lasts for 3 months, and then 2 months after the onset of the disease stage, the disease begins to disappear.

Reveal

It is often traced so that the very second manifestations of HIV infection provide a basis for clear diagnosis. Before the second manifestations:

The patient suffers from a rapid increase in body temperature, and develops a dry, persistent cough, which often develops in patients. The patient develops intense dyspnea with minimal physical intervention, and the patient's lower back rapidly deteriorates. Therapy carried out with different antibacterial drugs (antibiotics) does not provide a positive effect.

Generalized infection

These include herpes, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus infection, and candidiasis. Most often, women suffer from this infection and people suffer from the immunodeficiency virus and the smell is extremely important.

Kaposi's sarcoma

This is a new creation/puffiness that develops from lymphatic vessels. Most often diagnosed in humans, there is the appearance of multiple puffs of a characteristic cherry color, spread out on the head, chest and empty mouth.

Damage to the central nervous system

Initially, this manifests itself only in minor problems with memory, decreased concentration and attention. However, during the development of pathology, the patient develops confusion.

Features of the first signs of HIV infection in women

If the woman was infected with the human immunodeficiency virus, then the secondary symptoms, most likely, appear as a development, progression of generalized infections - herpes, candidiasis, cytomegalovirus and infection, tuberculosis.

Often, secondary manifestations of HIV infections begin with a banal disruption of the menstrual cycle; inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs may develop - for example, salpingitis. Oncological diseases of the cervix - carcinoma or dysplasia - are often diagnosed.

Features of HIV infection in children

Children who have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus while still pregnant (in utero with the mother) may exhibit some peculiarities during illness. First, illness begins to develop at 4-6 months of life. In another way, the early and main symptom of VIL infection during intrauterine infection is a disorder of the central nervous system - the baby appears different from its peers in physical and mental development. Thirdly, children with the human immunodeficiency virus are susceptible to progressive destruction of the herbal system and the appearance of purulent illnesses.

The human immunodeficiency virus continues to treat people with illnesses until the end - even a lot of nutrition is involved both during diagnosis and during treatment. However, doctors confirm that HIV infection can be detected at an early stage only by the illness itself - they themselves can carefully monitor their health and periodically undergo preventive examinations. As soon as the symptoms of HIV infection arrive and the disease develops, a test analysis can quickly help save the patient’s life.

Tips on popular foods for VIL

In connection with the great number of animals of our readers, we decided to group in one section the most extensive nutrition and types of them.

Signs of HIV infection appear approximately 3 to 3 months after unsafe contact. Increased temperature, sore throat and increased lymph nodes in the first days after infection may indicate some pathology, in addition to the human immunodeficiency virus. During this period (doctors call it incubation), not only daily symptoms of HIV infection, but also deep laboratory tests of blood will not give a positive result.

So, unfortunately, it is so rare, but it happens (in approximately 30% of cases): a person does not show the usual characteristic symptoms during the acute phase, and then the illness passes into the latent phase (which, in fact, is an asymptomatic period lasting approximately 8 - 10 years) .

Most daily screening tests are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) – this is the “gold standard” of diagnostics, in which an accurate result can be determined no earlier than 3 – 6 months after inf. bath. Therefore, the analysis needs to be done in two days: 3 months after possible infection and then after 3 months.

First of all, it is necessary to take into account the period that has passed after a potentially dangerous contact - if less than 3 days have passed, then these symptoms may indicate a common cold.

Otherwise, if more than 3 months have already passed since a possible infection, then you don’t want to stress yourself out - it’s enough to check and, after 3 months after unsafe contact, undergo specific treatment.

Thirdly, increased body temperature and increased lymphatic nodes are not “classical” signs of HIV infection! Often the first manifestations of illness are manifested by pain in the chest area and liver swelling, broken bowel movements (people have a partial bowel movement), and a pale erysipelas on the skin.

The risk of contracting HIV infection during oral sex is reduced to a minimum. On the other hand, the virus does not live in the middle environment, so in order to become infected with it orally, it is necessary for two things to come together: the wounds/sores on the partner’s penis and the wounds/sores in the partner’s mouth. However, these conditions do not at all lead to skin breakdown leading to infection with HIV infection. For peace of mind, it is necessary to perform a specific analysis for VIL 3 months after unsafe contact and undergo a control test after 3 months.

There is a low number of drugs available for post-exposure prophylaxis against HIV. It's a pity that the sale isn't available to anyone, so he'll have to make an appointment with a therapist to explain the situation. There is no guarantee that such approaches will 100% prevent the development of HIV infection, but the doctors confirm that taking such medications will completely prevent the development of the virus. Human immunodeficiency is reduced by 70-75%.

Since there is no ability (or courage) to go to the doctor with such a problem, you are deprived of only one thing - check. It will be necessary to wait for 3 months, then undergo a strict test on VIL and if the result is negative, then do a control analysis in another 3 months.

No, it’s not possible! The human immunodeficiency virus does not survive in most people, so people who fall into the category of VIL-positive can easily wear ironware, bed linen, and run a pool or swim in the pool.

There are risks of infection, but the stink is still small. Thus, with one-time vaginal contact without a condom, the risk is still 0.01 - 0.15%. With oral sex, the risk increases from 0.005 to 0.01%, with anal sex - from 0.065 to 0.5%. Such statistical data is provided in the clinical protocols for the WHO European region for care and support for HIV/AIDS (page 523).

Medicine describes episodes when a friend, or one of the friends, was VIL-infected, lived a normal life, not using condoms, stretching out several years, and the other person lost his health.

If, at the time of the statutory act, the condom was removed, but the instructions were not used and the purpose was lost, then the risk of infection is reduced to a minimum. If, 3 or more months after the suspicious contact, symptoms appear that indicate HIV infection, you just need to go to the therapist. An increase in temperature and an increase in lymphatic nodes may indicate HRV and other illnesses. For your peace of mind, get tested for VIL.

To report on the nutritional value, it is necessary to know at what time and how many times such an analysis was performed:

• a negative result in the first 3 months after unsafe contact, it is not possible for doctors to talk about a mild-negative result;
• a negative test result for VIL after 3 months from the moment of unsafe contact - regardless of all conditions and infections, otherwise it is necessary to perform another analysis 3 months after the first one for control;
• a negative result from the analysis of VIL after 6 months and more after unsafe contact – the patient is not infected.

The risks in this episode are extremely small - the Swedish virus is in the middle of the middle, so it’s almost impossible to become infected with VIL, having been injured by such a hole. Dry biological fluid (blood) cannot harbor the virus. However, after 3 months, and then again - after another 3 months - it’s still time to do an analysis for VIL.

Tsigankova Yana Oleksandrivna, medical examiner, therapist of the highest qualification category.

Human immunodeficiency virus(Abbreviation VIL) was revealed in 1983. What are the reasons for the development of SNID – syndrome immunodeficiency. The first official publications about SNID appeared in the 81st generation, a new illness was caused by sarcoma Kaposi and pneumonia, which occurs unexpectedly in homosexuals. The designation AIDS was established as a term in 1982, when similar symptoms found in drug addicts, homosexuals and patients with hemophilia were combined into a single syndrome of full-blown immune deficiency.

Current diagnosis of HIV infection: viral illness, which is based on immunodeficiency, which causes the development of concomitant (opportunistic) infections and oncological processes.

SNID is the remaining stage of HIV infection, either congenital or acquired.

How can you become infected with VIL?

Humans are HIV-infected with this type of infection, and at any stage of the disease it continues forever. A large number of viruses can be found in blood (including menstrual fluid) and lymph, sperm, urine, vaginal fluids, breast milk, liquor- Spinal cerebrospinal fluid, tears. Endemic(With connection to the locality) the VIL cavity was detected in Western Africa, with type 2 virus infecting the virus. No natural source of type 1 virus has been found. VIL is transmitted from person to person.

In case of non-protected state contacts The risk of infection increases due to inflammation, microtrauma of the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals, anus. At to one Statutory infection is rarely observed, but in case of cutaneous attack, the prevalence is advanced. Under the hour of any kind of wear accepting sexual partner has a greater risk of experiencing VIL (from 1 to 50 per 10,000 episodes of unprotected sex), lower transmission (0.5 – 6.5). To that group, the rizik is brought together with their clients and barebackers- gays, who obviously do not use condoms.

transmission routes VIL

A child can become infected with VIL in utero in an infected mother, because there are defects in the placenta and the virus enters the blood of the fetus. At the beginning of life, infection is acquired through traumatized birth defects, and later through breast milk. Between 25 and 35% of children born to HIV-infected mothers may become infected with the virus or become ill with HIV/AIDS.

For medical reasons: transfusion of whole blood and tissue mass (platelets, erythrocytes), fresh and frozen plasma to patients. In the event of a seizure, injections of an infected throat should be given to 0.3-0.5% of the medical staff in case of a seizure of HIV infection, so the doctors should treat the patient until the patient is at risk.

With internal injections of “suspends” with a naked or a syringe, the risk of infection with VIL is more than 95%, which means that at the moment there are more carriers of the virus and no infection – drug addicts, what to establish the main group of rizika z VIL

It is NOT possible to become infected with the butovo way, as well as through water in swimming pools and swimming pools, bites, comas, wind.

Wider VIL

Peculiarities - variable incubation period, varying speed of appearance and strength of symptoms, which vary depending on the health of a person. People weakened(socialites, drug addicts, residents of poor countries) or with others chronic and gostream ZPSSH(, etc.), illness is more frequent and more important, the symptoms of VIL appear more rapidly, and the discomfort of life becomes 10-11 times higher than the moment of infection.

In a prosperous social environment, practically healthy people, the incubation period can extend by 10-20 years, the symptoms may be erased and progress even further. With adequate treatment, such patients live long, and death occurs from natural causes within a century.

Statistics:

• As of 2014, the world has 35 million people diagnosed with VIL;
• Increase in infections in 2013: 2.1 million deaths from HIV/AIDS – 1.5 million;
• The number of registered VIL carriers among the world's population is approaching 1%;
• In the Russian Federation in 2013. there were 800 thousand. infected and sick, about 0.6% of the population is affected by HIV;
• 90% of all cases of HIV/AIDS in Europe occur in Ukraine (70%) and the Russian Federation (20%).

Width of the virus around the world (hundreds of virus cases among the adult population)

Facti:

1. VIL is more often diagnosed in men, less in women;
2. In the last 5 years, episodes of VIL in vaginal women became more frequent;
3. Residents of late-European regions become infected and fall ill on HIV/AIDS at a much lower rate than residents of the present day;
4. Africans are the most susceptible to the immunodeficiency virus, accounting for approximately 2/3 of all patients and those infected in Africa;
5. Those infected with the virus in women over 35 are sick with SNID 2 times more often than in younger people.

Characteristics of the virus

VIL stay up to group retroviruses HTLV groups and family lentiviruses(“more” viruses). It looks like spherical particles, 60 times smaller in size than a red blood cell. Shvidko gine in an acidic medium, infused with 70% ethanol, 3% water peroxide or 0.5% formaldehyde. Sensitive to temperature testing– becomes inactive after 10 minutes. already above +560°C, at 1000°C - with a hvilini stretch. Resistant to ultraviolet radiation, radiation, freezing and drying.

Blood from VIL, which has been consumed by various objects, becomes contagious for up to 1-2 years.

VIL gradually changes the genome, the skin virus emerges from the first one layer of RNA - nucleotide. The VIL genome contains at least 104 nucleotides, and the number of mutations when made is such that after approximately 5 years of output combinations nothing is lost: VIL mutates completely. So, the systems that were stuck before become ineffective, and new ones have to appear.

Although there are no two completely new VIL genomes in nature, several groups of viruses may exist typical signs. On their basis, all VILs are classified into groupies, numbered 1 to 4

• VIL-1: the most extensive, this group itself was revived first (1983).
• VIL-2: it is less likely to become infected than VIL-1. Those infected with type 2 do not have immunity to type 1 of the virus.
• VIL-3 and 4: rare variations that do not particularly interfere with the expansion of VIL. In the current pandemic (the global epidemic that is sweeping the edges of different continents), VIL-1 and 2 are mainly present, and VIL-2 is more frequent in the regions of Western Africa.

SNID development

Normally, the body has thefts in the middle: the main role is given to cellular immunity, immunity lymphocytes. T-lymphocytes Produced by the thymus (thymus gland), the functional tissues of the stench are divided into T-helpers, T-killers and T-suppressors. Helpery They “discover” swollen and infected cells with viruses, and activate T-killers, which deal with the depletion of atypical processes. T-suppressors directly regulate the immune system, preventing it from triggering a reaction against healthy healthy tissues.

Infected by the virus, the T-lymphocyte becomes atypical, the immune system reacts to it as if it were a foreign light and sends T-cells to help. A large T-helper cell collapses, capsids collapse and snatch part of the lipid membrane to the lymphocyte, remaining unknown to the immune system. Then the capsids disintegrate, and new viruses spread among other T helper cells.

The number of helper cells is gradually decreasing, and in humans the “friend-foe” recognition system ceases to function. In addition, VIL activates the mechanism of mass apoptosis(Programmed death) of all types of T-lymphocytes. Podsum – active inflammatory reactions to resident (normal, stationary) and mentally pathogenic microflora, and at the same time inadequate response of the immune system to dangerous fungi and plump cells. Immunodeficiency syndrome develops, and characteristic symptoms of SNID appear.

Clinical manifestations

Symptoms VIL lie in the period and stage of illness, and come from a form in which it is important to manifest itself in the presence of the virus. Periods VIL switch to incubation, if there are no antibodies in the blood to the virus and clinical – antibodies are detected, the first signs of illness appear. U clinical separate stages VIL:

1. Primary, which includes two shapely– asymptomatic and acute infection without secondary manifestations, with concomitant illnesses;
2. Latent;
3. SNID due to secondary illnesses;
4. Terminal stage.

I. Incubation period Sometimes from the moment of infection with VIL until symptoms appear, it is called a serological outbreak. The serum reaction to the immunodeficiency virus is negative: specific antibodies are still being detected. The average duration of incubation is 12 years; The terms can be shortened to 14 days with concomitant PVSS, tuberculosis, asthenia, or increase to 10-20 days. Throughout this period, the patient careless as a result of VIL infection

ІІ. Stage of initial manifestations of VIL characterized by Serkoconversion- With the appearance of specific antibodies, serological reactions become positive. The asymptomatic form can only be diagnosed by a blood test. Global HIV infection lasts 12 days after infection (50-90% incidence).

First signs manifest themselves as fever, various types of fever, lymphadenitis, sore throat (pharyngitis). Possible intestinal disorder - diarrhea and abdominal pain, enlargement of the liver and spleen. Typical laboratory sign: lymphocytes-mononuclear cells, which are detected in the blood at this stage of HIV infection.

Second illness are detected in 10-15% of aphids due to a short-term change in the number of T-helper lymphocytes. The severity of the illness is moderate, the stench lends itself to bathing. The trivial stage is in the middle 2-3 years; in most patients it goes into latency.

Formie gostroy VIL infections:

ІІІ. Latent stage of VIL, Trips up to 2-20 rocks and more. Immunodeficiency is progressively progressing, the symptoms of IL are becoming more pronounced lymphadenitis- Enlarged lymph nodes. The stench is elastic and painless, loose, the skin retains its original color. When diagnosing latent HIV infection, consider the number of large nodules - no less than two, and their localization - no less than 2 groups, not associated with inguinal lymphostrum (blames - inguinal nodes) Lee). The lymph flows in the same direction as the venous blood, from the periphery to the heart. If there are an increased number of 2 lymph nodes in the area of ​​the head, then the sign of the latent stage of VIL is not taken into account. There is a growing number of nodules growing in the upper and lower parts of the body, plus a progressive decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes (helper cells) that indicate the incidence of HIV.

IV. The second one got sick, with periods of progression and remission, depending on the severity of the symptoms, should be divided into stages (4 A-B). A persistent immunodeficiency develops due to the massive death of T-helper cells and the depletion of lymphocytic populations. Manifest - different visceral (internal) and skin manifestations, Kaposi's sarcoma.

V. Terminal stages tame irrevocable changes, rejoicing is ineffective. The quantity of T helper cells (CD4 cells) decreases below 0.05x109/l, patients die within a few months of the early stage. In drug addicts who use psychoactive drugs for many years, rhubarb CD4 may be lost within the normal range, but important infectious complications (abscesses, pneumonia, etc.) develop even rapidly and lead to lethal result.

Kaposi's sarcoma

Sarcoma ( angiosarcoma) Kaposha is a fluffy substance that comes from a healthy fabric and damages the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs. It is provoked by the herpes virus HHV-8; most often occurs in people infected with HIV. Epidemic type is one of the reliable signs of SNID. Kaposi's sarcoma develops in stages: begins with appearance splash 1-5 mm in size, irregular in shape, bright bluish-red or brown color with a smooth surface. In cases of SNID, the stench of the nose is localized on the tip of the nose, hands, mucous membranes and hard palate.

Then they pretend humps- Papules, round or semi-circular, up to 10 mm in diameter, somewhat elastic, can develop into plaques with a surface similar to an orange peel. Humps and plaques transform into vuzluvat puffiness 1-5 cm in size, which are angry with each other and make faces Virazkami. At this stage, sarcoma can be confused with syphilitic gummas. Syphilis is often associated with an immunodeficiency virus, such as hepatitis C, with a short incubation period and provoking a rapid development of acute symptoms of SIDS - lymphadenitis, damage to internal organs.

Kaposi's sarcoma can be clinically divided into shapely- gostru, podgostru and chronic. The skin is characterized by a fluid development of swelling, a complex and prognosis of a severe illness. At gostroy The form of the process is rapidly expanding, the cause of death is intoxication and subsequent exudation ( cachexia), hour of life for 2 months up to a maximum of 2 years. At pіdgostі As time goes on, the symptoms increase more and more, the prognosis for a miserable life is 2-3 years; for the chronic form of sarcoma – 10 days, possibly.

VIL in children

Incubation period It is close to fate that VIL was passed on from the mother to the fetus. In case of infection through blood (parenteral) – up to 35 days; After transfusion of infected blood, the incubation is short, 2-4 days, and the symptoms are severe. VIL infection in children occurs due to significant damage to the nervous system(Up to 80% of losses); trival, lasting up to 2-3 years, bacterial fires; With poshkodzhennyam nirok, cookies and heart.

It develops very often Pneumocystis or else lymphocytic pneumonia, burning of the ligaments of the ears ( mumps, It's a pig). VIL manifests itself in birth dysmorphic syndrome– impaired development of organs and systems, resulting in microcephaly – changes in the size of the head and brain. A decrease in the level of the protein fraction of gamma globulins in the blood is detected in half of those infected with VIL. Duje rare Kaposi's sarcoma and hepatitis C, B.

Dysmorphic syndrome or VIL-embryonopathy indicated in children infected with early term of vagusness. Show: microcephaly, nose without bridges, appearance between the eyes is thickened. The forehead is flat, the upper lip is split and protrudes forward. Skewness, eye apples hanging out on the sides ( exophthalmos), horn of black color. Congestion of growth is avoided; development meets the standards. Forecast for life basically negative, mortality rate is high, lasting 4-9 months of life

Show neuro-SNID: chronic meningitis, encephalopathy(deterioration of brain tissue) with the development of confusion, damage to peripheral nerves and symmetrical disorders of sensitivity and trophism in the arms and legs. Children are likely to develop at the same age as one-year-olds, susceptible to hypertonicity, and may develop endocervical palsy. Diagnosis of neurosymptoms of VIL is based on clinical signs, blood tests and computed tomography results. Balloon images reveal atrophy(Change) measles in the brain, enlargement of the brain tubes. With HIV infection, calcium is deposited in the basal nerve ganglia of the brain. The progression of encephalopathy leads to death over a period of 12-15 months.

Pneumocystis pneumonia: in children of the 1st birth, life is prevented in 75% of cases, older than birth - in 38%. Often, an inflamed leg develops until the prime age, manifested by a high temperature, rapid breathing, and a dry and persistent cough. Sweating is increased, especially during the New Year; weakness, as if it were too strong in a year. Diagnose pneumonia after auscultation (according to the stages of development, a weakened breathing is heard, then dry wheezing, at the stage of resolution - crepitation, a slight sound when breathing in); X-ray (extension of the baby, infiltration of the leg areas) and microscopy of biomaterial (detect pneumocystis).

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia: unique illness, associated with childhood AIDS, no associated infections. The partitions between the alveoli and tissue near the bronchi become narrower, where lymphocytes and other immune cells appear. Pneumonia begins suddenly, develops gradually, and the main symptoms include a troubling dry cough and dry mucous membranes. Then shortness of breath appears and respiratory failure sharply increases. The X-ray image shows a strengthening of the leg areas, enlarged lymph nodes in the mediastinal area - the space between the legs.

Laboratory tests for VIL

The most advanced method for diagnosing HIV (IFA or ELISA test), which also helps to detect viral immunodeficiency. Antibodies up to VIL develop between three years and 3 months after infection, and are detected in 95% of cases. After treatment, HIV antibodies are detected in 9% of patients, and later in 0.5-1%.

In yakosti biomaterial vicoristicate blood serum taken from a vein. It is possible to reject a HIV-positive ELISA result if the VIL infection is accompanied by autoimmune diseases (hounds, rheumatoid arthritis), oncological or chronic infectious diseases (tuberculosis, syphilis). The negative-negative version occurs during the so-called period. seronegative window, if antibodies still appear in the blood. In this case, to control the blood on VIL, it is necessary to do it again after a pause of 1 to 3 months.

If the ELISA is assessed positively, the test for VIL is duplicated using an additional polymerase Lancug reaction, indicating the presence of RNA virus in the blood. The technique is highly sensitive and specific; it does not delay the presence of antibodies to the immunodeficiency virus. You can also use an immunoblot, which allows you to detect antibodies to IL protein particles with a precise molecular weight (41, 120 and 160 thousand). This finding gives the right to make a residual diagnosis without confirmation by additional methods.

Analysis for VIL obov'yazkovo It’s more voluntary to worry about vomiting, and for other situations of similar unfastening. Doctors do not have the right to make a diagnosis; all information about patients and those infected with VIL is confidential. Patients have their own rights, just like healthy people. For the knowledge of the expansion of VIL, criminal punishment was transferred (Article 122 of the Code of the Russian Federation).

Principles of celebration

VIL treatment is prescribed after clinical evaluation and laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. The patient is continuously monitored, repeated blood tests are carried out during antiviral therapy and after treatment for signs of HIV infection.

The HIV virus has not yet disappeared, the vaccine is not working. It is impossible to remove the virus from the body, and this is a fact. However, hope cannot be wasted: active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can significantly increase and practically reduce the development of HIV infection and its complications.

The severity of the life of patients who were recovering from urgent care is 38 years (for men) and 41 years (women). Blame – a combination of HIV with hepatitis C, when less than half of the patients reach the 5-point survival threshold.

Vaart– a technique based on the use of several pharmaceutical drugs that contribute to the development of VIL symptoms based on different mechanisms. Therapy is based on a number of goals.

1. Virological: block the replication of the virus in order to change the viral prevalence (the number of copies of VIL in 1 ml3 of blood plasma) and fix it at a low level.
2. Immunological: stabilize the immune system to increase the level of T-lymphocytes and restore the body’s defense against infection.
3. Clinical: increase the term for the full life of infected HIV, ahead of the development of SNIDS and its manifestations

Virological treatment

People treat the immunodeficiency virus with drugs that do not allow it to attach to the T-lymphocyte and penetrate into the middle - this inhibitors(stranglers) penetrating. A drug Celzentri.

Add another group of faces Viral protease inhibitors, which indicates the creation of full-fledged viruses. When inactivated, new viruses are created, otherwise they can infect new lymphocytes. Preparations Kaletra, Viracept, Reyataz ta in.

The third group is inhibitors of vortex transcriptase, an enzyme that helps create viral RNA in the lymphocyte nucleus. Preparations Zinovudine, Didanosine.Also, there are combination drugs against VIL, which need to be taken at least once a day – Trizivir, Combivir, Lamivudine, Abacavir.

With a one-hour infusion of drugs, the virus cannot consume the majority of lymphocytes and “multiply”. If recognized tritherapy The presence of VIL before mutation and the development of insensitivity to the virus is ensured: if up to one drug the virus becomes insensitive, then the two that are lost will be reduced. Dozuvannya provide insurance for the skin patient to ensure health and possible side effects. The okrema scheme is stagnated for pregnant women, and after stagnation of Vaart, the frequency of transmission of HIV in the mother and child decreases from 20-35% to 1-1.2%.

It is important to accept your face at the same hour throughout your life: if the schedule is disrupted or the course of treatment is interrupted, the senses are completely lost. Viruses quickly change the genome, becoming inhospitable. resistant) before therapy, and the development of numerous resistant strains. For such a development of the disease, taking antivirus treatment is even problematic, if not simply impossible. Episodes of development of resistance are more often avoided among HIV-infected drug addicts and alcoholics, for whom it is impossible to maintain a precise therapy schedule.

The drugs are effective, but their prices are high. For example, the varity of river bath with “fuzeon” (a group of penetration inhibitors) reaches 25 thousand. $, and the monthly spend on Trizivir will be $1000.

Regain respect, scho farm. koshti mayzhe zavzhdi toil two name it - behind the deceitful speech and commerce, the name of the drug, like giving it to you. The recipe can be written by yourself according to the current speech, depending on the number of tablets (capsules, ampoules, etc.). Alone at a time, speeches are often presented under different commercial Names and prices can vary significantly. On the right is the pharmacist - instruct the patient to select a number of options and guide them to the best option. Generics- analogues of the original designs, which are now much cheaper, lower than the “branded” ones.

Immunological and clinical treatment

Use an immunostimulant drug Inosine pranobex Whenever the number of lymphocytes advances, the activity of certain fractions of leukocytes is stimulated. The anti-virus action specified in the instructions does not apply. Showing, Relevant for HIV-infected people: viral hepatitis C, B; immunodeficiency conditions; cytomegalovirus; herpes simplex virus type 1; mumps. Dozuvannya: Let the children grow up 3-4 times a day. with rosemary 50-100 mg/kg. Well 5-15 days can be repeated quite often, but only under the control of an infectious disease specialist. Contraindicated: movement of sechoic acid in the blood ( hyperuricemia), stone disease, systemic illnesses, vaginosis and breastfeeding.

Drug of the interferon group Viferon It has antiviral and immunomodulatory activity. In cases of HIV/AIDS (or HIV/AIDS), it may be due to Kaposi's sarcoma, mycoses and hairy cell leukemia. The action of the lymphocytes is complex: interferon enhances the activity of T-helpers and promotes the proliferation of lymphocytes, in many ways blocking the replication of viruses. Additional components – B.C, E – protect cells, and the effectiveness of interferon increases in 12-15 times (synergistic action). Viferon can be taken in three courses, and its activity does not decrease over time. VIL cream is indicated for any viral infections, mycoses (including internal organs), hepatitis C, B or D. rectally The drug is administered in two days for a course of 5-10 days, the ointment does not stagnate in case of VIOL. Vaginism is recognized starting from the age of 14.

Likuvannya legenevyh manifestations

The main early manifestation of HIV infection is due to fireto their wiclicans pneumocystis (Pneumocystis carina), single-celled organisms similar to mushrooms and the simplest ones at the same time. In patients with SNID, untreated Pneumocystis pneumonia is fatal in 40% of cases, and the right and appropriate therapeutic regimens can help reduce the mortality rate to 25%. When a relapse develops, the prognosis worsens, repeated pneumonia is less sensitive to treatment and the mortality rate reaches 60%.

Likuvannya: basic drugs – Biseptol (Bactrim) or else pentamidine. The smell of stench is dif- ferently dissolved and until the pneumocystis dies. Biseptol is taken internally, pentamidine is administered into the flesh or into a vein. The course lasts 14 to 30 days, for SNID it is better to use pentamidine. The drugs are prescribed at once, because Its toxic effect will occur without any significant improvement in the therapeutic effect.

Low-toxic drug DFMO (alpha-difluoromethylornithine) acts on pneumocystis and immediately blocks the creation of retroviruses that are associated with VIL, and also beneficially flows into lymphocytes. The course is 2 months, the additional dose is 6 g per 1 sq. meter of body surface and divide it into 3 portions.

With adequate treatment of pneumonia, pneumocystis are not visible in a quarter of patients as early as 4-5 days after the start of therapy.

Immunity to HIV

Statistics of confirmed durability up to VIL: Among Europeans, 1% are completely susceptible to the immunodeficiency virus, up to 15% are often. In both cases the mechanisms were not understood. This phenomenon can often be associated with epidemics of bubonic plague in Europe in the 14th and 18th centuries (Scandinavia), if, perhaps, in some people early genetic mutations were fixed in the disease. There is also a group of so-called “non-progressors”, which is close to 10% of those infected with HIV, for whom the symptoms of SID are not immediately apparent. There is no immunity to VIL.

Humans are not susceptible to the VIL-1 serotype because the protein TRIM5a, which creates the viral capsid and blocks the replication of VIL, vibrates in the body. The CD317 protein can eliminate viruses on the surface of cells, preventing them from infecting healthy lymphocytes, and CAML makes it difficult to detect new viruses in the blood. The natural activity of both proteins is disrupted by hepatitis C and simplex viruses, so with these concomitant illnesses there is a risk of HIV infection.

Prevention

The fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic and its successes was declared by the WHO:

Prevention of HIV among drug addicts - by elucidating the dangers of infection through injections, providing disposable syringes and exchanging vicarious materials for sterile ones. The remaining occurrences seem surprising and are associated with the expansion of drug addiction, but it would be easier to often pinpoint the paths of VIL contamination, even though there are a lot of stale drugs.

VIL-first aid kit for everyone's use in everyday life, at work - for doctors and military personnel, as well as people who come into contact with infected VIL. Medicines are available and basic, and their use really reduces the risk of infection with the immunodeficiency virus:

• Alcohol solution iodine 5%;
• Ethanol 70%;
• Equipment for dressing (packaging of sterile gauze swabs, bandage, plastic) and scissors;
• Sterile distilled water – 500 ml;
• Crystals of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) or water peroxide 3%;
• Eye pipettes (sterile, in packaging or cases);
• Specific drugs are transferred only to medical professionals who are processed at blood collection stations from primary departments of medicine.

The blood that was wasted on the skin The VIL-infected substance must be washed off immediately with water and milk, then wiped with a swab soaked in alcohol. When injecting, cut through gloves It is necessary to remove them, provide shelter, and apply water peroxide to the wound; then blot the skin, bake the edges of the wound with iodine and apply a bandage as needed. Vluchennya in my eyes: rinse the kidney with water, then rinse with potassium permanganate (mild erysipelas). Empty company: rinse with low russet manganese, then with 70% ethanol After the unprotected statute act: as much as possible - shower, then spraying (douching, washing) the body organs with infused horny potassium permanganate.

SDI prevention will be effective if people's skin is aware of the importance of their own health. It’s much easier to use condoms during physical contacts and avoid unnecessary acquaintances (like drug addicts), but then it’s time-consuming and expensive. To understand the picture of the insecurity of VIL, compare the statistical figures: for the risk of fever Ebola Almost 8,000 people died, and over 1.5 million died! Visnovki It is obvious and irrelevant - in the current world, the immunodeficiency virus has become a real threat to all humanity.

Video: educational film about VIL

Video: SNID in the program “Live Healthy!”

Chapter 19. VIL INFECTION

Chapter 19. VIL INFECTION

HIV infection is a chronic progressive illness of a person that is caused by a retrovirus, in which the immune system is affected and an immunodeficiency state is formed, which leads to the development of opportunistic and secondary infections, as well as Oh evil fluff.

19.1. Etiology

Diary of this illness of visions in 1983. and the names of the human immunodeficiency virus - VIL (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - HIV). The virus belongs to the retrovirus family.

Currently, there are two types of human immunodeficiency virus: VIL-1 and VIL-2.

The viral portion is approximately 100 nm in size and has a core surrounded by a shell. The core contains RNA and a special enzyme (return transcriptase or revertase), which creates genetic material for the virus in the DNA of the host cell, which leads to further multiplication of the virus and death of the cells. The shell of the viral part contains the glycoprotein gp120, which represents the tropism of the virus to cells in the human body, which uses CD4+ receptors.

As all retroviruses, which are unstable in the external medium, are completely inactivated by heating at a temperature of 56 ° C for 30 minutes, when boiled or by changing the reaction of the medium (pH lower than 0.1 and more than 13), as well as when injecting traditional disinfectants ( use 3-5% chloramine, 3% chlorine, 5% lysol, 70% ethyl alcohol, etc.). In biological sources (blood, sperm), the virus can be preserved for a long time in dried or frozen tissue.

19.2. Epidemiology

The incubation period lasts approximately 1 month.

The source of infection is HIV-infected people both at the stage of asymptomatic carriage and in cases of advanced clinical manifestations of illness.

The majority of the virus is detected in blood, sperm, spinal fluid, breast milk, vaginal and cervical secretions, as well as in tissue biopsies. In a small quantity, insufficient for infection, it is detected in mucus, mucus, and cuttings.

Ways of transmission of VIL: contact-article and parenteral.

The contact route of transmission is characterized by the penetration of the virus into the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes (which bleed easily and are highly infectious). The epidermis is practically impenetrable to viral particles.

Transmission paths must be guarded against sexual contacts (hetero- and homosexual) and contacts, possibly with microtraumas of the mucous membranes, which is especially great during anogenital and orogenital contacts, as well as for the presence of inflammatory diseases of the sexual organs .

The parenteral route of transmission is characterized by the absorption of the virus directly into the bloodstream and increases during blood transfusions of infected blood or its components, injections from contaminated instruments, especially when frozen no drugs, organ transplants or tissue donors.

Children are most often infected transplacentally at the hour of wetness and at the hour of sunrise. It has been found that in children born to HIV-infected mothers, illness develops in less than 25-40% of cases, which is associated with the mother’s condition and obstetric care. Thus, a high concentration of the virus in the blood or SNID in the mother, prematurity of the child, birth defects and contact of the child with maternal blood increase the risk of transmission of HIV, but also due to these factors does not allow transmission of the virus Ditini infestation. Childhood infection can also occur when years old HIV-infected mother breasts, as well as ztsіjenim breast milk.

Groupy riziku(Most often infected individuals): drug addicts, homosexuals and bisexuals, new people, as well as individuals susceptible to frequent changes of partners.

19.3. PATHOGENESIS

Having penetrated the body, the virus, using the additional glycoprotein gp120, is fixed on the cellin membrane, which stains CD4+ receptors. These receptors are developed mainly on T-helper lymphocytes, which play a major role in the development of the immune type, as well as on monocytes, macrophages and other cells. From the surface of the cellin, the RNA of the virus penetrates, is transformed by the enzyme gate transcriptase into the DNA of the cell, and new viral parts are synthesized, leading to the death of T-lymphocytes. Infected monocytes, replaced by lymphocytes, do not die, but serve reservoir latent infection

During HIV infection, the relationship between T-helpers and T-suppressors is disrupted in the body. The defeat of T-helper cells leads to a decrease in the activity of macrophages and natural cells, changes in the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes, which results in a pronounced weakening of the immune system.

The result of immunodeficiency is the development of various opportunistic infections, secondary infections, and malignant neoplasms.

19.4. CLASSIFICATION OF VIL INFECTIONS

Subject to classification V.I. Pokrovsky, born in 1989, there are 5 stages of HIV infection.

Incubation period

The incubation period is 2-8 years. Clinical manifestations are daily, and if HIV-infected people are infected, they may become infected with the virus. Antibodies to the virus are still visible.

Primary-manifest (gostry) period

In 50% of patients, illness begins with nonspecific clinical manifestations: fever, myalgia and arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, etc.

In some patients, this period of illness is asymptomatic.

The virus in the blood is detected by additional PLR. Antibodies up to VIL may not be detected.

Latent period

The latent period consists of a number of fatalities (from 1 to 8-10 fatalities). Clinical manifestations occur every day, the immune status does not change, and the person still suffers from infection (susceptibility to viral infection). Antibodies are detected up to VIL using an additional method IFA and reactions immunoblotting.

At the end of the latent period, generalized lymphadenopathy develops. The diagnostic value is an enlargement (more than 1 cm) of two or more lymphatic nodes (besides the inguinal ones) in areas not connected to one another for more than 3 months.

SNID (stage of secondary illnesses)

The main clinical manifestations of SNIDS are fever, nighttime sweating, fatigue, loss of body weight (to cachexia), diarrhea, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, Pneumocystis pneumonia, progressive including neurological disorders, candidiasis, secondary infections.

Terminal stage

Cachexia, carbon intoxication, dementia are increasing, and intercurrent illnesses are progressing. The process will end with a lethal end.

19.5. SKIRNY SHOW WHEN SNIDD

Significant risks of skin illnesses with SNID are a troubling relapsing disorder, widening nature of the symptoms, atypical localization, a non-dominant secular period, poor effectiveness of normal therapy.

Mikozi

The development of fungal diseases in HIV-infected patients is an early clinical symptom of immunodeficiency.

Candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes

Candidiasis of the skin and mucous membranes occurs in almost all patients on SNID. Most often it is manifested by candidiasis of the mucous membranes of the empty mouth, cheilitis, esophagitis, candidiasis of the great folds (yeast areas), lesions of the anogenital area, candidiasis of the external auditory canal, lesions of the nail nail ridges (candidal paronychia), nail plates.

Peculiarities of overcoming candidiasis in SNID are the prevalence of the young age, especially men, the tendency to the development of great inflammations of the infection, the tendency to erosion and growth.

Rubrophytia

Rubrophytia is a common form of mycosis of the smooth skin in patients on SNID. During illness, the widening of visips, the appearance of infiltrated elements, and, with microscopic examination, the high density of the mycelium are revealed.

Seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis versicolor

Seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis versicolor - illness that can be attributed to the group of malacesioses and the presence of yeast-like lipophilic flora Malassezia furfur.

Seborrheic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis is more common in half of those with HIV infection in the early stages. Therefore, the disease begins from the seborrheic areas (face, scalp, ear, etc.), and then spreads to the skin of the torso, upper and lower ends (even to erythroderma). Hanging is accompanied by peeling, molding of picks, erosions appear at the folds, and hair falls out.

Ringworm of different colors

Ringworm in people with HIV infection is characterized by the appearance of large infiltrated spots on the skin, which transform into plaques.

Viral skin diseases

Sorry herpes

Herpes simplex is a typical illness in HIV-infected patients and occurs with partial relapses, sometimes without remissions. It is affected by a large number of elements, even to the point of dissemination, as well as to the dissemination of expression, which is accompanied by severe illness. Often, scars form in places. With repeated exposure to acyclovir, virus resistance to the drug quickly develops.

Operative herpes

Operative herpes due to aphids VIL infection develops recurrently, which rarely occurs in patients of young age and is an early marker of immunosuppressive state. The recurrent form of surgical herpes, especially up to 60 years of age, is considered one of the indicators of illness (especially as evident in patients with persistent lymphadenopathy).

Clinically, the illness is characterized by widespread, partial development of gangrenous (necrotic) forms, severe illness, painful neuralgia, and formation of scars.

Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum - Viral illness is more typical for young children, and even more common among HIV-infected patients, in whom it develops a diseminated relapsing nature. The most common localization of visips is the face, neck, and scalp, where the elements become large (more than 1 cm) and angry.

Hairy leukoplakia empty mouth

Hairy leukoplakia empty mouth - illness, described only in HIV-infected patients, is caused by Epstein-Barr virus and papillomavirus. Clinical and advanced

The mucous membrane of the lateral surface of the tongue has the appearance of a plaque of a white color, covered with thin keratotic hairs, several millimeters long.

Warts

Warts are caused by different types of human papillomavirus. In HIV-infected patients, more often than in the general population, wider forms of vulgar, puboplantar and anogenital (acute condylomas) warts are detected.

Pyoderma

Pyoderma often develops in patients with SNID. They are characterized by significant disruption and often lead to the development of sepsis. The greatest typical development of foliculitis, furunculosis, ectemia, rupioid pyoderma, chronic diffuse streptoderma, viral-vegetative pyoderma and other forms. A number of cases have atypical pyoderma, which is caused by gram-negative flora.

Scabbers

The scab against the background of immunodeficiency is very important - in the form of a Norwegian scab, which is characterized by high contagiousness for edema, and clinically - everywhere localization of visips, massive crusts By destroying them, I will ruin the enchanted camp.

Fluffy skins

Kaposi's sarcoma is a malignant swelling of blood vessels - a reliable clinical manifestation of HIV infection. Sickness is considered as an SNID-indicator of illness. It is characterized by the appearance on the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs of the vessels of a dark cherry or black color. In addition to the classic type of Kaposi's sarcoma (which is more common in patients with senile age, characterized by a highly developed clinical picture, rare lesions in the process of internal organs and a typical ear its localization on the feet and legs), SNID-associated Kaposi's sarcoma of the eye, is characterized by a malignant progression from meta-

swelling of the internal organs (lungs, wrists, brain, etc.), and the primary swelling may appear not only on the scalp, but also on the face, scalp, ears, mucous membranes of the mouth ї empty (Fig. 19-1, 19-2).

Drug toxicoderma

Drug toxicoderma in HIV-infected patients usually develops against the background of therapy with cotrimoxazole and occurs of the measles type. This reaction develops in 70% of patients.

Small 19-1. Kaposi's sarcoma on the foot

Small 19-2. Kaposi's sarcoma in Homilki

19.6. PARTICULARITIES OF VIL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN

Infection of children is mainly due to vertical transmission (from HIV-infected mothers to children): in utero, before birth or before the age of birth.

Children born to HIV-infected mothers suffer from illness at 25-40% of cases. In the case of newborns born to seropositive mothers, it may be difficult to detect HIV infection in the child, since the newborns are seropositive (maternal antibodies in the child’s blood remain until 18 months), regardless of whether they are infected or not. In children younger than the second age of life, the diagnosis of VIL is confirmed by detecting viral nucleic acids using the PLR ​​method.

The first clinical manifestations of IL-infections in children with perinatal infection do not appear earlier than 4 months of age. For most children, the asymptomatic period lasts longer – the average is about 5 years.

The most common skin conditions in children are candidiasis of the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, seborrheic dermatitis, as well as staphyloderma, herpetic gingivostomatitis, enlargement of the giant molluscum contagiosum, onychomyco zi. Children often develop hemorrhagic swelling (petechial or purpuric), which develops due to thrombocytopenia.

Kaposi's sarcoma and other malignant neoplasms are not typical for childhood.

19.7. LABORATORY DEVELOPMENT

Methods that indicate the presence of antibodies before IVL

The bacterium method is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent method (ELISA), in which 3 months after infection, antibodies up to VIL are detected in 90-95% of patients. At the terminal stage, the strength of antibodies may decrease until they disappear.

To confirm the ELISA data, use the method immunoblot, when antibodies are detected before singing proteins to the virus. This method rarely gives positive results.

Methods that indicate the presence of viral infections in the blood

The PLR ​​method allows you to determine the number of copies of VIL RNA per 1 μl of blood plasma. The presence of any number of viral particles in the

The blood in the mouth can lead to HIV infection. This method also determines the effectiveness of antiviral treatment.

Methods for assessing the immune system

The number of T-helpers (CD4) and T-suppressors (CD8), as well as their relationships, is determined. The normal T-helper cell count is over 500 cells µl, and the CD4/CD8 coefficient is 1.8-2.1. During HIV infection, the number of T helper cells significantly decreases and the ratio is less than 1.

19.8. DIAGNOSTICS

Diagnosis is based on characteristic symptoms (loss of body weight, increased fatigue, cough, diarrhea, fever, etc.), clinical picture (identification of stigmas of drug addiction, lymphadenopathy, presence of NID-associated dermatoses and other infectious and opportunistic laboratory data.

19.9. LIKUVANNYA

To treat HIV infection, use 3 classes of antiretroviral drugs.

Nucleoside inhibitors of renal transcriptase (zidovudine 200 mg orally 4 times a day, for children the dose is 90-180 mg/m 2 orally 3-4 times a day; didanosine 200 mg orally

2 times a day, for children – 120 mg/m2 orally 2 times a day; as well as stravudine, lamivudine, etc.

Non-nucleoside inhibitors of vortex transcriptase (zalcitabine 0.75 mg orally 3 times a day, for children - 0.01 mg/kg orally

3 times a day; abacavir 300 mg orally 2 times a day, for children - 8 mg/kg orally 2 times a day.

VIL protease inhibitors (nelfinavir 750 mg orally 3 times a day, for children - 20-30 mg/kg 3 times a day; ritonavir 600 mg 2 times a day, for children - 400 mg/m2 orally 2 times per day, as well as saquinavir, amprenavir and others.

The most effective treatment regimens include 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors combined with an inhibitor.

protease or with a non-nucleoside inhibitor of turn transcriptase.

VIL-infected patients are treated with malignant tumors and opportunistic infections.

19.10. CONSULTING

Preventive approaches include the promotion of illegal sex, the fight against drug addiction, the implementation of the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime in medical facilities, the provision of donor care, etc.

To prevent infected children, it is necessary to routinely screen those susceptible to HIV infection. If sickness is detected in the vaginal area, it is recommended to take antiviral treatment, which reduces the risk of sickness per child to 8%. The birth of HIV-infected women is carried out through a Caesarean procedure. The child's breastfeeding needs to be encouraged.

Dermatovenereology: a handbook for students of advanced knowledge/V. V. Chebotaryov, O. B. Tamrazova, N. V. Chebotaryova, A. V. Odinets. -2013. – 584 p. : ill.

4. Meaning of the term HIV infection і SPI D

VIL - infection - a progressively progressive infectious disease that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which is characterized by the effects of the immune and nervous systems, with further development in the whole body. Natural (concomitant) infections, new creations that lead to infected HIV to a lethal result.

SID (full-on immunodeficiency syndrome) is the terminal stage of HIV infection, which is characterized by clinical manifestations (a set of early symptoms and illness caused by associated immune disorders systems).

The human immunodeficiency virus is classified into the family of retroviruses (Retroviridae), the genus Lentivirus. Retroviruses contain in the structure of their virions a reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on the RNA matrix of the virus. The name Lentivirus comes from the Latin word lente, meaning more powerful. This name reflects one of the features of the viruses of this group, and it itself reflects the greater and different speed of development of the infectious process in the macroorganism. Lentiviruses are also characterized by a difficult incubation period. VIL has a pronounced antigenic abundance, which significantly outweighs the influenza virus, which is one of the factors that complicates the development of methods for specific prevention of illness.

5. Sensitivity of VIL to factors of the external environment

VIL is extremely sensitive to current actions, under the influence of all common disinfectants. Heating to 56 C for 10 minutes reduces the infectivity of the virus; when heated to 70-80 C, the virus is inactivated after 10 minutes, when boiling - after 1 minute.

Virions are sensitive to 70% ethyl alcohol (inactivated after 1 minute), 3% water peroxide, 0.5% formaldehyde, 3% chloramine, ether, acetone, etc. . It is good to tolerate low temperatures.

In the native case, in blood on dovkille objects, the infectivity is preserved for up to 14 days, in dried substrates - up to 7 days.

6. Who is the source of HIV infection?

With a single source of infection, VIL-infected people are infected at all stages of illness.

A conductive factor that ensures the biological “prosperity” of HIV infection – the virus is usually asymptomatic. As a result of this situation, people have been infected with VIL infection (mostly unrecognized) for many years.

In the body of an infected person, VIL with the greatest severity and the greatest quantity is detected in the blood, sperm, vaginal secretion, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, lima food tissue, in the brain and internal organs, in lower concentrations – in mucus, mucus, secretions. What does the specificity of the widening of the zbudnik mean?

7. Routes of transmission of HIV infection

There are three main routes of infection transmission:

Parenteral route (through blood) - infection occurs when injecting infective narcotic drugs, removing unsterile heads and syringes through non-disinfection of agatorium instruments for manicure/pedicure, tattoos, etc. irsingu.

State path – infection occurs through unprotected state contact with a VIL-infected person. The presence of infections in humans that are transmitted by bacteria increases the risk of HIV infection by 10 times.

Vertical or intrauterine duct - the virus is transmitted from an infected mother to a child during gestation, beds, and breastfeeding.

Contingents most susceptible to the risk of infection: homosexuals, sex workers, drug addicts, individuals who often change their partners, patients with hemophilia, which reduce the concentration of factors VIII and IX of the laryngeal blood system, residents, etc. And they look at the regions that are unfriendly according to the SNID. biological sources of the sick. For their activities, police officers can also be included in such a group.

8. Pathogenesis of HIV infection

9. Pre-test and post-test consultation

The most important approach to stopping the spread of HIV infection in the territory of the Republic of Belarus is the expansion of preventive work, one of the direct activities is counseling communities about the problem. IL/SNID when adjusted to medical and preventive installations.

In order to respect the population before the problem, increase awareness about HIV infection, as well as promote safe behavior before HIV infection

Medical examination for the presence of antibodies up to VIL, incl. anonymously, conduct advance and ongoing nutritional counseling for patients with HIV infection.

Introduce the practice of setting up an obstetrics and gynecology service for nutritional counseling of HIV/AIDS in women of reproductive age and those of reproductive age with the possibility of testing for HIV.

The provision of medical assistance to patients who are at risk of HIV infection, consultation is carried out independently of the test they undergo.

When conducting consultations, methodical recommendations are provided regarding nutrition for pre-test and post-test consultations of patients in medical and preventive settings.

10. When antibodies appear before VIL, 11. Lab. father-in-law

The most accurate diagnosis today is based on a reliable serological test, usually in two reactions; Enzyme immunoassay and immune blotting reaction.

In ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), “summary” antibodies to the antigen that are being tested are detected. In case of insufficient purity, the specificity of the method is reduced and positive results are not excluded.

Antibodies to VIL appear in 90-95% of infected people within three months after infection, in 5% - six months after infection, in 0.5-1% - at a later date. The earliest period of detection of antibodies is 2 days after the moment of infection.

During HIV infection, there are periods when anti-VIL antibodies can be present daily or in such low concentrations that the smell is not detected by stagnant tests. One of these periods is the early period of infection. In the terminal phase of SNID, the amount of antibodies may decrease significantly, even before they disappear.

In immunoblotting (immune blotting), antibodies are identified to individual proteins of the virus, therefore the reliability of the tracing results increases dramatically.

Without laboratory analysis, a diagnosis cannot be made. To make a diagnostic diagnosis, it is necessary to rely on an epidemiological history, immunological tests, and the results of clinical follow-up.

12. 13. Population

14. Clinical indications for fastening on VIL

Before the hour of fasting on VIL, it is necessary to take an epidemiological history. Antibodies before VIL appear in 90-95% of infected people within 3 months after infection, in 5-9% after 6 months and in 0.5-1% later. At the stage of SNID, instead of antibodies in the blood, there may be a significant decrease.

18. Prevention of internal cartilage infection with HIV infection

20. Advancement of occupational infection of health workers with HIV infection

One-time penny compensation (for people who work under government institutions):

Once infection is confirmed – 125 min. salary;

Once diagnosed with SNID -75 min. salary;

In cases of death due to SNID, the family of the deceased is 50 years old. salary

23. STATTI of the Criminal Code on the problem of HIV/AIDS

Stattya126p.1. Unidentified or unidentified occupational liability by a medical or pharmaceutical worker, which caused the infection of the individual to become ill on the SNID.

...reduction of freedom for lines up to 2 jobs or by proper robots up to 2 jobs, or a fine from the exemption to engage in professional activities up to 3 jobs or without reduction...

Article 126. P.2. There is a lot of information about the presence of HIV in an individual who is ill on SNID.

Umisne rosgoloshennya... vipravny robots terminom up to the 1st fate and fine. The same actions that caused serious consequences are... valid work on lines up to 2 years or a fine from the reduction of the right to engage in professional activities up to 3 years or without reduction.

33. Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma (Kaposi's angiosarcoma) includes multiple malignant neoplasms of the dermis (skin). It was first described by the Ukrainian dermatologist Moritz Kaposi and named after him.

Before factors that provoke the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, the herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8, HHV-8) is introduced. The risk of development of Kaposi's sarcoma is expected:

HIV-infected people;

Summer people Mediterranean walking;

Individuals from equatorial Africa;

Individuals with organ transplants (recipients).

Clinic, Classification:

Classic type

Endemic type

Epidemic type

Immune-suppressive type

Classic type

Widenings Central Europe, Russia and Italy. Favorite localizations of Kaposi's sarcoma are the classic type - the feet, the side of the neck, the surface of the hands. Very rarely on mucous membranes and surfaces. The lesions are symmetrical, asymptomatic, and can rarely cause itching and liver inflammation. Cordoni vgnishch, zzvichay, more precisely.

There are 3 clinical stages: 1. flatulent 2. papular 3. puffy

Plyamista. Early stage. Pleas at this stage have a blackish-bluish or blackish-brown color with a diameter of 1 mm to 5 mm, irregular shape. the surface is smooth.
Papular. Elements at this stage are spherical or sub-spherical in shape, elastic-elastic consistency, 2 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most often isolated. When infected, plaques of a flattened or non-volatile form appear. The surface of the plaques is smooth or short (about the size of orange picks).
Pukhlinna. At this stage, the creation of single and multiple nodes is possible. 1-5 cm in diameter, red-bluish or bluish-brown color. Meat or soft-elastic consistency, which is angry and covered with wrinkles.

Endemic type

Widening is important for residents of Central Africa. It begins to be important for a child until the first stage of the child’s life begins to fall ill. As a rule, internal organs and head lymph nodes are affected. Skin levels are rare and minimal.

Epidemic type

This Kaposi's sarcoma, which is associated with HIV/AIDS, is the most reliable symptom of HIV infection. Characteristic young (up to 37 years old) age, brightness of fermentation and juiciness of viscous elements. The localization of the puffiness is unique: on the tip of the nose and mucous membranes, on the hard palate and the upper ends. It appears that the Swede has overcome illness due to ulcerative damage to the lymph nodes and internal organs.

Immune-suppressive type

It proceeds, as a rule, chronically and benevolently. It develops after transplantation, after which special types of immunosuppressors are prescribed. When the drugs are changed, a regression of illness occurs. Internal organs are rarely affected.

Likuvannya

34. Features of the clinical course of SNID-associated infections

Respecting symptoms In the clinical picture, based on WHO recommendations, one can mentally see 4 types of illness; Leheneva, neurological, shlukovo-kishkova, garyachkova. Legeneva form. In the clinical picture, this form is dominated by the symptoms of pneumonia (shortness of breath, hypoxia, chest pain, cough), which develops in the form of fever, weight loss, which increases, and the tendency to become ill.

Over 170 microorganisms have already been described as causes of pneumonia, including pneumocystis (57%) and cytomegaloviruses (43%). Mycobacteria are often seen, including tuberculosis, cryptococcus, legionella, aspergillus, histoplasma, toxoplasma, and herpes simplex virus. Lobar pneumonia and bornopneumonia with SNID can be associated with goiters of the most common pathogens - staphylococci, pneumococci and adenoviruses. It is possible to affect the legs with Kaposi's sarcoma, and sometimes this lesion appears as a single one.

Neurological form. Ce encephalopathy, meningitis, encephalitis, myelopathy, socket lesions of the brain, paresis and ataxia as a result of spinal cord dysfunction, neuropathy, peripheral symmetrical radiculitis with polymiosis Therefore, Goulian–Barré syndrome is an early manifestation of HIV infection in individuals. toxoplasmosis, cryptococosis, histoplasmosis, mycobacteriosis, cytomegalovirus, herletic and other opportunistic infections, as well as abscesses, lymphomas, multiple progressive leukoencephalopathies And the same damage to the brain right up to cerebral infarction.

Schlunkovo-kishkova form. Here the conductive syndrome is persistent or recurrent diarrhea with progressive weight loss, fever and intoxication. The stool is partial, watery, with a liquid consumption of up to 10-15 l/liter, often with mucus, pus and blood; It might stink. As a cause of diabetes syndrome, we have described emtameba, giardia, shigella, salmonella, mycobacteria, intestinal cucumber and many other microorganisms.

Coccidia play the main etiological role. The syndrome may be vomiting and swollen intestines, just before Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.

Garyachkova form- steady or episodic rise in temperature to febrile, which is accompanied by weight loss, underlying illnesses, and increasing weakness. The etiology is unknown.