VITAMINS
organic speech, necessary for small numbers of people on a grub diet, and for most people. The synthesis of vitamins, of course, occurs in plants, and not in animals. There is a desperate need for people to get more than a few milligrams or micrograms of vitamins. When replaced with inorganic substances, vitamins collapse when heated to high temperatures. Many vitamins are unstable and “lose” during cooking or when processing grub products. 20 tbsp per cob. It was important that the value of food is more important than its calorie content. This was the case when the first experiments were described, which show that if a number of products are removed from the diet of animals, they develop illnesses and food deficiency; In this case, the consumption of small quantities of sweet grub products or their extracts made it possible to avoid and develop similar illnesses. It turned out that the advantage of such additives lies in the presence of previously unknown substances that occur in liver, milk, greens and other products that have a “drying” effect. More recent experiments have led to the discovery of both these substances themselves - vitamins - and their role in the vitality of the body. The name “vitamin”, coined in 1911 by the Polish-born American biochemist K. Funk, has since become popularized. During experimental studies, vitamins were seen in their pure form from grub products and their chemical structure was determined, which made it possible to synthesize and isolate them on an industrial scale. Individually removed vitamins do not differ in any way from those that are contained in liquids. The stench is used as a remedy for the prevention of diseases of grub insufficiency and as an additive for increasing the live value of grub products and feed of farm animals. Sometimes people take too many vitamins, hoping to improve their health. There are no suitable reasons for such a thought, and excessive intake of vitamins A and D can lead to disastrous results. Vitamins are divided into two classes: fat-rich and water-rich. Fat-rich vitamins are broken down in gasoline, ether and fats. When replaced, water-soluble vitamins are not broken down in fats, but are broken down in water and alcohol. Vitamins A, D, E and K - fat-rich; reshta - water-reducing. All vitamins, except vitamin D, can be eliminated with a well-balanced diet from basic foods. In some cases, for example, during pregnancy, the need for vitamins increases, and it is therefore recommended to take vitamin supplements, vicoristic preparations, for example, in the form of capsules. The body eliminates these vitamins not only from the skin, but also through the process of “intestinal synthesis”, which is caused by bacteria that always clear the intestines. This is how a number of vitamins of group B and vitamin K are established, however, depending on their maturity, their synthesis and availability for metabolism can vary. In chewing animals, for example, some of the vitamins of group B, which are involved in bacterial synthesis, are already present. On the other hand, it was understood that intestinal bacteria could possibly compete with the host’s body for lifelong speech. So, the creatures that grew in sterile minds or lived with the addition of antibiotics grew faster and faster. In humans, a significant amount of one of the B vitamins, as well as biotin itself, is synthesized intestinally, which is then found in the blood.
Illnesses caused by vitamin deficiency
Green plants are living organisms, created under the influence of light, and produce all the necessary substances from simple chemical compounds: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, pigments and a variety of other folding organic compounds. . In the midst of the growth of the creature, unnatural creatures produce their own grub speeches. Moreover, they can themselves synthesize several complex molecules - vitamins, which are necessary supports for the normal metabolism of nutrients. In these cases, if animals do not have enough vitamins, they develop illnesses associated with vitamin deficiency (vitaminosis). Most wild creatures eat a variety of different foods, and such illnesses do not cause a stink. People are often incapable of a balanced diet and, although there is a wide range of choices, it gives preference to refined and light food, often rich in vitamins. For the least well-off groups of the population, there is a typical one-meal (and meager) grub diet. This is the result of vitamin deficiency diseases. Their causes were identified only in the 20th century, after which the prevention of these illnesses ceased to be difficult.
Xerophthalmia. According to the testimonials, increase 19 and 20 tbsp on the cob. Xerophthalmia ("dry eye") was often seen in those suffering from malnutrition and especially in children who were starving. When someone is sick, they experience swelling and secretion of the tear ducts, which causes dry eyes and cloudy corneas. Getting sick is susceptible to infections, which can lead to chronic vision impairment and blindness. In 1904, the Japanese doctor M. Mori introduced a cure for illness with fish fat and chicken liver. Your recommendations were highly appreciated. During the First World War, xerophthalmia became widespread among Danish children, which was caused by a lack of vitamin A. On the other hand, because the Danes exported vershkova butter, children in this country ate eat only margarine and skim milk, as they do not replace vitamin A. After that, K.Blok, having shown that illness can be cured with fish fat and top oil, the Danish state immediately cut off the export of oil. This world has inevitably led to a decline in sickness and serophthalmia. This whole topic has aroused great interest among nutritionists. Oliya began to be recognized everywhere as a product of the “dry” process. The laboratory was busy with the discovery of a substance called “fat-rich substance A”, which meant the beneficial effect of a lot of fish fat. Finally, it was discovered that one of the largest sources of vitamin A is fat, obtained from the liver of the shark galeus. One gram of fat contains the same amount of vitamin A as 6 kg of fat. Prote vitamin A reduces 5% of the vaginal fat. The vitamin is first obtained by high-vacuum distillation and then chemically synthesized. It was sometimes realized that the long-lasting beta-carotene pigment also precedes the development of vitamin A deficiency. The paradox lies in the fact that carotene is a dark red-colored pigment, and highly effective concentrates of vitamin A come from fish fat. Blido-zhovte barvlenya. It has recently been discovered that in the small intestine of animals, carotene is converted into vitamin A, during which the carotene molecule splits into two halves and is processed. The skin contains two halves of vitamin A molecules. Add it to margarine so that it does not contain vitamin A, which is specially added.
Rickets. Until 1920, children from the northern lands suffered from rickets. When the patient is ill, the process of mineralization (calcification) of cystic tissue is disrupted; External signs of rickets are slab-like bumps, twisted knees, deformed ribs and skull, and bad teeth. The particular skill of children before rickets has made it necessary to gain respect for the role that calcium and phosphorus play in a child’s life, when the growth of cysts occurs, which is formed significantly with calcium phosphate. 20 tbsp per cob. It was shown that rickets can be treated with dormouse light, and the ultraviolet part of the spectrum was found to be effective. The mechanism of such an influx needed to be revealed, since it is obvious that sleep itself cannot supply calcium and phosphorus to the body. Years ago it was decided that cod liver and fish fat were also served as a savory dish. Significant progress in the treatment of rickets was due to laboratory experiments with patients. In 1924 it was discovered that certain products develop rickets when exposed to ultraviolet light. These facts helped to later reveal that under the influence of ultraviolet light, a biologically active substance, vitamin D3, is created in the skin, which is the main regulator of the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the bones.
Div. also RACHIT.
Take it. Take it. This disease was widely spread in similar countries to the beginning of the 20th century, which was one of the most important in the world. Patients experience stress on the nervous system, which leads to weakness, loss of appetite, increased restlessness and paralysis with a very high likelihood of a fatal result. Japanese sailors often suffered. Tilki in 1884 Japanese nutritionist T. Takaki noted that illness can be eliminated if the grub diet of sailors is varied and included in new vegetables. The 1890s of Rocks Dutch Likar H. Meikman Viyaviv, the brushwood of vinike, with the worship of the main dial of the half -ige riobne Zakhoruvannya, half a media, can be vicclicati at the chickens, the yakshcho year of the year with half-hearted rice. Polishing the rice ensures that the outer shells of the rice grains are removed. It appeared that the idiots, who were going to leave, were plotting a jubilant act. After much trouble, the scientists were able to see, in small quantities of yeast and rice hulls, a crystalline liquid that had taken place from the syrup. This substance, vitamin B1 or thiamine, was predominant and potent in beri-beri, and its presence in polished rice caused illness. Thiamine was studied using chemical methods and synthesized in 1937. At this time, synthetic thiamine is added to polished rice and white beard.
Pellagra. Due to chronic illnesses associated with vitamin deficiency, pelagra was especially common in the United States at the time. I want to get sick bulo first described on the cob 18th century. in Italy, where it lost its name, from the beginning of the 20th century. The USA has expanded widely. Most often, poor people from rural areas suffered from pelagra, as they ate the same thing, especially corn and fatty meat. In case of pelagra, beware of diarrhea, vomiting, congestion, dermatitis and other skin lesions, swollen tongue with development of veins under it, as well as on the clear and mucous lower lip, loss of appetite, headache, depression and confusion. Those who suffered from illness were often sent to the doctor for the divine. In 1937 it was established that nicotinic acid (niacin) or amide (nicotinamide) is produced from pelagri. Although nicotinic acid was seen from yeast extract as early as 1912, until 1937 no one suspected that this very substance could be used for the prevention and treatment of pelagri. The change in diet led to a major increase in the incidence of pelagri in the United States.
Megaloblastic anemia. In animals, erythrocytes and leukocytes vibrate in the cerebellum. For the last few hours of life, these cells are small, and the cerebellum is responsible for their constant vibration. The process of creation of new blood cells is called hematopoiesis. In order for the veins to function normally, the presence of two vitamins is required, and if one of them is missing, the cerebrum undergoes changes (visible under a microscope) and the replacement of red blood cells begins vibrations of anomalous cells – megaloblasts. As a result, megaloblastic anemia develops (div. ANEMIA). One form of this illness is called pernicious, that is. malignancy, anemia, splinters without treatment will always have a fatal result. Until 1920, people did not know how to treat pernicious anemia. Over the year, however, it was discovered that during periods of high liver disease, the disease develops in a more mild form. Thus, concentrated liver extracts turned out to be most effective, especially when administered internally: an infection was created that the absorption of these extracts taken orally is important. The final reason was found: in the case of patients with pernicious anemia, the sov was not lost. an internal factor that enters the stock of shell juice and is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. Nina for the treatment of her illness is prescribed injections of vitamin B12, then. vitamin, which is present in concentrated liver extracts. In the early 1930s, it was discovered that in tropical countries, pregnant women often suffer from megaloblastic anemia, which does not respond to treatment with concentrated liver extracts. However, illness occurred when the raw liver or yeast extracts were liquefied. Anemia began to appear individually at the Mavp and Kurei; Speech, essential for its prevention and treatment, was obtained from both the liver and yeast and was chemically synthesized. It turned out that folic acid plays an important role in many biochemical processes, especially in the synthesis of nucleic acids.
Scurvy. For many centuries, sailors and sailors suffered from scurvy - even a serious illness, when people are much thinner, it seems that this is why they are in the dark. The illness often ended in fatal consequences. In 1536, during the winter expedition of Jacques Cartier across New Canada, 26 of his companions died of scurvy. Other mandarin plants swear by the aqueous extract of pine needles, a method favored by the Indians. Twenty years later, the surgeon of the British navy, J. Lind, showed that sailors’ illnesses could be cured with fresh vegetables and fruits, and from 1795 on all British ships they began to add citrus fruits to their diet.
Div. also SCURVY. A hundred years later, scurvy began to be detected in laboratories. In 1907, it was discovered that they can be excreted individually in guinea pigs (other laboratory animals did not develop illness) by feeding them with oat grains and hanging grains. To treat guinea pigs against scurvy, lemon juice was given in, and the active substance in the lemon juice was seen in a clean form, and the liquid was spread out in the wind. Only in 1931, vitamin C was removed in crystalline form, which was used to treat scurvy in guinea pigs. It was possible to see a lot of lemon juice, measles and sweet pepper. Due to its structure, this substance, called ascorbic acid, appears to be related to hexoses. Nezabar was synthesized with a chemical method, after which the production of the new vitamin was quickly improved.
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is a pale yellow-colored fat-dissolving alcohol that is made from the red vegetable pigment beta-carotene (provitamin A). In the body of animals and humans, beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A. Therefore, carotene can be considered as a higher form of vitamin A. Both vitamin A and beta-carotene are insoluble, they are easily oxidized on the surface. and get upset. Previously, the main source of concentrated vitamin A was fish oil, especially from shark liver. None of this vitamin is synthesized by chemical means. The activity of vitamin A is determined biologically by stimulating the growth of the eyes, which sense a deficiency of this vitamin. One unit of vitamin A today is a dose sufficient for the survival of such eyes and their full growth. One gram of vitamin A contains nearly three million units. The physiological role of vitamin A lies in the development of normal tissue in front of epithelial tissues (including mucous membranes), as well as nerve and cystic tissues. Vitamin A should be stored at low light levels. On the right, an important component of the network is similar to vitamin A, rhodopsin, or zoral purple, which takes part in the zoral process. Lack of vitamin A leads to the loss of rhodopsin, which, with its black blood, causes night ("smoking") blindness, then. the lack of knowledge looms large in the day. This is due to the role of vitamin A retina, taking away the name “retinol” (from retina, retina). The need of adults for vitamin A is sparse – bl. 5000 units. When taken in large doses, wine can have a toxic effect. Important sources of beta-carotene include greens, carrots and other greens and vegetables. Vitamin A is contained in fish fat, egg fat and oil. The liver of freshwater fish contains another form of vitamin A – vitamin A2.
VITAMIN D
Vitamin D is structurally related to steroid compounds - a class of fat-rich substances that are included in the storage of animal tissues, mushrooms and various plants. Vitamin D is a family of compounds that make up the skin of its sterol, its predecessor. Sterols (also called sterols) are organic compounds whose structure includes a number of articulated rings formed by carbon atoms; Under the influence of ultraviolet light, one of the rings opens, and the sterol is converted into vitamin D. This unique reaction occurs in the skin of the spine, but is not controlled by the growths. Therefore, vitamin D cannot be extracted from hedgehogs, but is created under the influence of direct sunlight in the body and can be stored in the body (mainly in the liver, as well as adipose tissue). One of its forms - vitamin D2, or ergocalciferol - is created when ergosterol, a natural sterol found in large quantities of yeast, is exposed to ultraviolet light. In animals, vitamin D is important in the form of vitamin D3 and cholecalciferol. It is active, lower vitamin D2, and is created by digestion of 7-dehydrocholesterol. The activity of both forms of vitamin is determined by the release of mineral substances (most importantly calcium phosphate) in the cysts of young beetles. Vitamin D is found in fats obtained from the liver of castor fish. Vitamin D3 increases the absorption of calcium in the small intestine. More precisely, it seems, this function is derived from things that are established in the body. (These metabolites are considered to be steroid hormones, and vitamin D itself is a hormone that is secreted in the skin.) The most active of these is 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [[abbreviated: 1,25-(OH)2D3]]; It is synthesized in the presence of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [], which is synthesized in the liver directly from vitamin D3. Obviously, this highly active vitamin D3 induces the synthesis of calcium-binding protein in the small intestinal tract. Vitamin D2 is also converted into 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol in the body by a similar mechanism. Vitamin D fragments regulate the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and play a key role in the normal formation of brushes and teeth. Most needed for pregnant women and children. As the body grows and only develops cysts, vitamin D is missing, calcium and phosphorus in the blood drop below normal levels, and the cysts soften and become deformed. In this condition, children suffer from rickets, and pregnant women develop a similar illness called osteomalacia. Increasing vitamin D allowed us to completely overcome rickets in rich winter regions, where light days during the winter are very short and vitamin D in the skin is less stable; All children are prescribed vitamin D. Most children do not pass ultraviolet light, it is necessary to take vitamin D. One gram of vitamin D corresponds to 40 million units of activity. The need for both the child’s body and the gestational and one-year-old females is 400 units. In case of seizures, when treating certain forms of arthritis, much larger doses were prescribed. However, in high doses, vitamin D can cause toxic effects.
VITAMIN E
Vitamin E has a different name - tocopherol, which in Greek means “the birth of the silent” and indicates the role of this vitamin in reproduction. Apparently the different forms of tocopherol are alpha, beta, gama and delta. All these closely related compounds are similar in chemical structure to chlorophyll - the green pigment of plants. Obviously, the most active is alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin E is stored in the upper part of adipose tissue.
The concentrated form of tocopherols is extracted using high-vacuum distillation of natural oils. The main natural sources of vitamin E are green leafy vegetables, as well as bay, peanut, soybean and wheat oils. A good source of this vitamin is also margarine prepared with olive oil. Synthetic alpha-tocopherol is commercially produced. Biological administration of vitamin E is carried out on the vaginal area. When removing food from lack of tocopherol, it is impossible to add food to the remainder of the term, and either it will be dead or will be rejected by the mother. Another function of vitamin E is to maintain meat tone in young animals. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and, zocrema, protects oxidized and depleted vitamin A. In humans, especially children, vitamin E deficiency leads to severe destruction of red blood cells and anemia. The connection between vitamin E and human reproduction is not successful. The recommended dose of vitamin E for those overexposed to alpha-tocopherol is 10 mg.
VITAMIN K
Vitamin K exists in nature in two forms: K1 and K2. Offenses of fatty forms. At this time, many other forms of vitamin K, vitamin K, and water-soluble forms have been chemically removed. The simplest form of vitamin K is the synthetic product menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), which has a chewy substance with a sharp taste. Vitamin K is also called an antihemorrhagic vitamin: it is important that it induces the creation of prothrombin in the liver - a protein that takes part in the throated blood. With a deficiency of vitamin K, the amount of blood in the throat significantly increases compared to the norm, and the person suffers from frequent bleeding and hemorrhage. Vitamin K1 is found in the green leaves of plants, and vitamin K2 vibrate bacteria that normally inhabit the human intestines, such as Escherichia coli. Obviously, the breakdown of natural vitamin K in the intestines plays an important role: the vitamin is not absorbed. The connection with this deficiency of vitamin K may result from a disruption of the blood supply (with obstructive or mechanical inflammation). A healthy body, as a rule, satisfies its needs for vitamin K with a balanced diet. However, it is recommended that pregnant women shortly before childbearing and newborns receive additional vitamin supplementation in order to promote prothrombin in the blood of newborns and thus prevent the development of hemorrhages in them (in cases of genital injuries) and blood h. Within just a few days after birth, the body begins to remove its vitamin K from the herbal tract. It is clear that the daily requirement for vitamin K does not exceed parts of the milligram.
VITAMINS GROUP B
At the dawn of vitamin supplementation, it was discovered that a number of natural products (yeast, liver and milk) contain a water-soluble fraction, which is necessary for normal life. They called it water-reducing fraction B. Nezabar has shown that it can be used against a number of low-chemical compounds, including thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. The infinite diversity of biochemical reactions in the body occurs under the infusion of special proteins - enzymes (also ENZYMES). For any chemical reaction that takes place in the body, an enzyme is required. Many enzymes (especially those that are formed in the processes of oxidation of living substances and accumulation of bark energy) exhibit activity without the presence of group B vitamins (or similar ones), which serve as so-called. coenzymes. If the body does not remove any of these vitamins from the skin, the enzyme cannot be processed and other chemical reactions do not take place.
THIAMIN
Thiamin (vitamin B1) – a complex chemical structure that removes alcohol, which gives it a characteristic unpleasant odor. Thiamine collapses when heated in the presence of water; When dry, the wine has a stable appearance. In the process of cooking or canning products, instead of thiamine, they change, but this is due not much to heating, but to the fact that the wine is easily washed away. In nature, thiamine has a significant increase, but in most grub products it is rather small. Today's tastes and methods of preparing vegetables have led to the fact that people began to eat less thiamine. Therefore, vitamin supplements are now added to the flour. Thiamine is abundantly found in yeast, peanuts, peas and other legumes, pork, hangings and sprouts of cereals. Instead, thiamine is indicated in an additional thiochrome test, based on the measured fluorescence intensity of thiochrome, a similar substance to thiamine. Thiamine plays an important role in the enzyme system, which ensures the supply of carbohydrates to cells. If there is a lack of thiamine, carbohydrates in the tissues of the body do not “burn”; In this case, toxic products accumulate, which may be the cause of beri-beri - the disease of thiamine deficiency. Deficiency of thiamine inode occurs in alcoholism - as a result of improper eating. Adults are recommended to take 1 to 1.5 mg of thiamine daily. Thiamin is prescribed medicinally in much larger doses without noticeable side effects.
RIBOFLAVIN
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an orange pigment that can be added to raw egg whites and milk whey. The wine is very stable until heated, lower thiamine, but collapses under the pouring of light. When milk is left to dry for two years, most of the riboflavin is lost. You must visit the food regularly, and get plenty of riboflavin from the liver, yeast, eggs, green leaves and milk. On an industrial scale, this vitamin is obtained by microbiological synthesis or chemical methods. The method for measuring fluorescence is determined by the thiochromic test for thiamine. Like thiamine, riboflavin plays an important role in various enzyme systems that provide vital cells to living substances. If there is a lack of riboflavin, the skin around the nostrils and mouth becomes covered with cracks and wrinkles. In addition, the eyes suffer: intolerance to bright light (photophobia) is to blame. Riboflavin is present both in the feed of animals; When there is a deficiency of this vitamin, chickens do not hatch, and chickens develop foot paralysis. Based on recommendations, people can consume approximately 1.2-1.7 mg of riboflavin per day.
NIACIN
Niacin (nicotinic acid, vitamin PP) and niacinamide (nicotinamide) are two interchangeable vitamin compounds. In clinical practice, niacinamide is often substituted for niacin, which causes the skin to become red. When preparing and processing grub products, niacin is usually not lost. A significant amount can be placed in yeast, liver, fish and short meat. Industrial production of vitamins is based on chemical synthesis. Niacin and niacinamide should be removed in large quantities for use as an additive to food products and medicinal products. So, they are added from white bread, which is why the bread is “vitaminized”. Niacinamide is involved in the production of two coenzymes, NAD and NADP (div. METABOLISM), which play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates. We relish the pelagra, but for good health it is necessary to switch to a full-fledged diet, which includes at least this and other vitamins of group B. Niacin is created in the body from tryptophan - amino acids that enter the protein storage of milk, meat and eggs. However, the niacin obtained in such a way may be less than enough if there is a significant amount of tryptophan in grub products. The average adult body needs 20 mg of niacin.
FOLIC ACID
Folic acid, or pteroylglutamic acid, is a yellow color pigment that is poorly suited to water. The chemical structure consists of glutamic and para-aminobenzoic acids with a thick pigment pterin. Pterin gives its name to the wings of the snowstorms, which are the result of barbaration: the Greek word pteron means wing. Folic acid is found in liver, yeast, greens, eggs and soy; In addition, they are obsessed with the chemical way. Instead, the vitamin is determined using a microbiological method, in which the acid in the finished product is first removed with the help of enzymes from these parts, which are found in the binding form. Folic acid plays an important role in the synthesis of nucleic acids and in the processes of cell production and cell growth, especially in the formation of cells in the blood. In connection with this, with a lack of folic acid, instead of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the blood, the blood becomes significantly lower than normal, and the erythrocytes increase in size. This illness, which is caused by folate-deficiency (megaloblastic) anemia, can result from inadequate nutrition, in case of vomiting or severely impaired digestion processes; As a rule, it is treated with folic acid. The average requirement for folic acid is approximately 0.4 mg; therapeutic doses are significantly higher.
VITAMIN B6
As a non-acin, vitamin B6 is similar. In nature, there are three biologically active forms: peridoxine, peridoxal and peridoxamine. Rich in vitamin B6 yeast, liver, sweet meat and whole grains of cereals. The concentration of grub products is determined using the microbiological method. The biological function of this vitamin is associated with the exchange of amino acids and the utilization of proteins in tissues. In young children, due to improper nutrition of vitamins, a deficiency of vitamin B6 develops, which is accompanied by convulsions. In animals, such a deficiency results in anemia and paralysis, and in animals – acute dermatitis (burned skin).
PANTOTHENIC ACID
Pantothenic acid is a nitrogenous organic acid. The main ingredients are liver, yeast, egg sauce, broccoli cabbage; They are also obsessed with the chemical way. Pantothenic acid is a partial molecule of coenzyme A, which is involved in numerous biochemical processes, supporting the biological synthesis of fats and steroids, on the one hand, and in the reactions of fat breakdown, on the other. Acetyl coenzyme A plays a key role in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and carbohydrate metabolism. No human illnesses associated with pantothenic acid deficiency have been described. However, in experimental animals with special care, a clearly visible deficiency was revealed, which is accompanied by dermatitis, diarrhea, degeneration of nerve tissue and external swellings.
Biotin
Biotin is a foldable organic compound, which contains atoms of sulfur and nitrogen. Place in the liver, egg cooker, yeast and other grub products. Syrian egg white has a unique power: it binds biotin that is in the herbal tract, and makes it inaccessible to the body. Experimental animals can develop biotin deficiency if they are given too much raw protein in their food. Biotin is found in the body and is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. In experimental animals, biotin deficiency is manifested by severe dermatitis, symptoms of paralysis and seizures.
Holin
Choline must be added to group B vitamins, although it is synthesized in the body and in tissues, instead of being rich in lower vitamins (in common liver, for example, approximately 0.5% in agi organ). From a chemical point of view, choline is a semi-nitrogen, similar to ammonia. It is found in the greatest quantities in such products as eggs, liver, sweet meat, fish, soybeans and peanuts. Choline is easy to overcome with chemicals. In the body, veins play a role in the transport of fats and in the production of new cells. Phosphoric acid and fatty acids are added to lecithin. Fats in the form of lecithin are transported by the bloodstream from the liver to other tissues of the body. If there is insufficient supply of choline, fat accumulates in the liver, which may be a factor that predisposes to liver cirrosis. Similar to choline - acetylcholine - plays an important role in nervous activity. The poor need of people in Holina is being deprived of the unknown, but perhaps it will be too late. In the body of steroids, choline is created with the amino acid methionine.
VITAMIN B12
A deficiency of vitamin B12 results in pernicious anemia, a disease that most often affects older people. This vitamin is one of the biologically active compounds that contains cobalt, hence its other name – cobalamin. There are two forms, B12a and B12b, which may still be active. In rosemary grub products, vitamin B12 is required every day; In addition to other vitamins of group B, they are synthesized not by plants, but by bacteria and soil fungi. Natural products contain a coenzyme that contains vitamin B12. In very small quantities (about one part per million) this vitamin is found in liver, pastry meat, fish, milk and eggs. Its deficiency in young animals leads to increased growth and high mortality. Like folic acid, vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids. Its concentration is determined by the microbiological method, and the industrial content is determined by the method of microbiological synthesis.
VITAMIN C
Vitamin C is ascorbic acid, or a proticocytic vitamin, whose structure is similar to glucose, which is why it is removed from industry. In Russia, vitamin C is unstable, especially in the middle part. If overcooked, hedgehogs may crumble. Vitamin C is abundant in fresh fruits and vegetables. In humans, human-like monkeys, guinea pigs, frugivorous seaweeds (the homeland of the cranes) and some birds, vitamin C, which probably plays the role of a coenzyme, is responsible for being present in the body in the body. Other creatures can vibrate themselves. The normal requirement for this vitamin in healthy people is 30-60 mg.
Vitamin C It is a water-related vitamin that can be found in the human body in extreme conditions. The human body cannot synthesize vitamin C on its own and accumulate it, so it is important to include in your daily diet as many food products as possible to replace vitamin C. The infusion of vitamin C into the body in the morning There are, as a rule, 8 to 14 years after it enters the organic sphere. After this term, vitamin power begins to weaken. Excess vitamins that are broken down in the natural environment are usually excreted from the body through ammonia. In the case where the diet provides less than half of the total amount needed by the body, deficiency symptoms may appear even more quickly after a month than in a situation with deficiency.
Corridors such as vitamin C or ascorbic acid:
- Vitamin C and ascorbic acid improve dental health, normalize clear and bone tissue;
- In addition, vitamin C heals wounds and bone fractures, and ascorbic acid relieves scarring of the skin;
- Ascorbic acid absorbs i;
- Vitamin C, as well as ascorbic acid, improves immunity;
- Vitamin C reduces the risk of getting sick from GRZ, GRVI, and ascorbic acid speeds up their recovery;
- Vitamin C also reduces the value of blood vessels;
- Ascorbic acid promotes the level of fermentation;
- Vitamin C is also one of the main antioxidants necessary for the human body.
Vitamin C can support the growth and full formation of cells and enhance the correct absorption of calcium. If you take vitamin C in large amounts, then you will also be able to properly fight our body against illnesses and infections, with closed wounds or with fresh wounds after surgery. In addition, vitamin C helps to renew and preserve the health of soft cartilage, bone tissue, teeth and clear, and also helps to minimize the potential for the formation of blood clots and other hematomas.
In addition, vitamin C is required for the proper synthesis of collagen, the cell “cement” that occurs in properly formed tissues, as well as in formed skins, scar tissue, tendon cords, ligaments, etc. primarily the blood vessels of the head brain Minimizes any potential avitaminosis, strengthens the immune system, makes the body less susceptible to various infections, and helps to eliminate illness Van GRZ, GRVI, GRIP. According to Dr. Linus Pauling, who is the leading physician in this problem, vitamin C also reduces the risk of several types of cancer by 75%.
Instead of vitamin C and ascorbic acid in products
Ascorbic acid has a significant obligation to take place in roslinnyh products, food, citrus, vegetables, leafy. Ascorbic acid is also found in dina, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and pumpkin cabbage, black currants, bell peppers, sunflower seeds, tomatoes, apples, apricots, peaches, buckthorn, sea buckthorn and, peas, baked potatoes in mundi. In addition, ascorbic acid is present in sufficient quantity in cooked food products, for example, in liver, raspberries, and nirka.
Vitamin C has a significant quantity in herbs, for example, alfalfa, mullein, burdock root, parsley, bristles, fennel, fenugreek, hops, horsetail, kelp, pepper mint, dill, cayenne pepper, red pepper, parsley i, pine heads, tree, tree , red horsetail, thornberry fruits, violet leaves, and sorrel.
These are organic results that are important to reach the body below. The blame goes to: vitamins D (vitamins are released from the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation), B3 (stinks are absorbed into the intestines). Skin containing vitamins (and there are 13 in total) plays a major role. There are various compounds in various foods, so in order to provide your body with them, you need to be as aware of your diet as possible. It is both a deficiency and an excess of vitamins.
What is the list of daily vitamins:
These words are clear, and if they are also taken into account by vitamins in the complex. It was later clarified that these organic substances are either produced by the body itself, or are necessary for life (these substances themselves mean vitamins). This is the name they began to call them pseudovitamins, or vitamin-like substances. Before the complex of vitamins of the group, do not enter into the stench.
Vitamin C
The ventricle, necessary for the synthesis of collagen, is an important storehouse of rich tissues, blood cells, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, ligaments, skins, teeth and brushes. An important component in the metabolism of cholesterol. A highly effective antioxidant that promotes healthy mood, healthy immunity, strength and energy. This water-reducing vitamin, which is naturally found in rich foods, can be synthetically added to them or absorbed as a grub supplement. People who feed on many animals cannot synthesize vitamin D on their own, which is why it is an essential component of the diet.
Vitamin D
This is a “sleepy vitamin”. Helps maintain healthy brushes, keeping them healthy and strong. Indicates healthy teeth, teeth and pulp. Essential for supporting the functioning of the cardiovascular system, helping to prevent dementia and protect the brain.
Vitamin E
This powerful antioxidant, which reduces the number of active forms of acidity and reduces the appearance of vital health. In addition, it involves the functioning of free radicals, and as a regulator of enzymatic activity plays a role in the proper development of muscles. It influences the expression of genes, supports the health of the eyes and nervous system. One of the main functions of vitamin E is to promote a healthy heart by maintaining the balance of cholesterol. It reduces blood flow to the scalp, speeds up the healing process of wounds, and protects the scalp from drying out. Vitamin E protects our body from the influx of harmful external factors and preserves our youth.
Vitamin F
The term vitamin F refers to essential fatty acids, and linolevaі alpha-linoleva. They enter the body from food products containing saturated and non-saturated (mono-poly-) fatty acids and play an important role in lowering cholesterol levels, regulating arterial pressure, and also reducing the risk of stroke and heart attacks. In addition, vitamin F is necessary for the development of the brain in the fetus in the womb, the newborn child, and for supporting its function in adults.
Vitamin N
Vitamin H is recognized as one of the most active vitamin catalysts. Sometimes they are called microvitamins, because... For normal functioning the body needs even small amounts of wine.
Vitamin N plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. With this help, the body removes energy from these speeches. You take part in the synthesis of glucose. Biotin is necessary for the normal functioning of the bowel and intestines, contributes to the immune system and function of the nervous system, and promotes healthy hair and nails.
Vitamin H1
Para-aminobenzoic acid is essential for the human body, especially in the case of Peyronie's disease, which most often affects people of moderate risk. With this disease, the tissue of the penis in a person becomes abnormally fibroid. As a result of this illness, during the hour of erection, the penis flexes greatly, which causes great pain to the patient. When the disease is treated, vitamin preparations are administered. People's diets require products that replace this vitamin.
Para-aminobenzoic acid is indicated for such illnesses as decreased development, increased physical and mental fatigue; anemia is folic acid deficiency; Peyronie's disease, arthritis, post-traumatic contracture and Dupuytren's contracture; lightness of the skin, vitiligo, scleroderma, ultraviolet radiation, alopecia.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K joins a group of fat-depleting substances - similar to naphthoquinone with hydrophobic benzoic acid. The two main representatives of the group are vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone, which is produced by healthy intestinal microflora). The main function of vitamin K in the body is to ensure normal blood flow, the formation of bone tissue (osteocalcin), supporting the function of blood vessels, and the maintenance of normal functioning.
Vitamin K is infused into the formation of blood clots and increases the resistance of the walls of blood vessels, taking part in energy processes created by the main sources of energy in the body - adenosine triphosphoric acid and creatine phosphate, normal It studies the function of the scolio-intestinal tract and the activity of muscles and cysts.
Vitamin L-Carnitine
L-Carnitine improves the metabolism of fats and releases visible energy during their processing in the body, promotes vitality and a rapid period of renewal during physical exercise, improves the activity of the heart, reduces belly fat and cholesterol in the blood, accelerates the growth of meat tissue, stimulates the immune system.
L-Carnitine promotes the oxidation of fats in the body. When there is enough L-carnitine, fatty acids do not produce toxic free radicals, but the energy that is stored in the form of ATP, which completely improves the energy of heart meat, which is 70% of fatty acids.
More than a hundred years have passed since vitamins entered the life of the skin of the planet. Few people know that only 13 combinations of speeches can be placed before such. Others are less respected by their likeness. Why are synthetic vitamins harmful to the body? What is the history of the development of vitamins and their significance?
What are vitamins?
Hey, what are vitamins? The history of vitamin secretion? Why are stinks necessary for a full-fledged life?
When replaced by carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins, they do not provide energy value to the body, but they interfere with the normalization of speech metabolism. The way to absorb them into the body is by taking hedgehogs, supplements and sedative baths. Stalk to neutralize the imbalance or shortage of brown microelements. Their main functions are: assisting coenzymes, assisting in regulated metabolism, preventing the release of unstable radicals.
The history of the development of vitamins has demonstrated that these words have massacres behind their chemical makeup. Alas, unfortunately, the stench is not created by the body on its own at the required level.
What is the role of vitamins
Every vitamin is unique in its own way, and there is no substitute for it. Everything is explained by a specific set of functions that are added to just one word taken. If the body senses a lack of any vitamin, there are obvious consequences: vitamin deficiency, impaired speech metabolism, illness.
Therefore, it is important to eat correctly, variedly and richly, including in your daily diet a minimum of products rich in brown microelements.
For example, vitamins, which belong to group B, contribute to the proper functioning of the nervous system, encouraging the robot to help the body quickly replace and renew cells.
It’s not worth mentioning that you noticed that your hedgehog is not sufficiently saturated with vitamins. Most people today are aware of its deficiency. To replenish the required balance of food, not only eat properly, but also take complex vitamin preparations.
How people came to vitamins
It turns out that until the end of the 19th century, many people did not know about such a concept as vitamins. The stinks not only suffered from a shortage of bark, but also became seriously ill and often died. How did you get rid of vitamins? Let's briefly try to learn about the work of doctors, about their precautions and care for this galus.
The most widespread illnesses of the “pre-Vitamin” eras were:
- “Beri-beri” is an ailment that affected the inhabitants of Pivdenno-Skhidnaya, Pivdennaya Asia, where the main source of food was grinding, harvesting rice.
- Scurvy is a disease that has taken the lives of thousands of sailors.
- Rickets, which in the past affected not only children, but also adults.
People died in their entire families, the ships did not turn back from the voyage due to the death of all members of the crew.
It was in effect until 1880. Until that moment, when M.I. Lunin came to the idea that there are a lot of food products in place in one’s warehouse and speeches that are vital for people. Moreover, these words are irreplaceable.
Scurvy - a disease of old sailors
The history of the development of vitamins contains numerical facts that indicate millions of dollars in expenditure. The cause of death was scurvy. At that time, the illness was one of the worst and deadliest. No one even thought that the fault of everything was the wrong diet and lack of vitamin C.
Today, according to close historians, scurvy claimed over a million sailors in just an hour of geographical coverage. A typical example can be called the expedition to India, which took place under the supervision of Vasco da Gama: of the 160 team members, most fell ill and died.
J. Cook became the first mandrelman, who turned at the same command warehouse that was near the pier. Why didn’t the members of this crew know their share of riches? J. Cook introduced sour cabbage into her daily diet. He inherited James Lind's butt.
Beginning in 1795, algae products, lemons, oranges and other citrus fruits (vitamin C), became the bulk of the “food basket” of sailors.
The truth has come to fruition
Few people know how hidden the history of vitamin development is. This can be said this way: trying to find out the right way, in ancient times doctors conducted experiments on people. One thing to keep quiet: the stench was quite heavy, and far from humane in the eyes of current morality.
The Scottish doctor J. Lind became famous for his testimony against people in 1747.
Ale do so vin yishov za vlasnym bashannyam. The situation became alarming: on the ship on which he served, an epidemic of scurvy broke out. Trying to find a way out of the camp, Lind selected two dozen sick sailors, dividing them into a small group. Afterwards, a feast was held. The first group was served cider together with sea urchin, the second - sea water, the third - ocet, the fourth - citrus fruits. The remaining group is the only ones who have seen 20 individuals from all of them.
However, the human sacrifices were not without reason. Following the published results of the experiment (the treatise “Cure for Scurvy”), the importance of citrus fruits for neutralizing scurvy was revealed.
Vinication of the term
The history of the development of vitamins briefly talks about the origin of the term “Vitamin” itself.
Please note that K. is a great-father. Funk, as seen in vitamin B1 in a crystalline view. Even so, he gave his drug the name vitamine.
Next, D. Drummond took the baton and re-created the concept of “vitamin” in the sphere, admitting that it is inappropriate to call all microelements a word, rather than replace the letter “e”. Having explained this, not all stinks contain amine acid.
This is how vitamins themselves became known to us as “vitamins”. It is made up of two Latin words: “vita” and “amen”. Pershe means “life”, another includes the name of the nitrogenous amino group.
In modern times, the word “vitamin” dates back to 1912. Literally, vono means “speech, necessary for life.”
History of vitamin development: revolutions
Mikola Lunin became one of the first to think about the role of words that influence food products. The scientific community of that time accepted the hypothesis of the Russian doctor, but it was not taken seriously.
However, the fact of the need for this kind of mineral minerals was first explained by none other than Lunin. The importance of vitamins and their indispensability in other words has been clearly demonstrated (these vitamins still had their own names). Below were the mice. The diet of some is made up of natural milk, and for others - from milk (milk components: fat, sugar, salts, casein). The creatures that were next to the other group fell ill and died quickly.
Ztsogo M.I. Lunin learned that "... milk, cream, casein, fat, milk rind and salts contain other words that are indispensable for food."
The topic was raised by a biochemist at the University of Tartu, said K.A. Sosina. We have carried out experiments and actions identical to those of Mikola Ivanovich.
Over the years, Lunin’s theories have been revised, confirmed and further developed by foreign and domestic scientists.
Understanding the causes of illness “take it, take it”
The story of vitamins will continue with the work of the Japanese doctor Takaki. In 1884, the year 1884 saw the illness that plagued the Japanese residents, “take it, take it.” The revolutions of illness were known through fate. In 1897, the Irish doctor Christian Eykman came up with the idea that people should save themselves the necessary bark mixtures, which are included in the storage of the upper parts of unrefined grains.
After about 40 years (1936 years), thiamine was synthesized, the defect of which became the cause of “take-take.” It didn’t take long before this “thiamine” happened. The history of the development of group B vitamins began with the discovery of “amina of life” (also known as vitamin chi vitamine) from rice grains. This happened in 1911-1912. In the period from 1920 to 1934. Recently, its chemical formula was developed and called “aneirin”.
Types of vitamins A, N
When looking at such a topic as the history of the development of vitamins, it can be noted that the development took place gradually, rather than without interruption.
For example, avitaminosis A has been studied in detail since the 19th century. Stepp (Stepp) has revealed the growth motivator to enter the fat storage area. It became the year 1909. І already born in 1913 McColler and Denis saw “factor A,” which was later renamed “vitamin A” (1916).
The cob of vitamin N was added back in 1901, when Wilders discovered a substance that absorbs the growth of yeast. I named it “bios”. U 1927 r. It was sometimes called “factor X” or “vitamin H”. This vitamin is galvanic and can be found in certain products. In 1935, the biotin was crystallized from the egg hopper Kegl.
Vitamins C, E
After Linda's experiments on sailors, for a century no one cared about why people were suffering from scurvy. The history of vitamins, or more precisely the history of tracing their role, began to develop only at the end of the 19th century. V.V. Pashutin realized that the illness of the sailors arose through the absence of their singing speeches. In 1912, when we carried out research on guinea pigs, Holst and Froelich discovered that the appearance of scurvy was overcome by the river, which after 7 years became known as vitamin C. 1928 marks the discovery of this chemical This formula resulted in the synthesis of ascorbic acid.
Role and E began to play the role of everyone else. Although it itself plays a vital role in reproductive processes. This fact began only in 1922. It was confirmed that fat was excluded from the diet of the last squirrels, and the embryo died in the womb. Tse vidkritya zrobiv Evans. The first known preparations, which belong to the group of vitamins E, were extracted from an amount of steamed grains. The drug, called alpha- and beta-tocopherol, was introduced in 1936. Two years later, Carrer carried out his biosynthesis.
Types of vitamins of group B
In 1913, the baby was given a dose of riboflavin and nicotinic acid. This very river commemorates the words of Osborn and Mendel, who discovered that milk contains a liquid that digests growing creatures. Born in 1938 the formula of this speech was revealed, on the basis of which its synthesis was divided. This is how lactoflavin, riboflavin, and vitamin B2 were discovered and synthesized.
Nicotinic acid was found by Funk from rice grains. However, this was not the case. As early as 1926, there was an openly anti-pellagritic official, who for a long time dropped the name of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3).
Vitamin B9 was seen in the view of the faction from spinach leaves in the 30s by Mitchell and Snell. Another world war disrupted the supply of vitamins. In short, vitamin B9 (folic acid) can be described as something that develops rapidly. Immediately after the war (1945), this synthesis began. This is due to the presence of pteroylglutamic acid in the yeast and liver.
Born in 1933 The chemical storage of pantothenic acid was deciphered. And in 1935, Goldberg's theory about the causes of pelagri in schurov was published. It appears that the illness arose through the presence of hydrogen peroxide or vitamin B6.
The remaining vitamins from group B are cobalamin or B12. The extradition of the anti-anemic official from the liver took place in 1948.
Method of testing and mixing: supplementation with vitamin D
The history of the discovery of vitamin D is marked by the collapse of many scientific discoveries. Elmer McCollum is trying to clarify the government's use of vitamin A. The findings, discovered by veterinarian Edward Mellanby in an experiment on dogs, are emerging. We treat the rickets of animals by giving vitamin A as soon as possible. Its presence did not appear on the clothes of the doctors - the stench, as before, was observed.
Vitamin D can be obtained not only from food products, but also from dietary supplements. Tse Dov A.F. Hess was born in 1923.
Whose body is rich in fatty foods with calciferol. Ultraviolet radiation is still practiced in the USA today.
The importance of Casimir Funk in vitamin supplementation
After revealing that officials were going through the “take-and-take” pandemic, vitamins were monitored. I will not leave the role played by Kazimir Funk. The history of the use of vitamins suggests that they have created a drug that consists of a mixture of water-rich substances, different due to their chemical nature, and similar due to the presence of nitrogen in them.
Zavdyaki Funk was very fond of such a scientific term as avitaminosis. We have not lost our lives, but we have revealed the ways of our preparation and advance. The best thing is that it contains vitamins and some enzymes, which makes absorption easier. Funk first developed a system of correct, balanced food, indicating the required norm of essential vitamins.
Casimir Funk created several chemical analogues of vitamins found in natural products. Prote people are now buried in these analogues. Over the past century, the number of oncological, allergic, cardiac and other illnesses has increased. Another reason for the rapid increase in these diseases is due to stagnant synthesis of vitamins.
Vitamins- these words, necessary encouragement life.
How are vitamins taken?
The stench is created by plants and creatures and is responsible for organism in microscopic bones to prolong life processes.
Word " vita"means life.
The disease is bad and not safe
Until the end of the 19th century, this dangerous illness under the name “ scurvy"often seriously opposed commands throughout the world.
Even at the end of the 18th century, it was discovered that in addition to fresh fruits and vegetables, the disease was forked. It took them 100 years to discover this revelation: it appears, fresh products Vitamins took revenge!
Name the vitamins in alphabetical order
The fragments at that time did not know the chemical nature of vitamins, they did not give them names, but simply called them by name A, U, Z, D And so on.
Let's take a look at why some of them are needed for good health.
Vitamin A
This vitamin is always associated with fat in a created organism. It settles in the weeds and moves on to the creatures that feed on these weeds. Vitamin A helps prevent infections. Vіn place in milk, egg mixture, liver, fish fat, as well as salads, carrots and spinach.
In Itamin B
Yogo is immediately called " B-complex" I've relied on a lot of vitamins. Nina knows that there are at least six different vitamins and modifications to vitamin U.
Vitamin IN 1 necessary for the prevention of certain nerve diseases. In addition, his daily activity leads to illness. avitaminosis" Vitamin B1 is located in, fresh fruitі in fact, everyone cereals. It is the responsibility of the body to gradually regenerate.
Vitamin C
The absence of this vitamin causes scurvy, when the joints ossify, the teeth become damaged and weaken. Rich in vitamin C oranges, zucchini, tomati.
The body cannot produce vitamin C, so it needs to be supplemented regularly.
In Itamin D
This vitamin is important for the proper development of the cysts and is essential.
A great number of veins have manifestations in fat, cookies and egg chewing gum. Sonyachny light It will also provide our body with vitamin D.
If you have the right diet, you are sure to get enough vitamins you need.
Quick fact about vitamins and minerals
This is an absolute necessity in the life of every person, regardless of the way of life or type of activity. 1912 Polish biochemist Casimir Funk pioneered the concept of vitamins. He called them “vital amines” so “the amen of life.”
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