Winning chickens is a cumbersome job. Chickens produce eggs, and broiler breeds produce chicken meat in short periods. Reduce the incidence of infectious diseases. Until all sorts of sicknesses and illnesses arise, Marek’s chickens are suffering from illness. Birds become infected aerogenously or through contact, through water, equipment, or comatose.
What is this illness?
Marek's illness is viral in nature. Zbudnik is a herpesvirus of serotype 1 and serotype 2, non-oncogenic strains. The disease first discovered the teachings from the Ugorshchina on the nickname Marek in 1907, who called it bird polyneuritis. Later, the illness began to mean something to him. Chickens, pheasants, turkeys and other poultry can suffer from illness. Ale is most often avoided in broiler chickens.
At the beginning of the last century, the disease widened in Russia. She caused great mischief to private houses and great farms. With the emergence of the virus, the disease was spread by birds and decimated the livestock. In the early 1970s, the pre-surveillance work began to become active in order to obtain a vaccine. Today's vaccination is the only effective method of combating the epidemic.
Cause Marek's illness in chickens
The virus can be transmitted from chicken or other poultry, ticks, dead food or water. The virus is already tenacious, and in undisturbed and unprotected areas it can survive up to two years. Therefore, it is so important to carry out sanitary cleaning of equipment and all surfaces of the poultry farm. Without vaccination, 85% of chickens become infected.
Marek's disease in chickens is widespread throughout the world. Most of the newborn chicks and birds that grow are 2-5 months old. Most often, illnesses occur during the winter period. The ability of the virus to penetrate depends on the immunity of the local individual. The herpes virus is not transmitted from laying hens to eggs and chickens.
Signs and symptoms of Marek's illness
Marek's illness can occur in acute or chronic forms. Based on localization, it is divided into:
- viscelarnu – swelling grows on the internal organs;
- neural – the nervous system suffers, resulting in paresis and paralysis;
- ocular - the eyes are damaged, the eyes are damaged.
The herpesvirus penetrates through the legs, skin, and skin follicles into the blood and spreads throughout the entire body. Often the vein is localized and multiplies in the lymphoid tissue. The incubation period can range from two days to five months. This complicates the diagnosis and phase of the epidemic.
In the acute form of the illness, the illness lasts for one or two days. Mortality occurs in 100% of cases. Symptoms of acute form:
- decreased appetite;
- oppression;
- multiple fluffs;
- paralysis;
- ill-mannered.
In the chronic form, the organs and nervous system most often suffer. In chickens, most of the episodes reach their death within ten hours. Adult individuals die in 30% of cases. Symptoms of the chronic form:
- impaired vision, change in eye color, narrow eye, lack of reaction to light;
- bulge, sagging wing;
- winter, dryness of the comb;
- vivertannya shii;
- like end paralysis.
The sick individuals carry the virus and are contagious to more chickens, as they have different symptoms and the incubation period.
Diagnostics
To diagnose illness, treat symptoms and perform biotests. During bioassays, the virus is introduced into the body internally or subcutaneously, and the results are observed after 12-14 days. Positive results of bioassays – cytopathic changes. This, for example, is the creation of pustules at the site of injection and the identification of a virus-specific antigen. Then, the body of infections fights the infection.
Vaccine against Marek's disease
Marek's disease suppresses the immune system, and if the individual is allowed to die, it is further protected from illness by the formation of a new immune system. On this principle the system of vaccinating chickens against disease was developed. It is effective to put chips on the chickens in the first place after the fork.
Vaccine It is produced with a dry appearance and is equipped with a special dispenser. After preparation, before the vaccine, every quantity of it is stored in the refrigerator. One day of treatment is given a vaccine dose of 0.2 ml.
Splitting is carried out under the skin into the sheath section or internally into the stitch section. From the moment of splitting, the quarantine lasts for 10 days. This is a term that is necessary for the permanent formation of a stable immunity to Marek’s illness.
The following vaccines are available against Marek's disease:
- Bivalent vaccine made from chicken herpesvirus cultures.
- Vaccine for the FS-126 strain of herpesvirus indica.
- Nobilis drug.
- Vaccine Intervet.
- Keramvak drug
- Frozen suspensions of Marex, Respens, Vaxitec vaccines.
In our country, live vaccines are produced at the Biofactory near Kursk and at the Biokombinat near Shchelkovo. Deyaki chipping experts are pleased to duplicate by 10-12 extra. It is important that vaccination be carried out according to the evidence of the fahivets.
Treating Marek's illness in chickens
Until Marek’s illness, he pays attention to those who are ill. There are still no specific treatments directly aimed at reducing the herpes virus. Those who are ill are not happy. In a number of chickens, it is successful to treat adult chickens with antibiotics and antiviral drugs.
Treatment is possible only in the early stages. To avoid paralysis, changing the color of the eyes or drooping wings, bathing will not give the effect. The traditional drug for treating chickens is acyclovir. For two days, give a single dose of 200 mg of the drug. The next five days - 100 mg. The tablets are powdered and handed over the porridge.
At the same time, to boost immunity in chickens, bifidumbacterin is added. The course lasts for a week. Hedgehogs are given one bottle per bird every day. To determine the appetite of the mash, test through a syringe.
Prevention
In addition to vaccinating newborns, important preventive visits include maintaining sanitary standards and regular cleaning. Before starting a new poultry population, the premises and equipment should be cleaned with special disinfectants.
It is important to carefully examine chickens for external signs of illness. It is important to isolate sick chickens within a short period of time and continue to quarantine. If the government records episodes of infection and the birds become poor, wait an hour before the new launch. In such cases, treatment with disinfectant should be carried out several times.
To eliminate Marek's illness and other infectious diseases, follow the appointments of the sanitary services and promptly vaccinate the livestock.
Marek's disease in chickens is a problem in which Russia is considered to be the rulers of industrial production, and the rulers of private subvirs. Illness is approaching and can begin to appear within a short time from the moment of infection. However, there is a need for prevention and early diagnosis of illness. What do we need to do first, since Marek’s illness has appeared in the chickens?
Secret information about BM
Marek's illness was evident in the last century. In 1907, her birth was described by a veterinarian from Ugorshchina, Josef Marek. The professor labeled the illness as polyneuritis. Other names of infections are paralysis of chickens, BM, infectious neurolymphomatosis. In Russia, illness is diagnosed as neuritis or infectious neurogranulomatosis.
But the name that achieved the greatest popularity was to avenge the nickname of the ancient: Marek’s illness.
Chickens and turkeys are susceptible to this viral disease. The disease can spread to livestock that does not care about vaccination. According to statistics, in Russia neuritis is one of the most common illnesses among poultry.
The virus multiplies and functions at a temperature of 37 degrees above sea level, in the refrigerator, and lives for about 10 months. The follicles of chicken feathers are active for up to 450 days, and those of chicken-bred follicles are alive even longer.
If you become infected with the infection, you may miss out on certain individuals. Stronger, older birds with developed immunity and strong genetic agility can successfully resist the virus. The herpesvirus enters the body of mature or weakened individuals into the nuclei of cells and infects internal organs and tissues.
Cause ailments
Ways of infection
To date, zoologists have discovered several ways of infecting chickens with infectious neurogranulomatosis.
- The main way to control the population is wind-drop or aerogenic. The ideal medium of transmission is drinking, which is always above the surface and in the middle of the hen, and in the aviaries, and in the open air of the birds.
Laying hens - nose infections - see the virus through the feather follicles, and when breathing through the grass tract. If the infection is not detected in the short term, it can infect the herd throughout life or at least three quarters after the illness. - Products from the slaughter of chickens affected by neuritis may continue to cause problems for the livestock. When a laying hen is over-processed for mating, the stench will inevitably cause new bird paralysis.
- The virus remains active by consuming eggs on the scab. If there are outbreaks of dissection in the flock or scars that have not undergone heat treatment are found in a detailed view of the birds’ diet, the infected population can exceed 80%.
- Infectious neurolymphomatosis is transmitted from a sick bird to a healthy bird in a coma.
- Everything that is touched by the nose - water in the pot or a mixing bowl in the yearling - becomes a source of infection for other individuals.
Incubation period
The incubation period of the herpes virus is in the range of 13-150 days. The triviality of this period is indicated by clear indications. The most common diseases are in chickens and those with high genetic potential. In these categories, the incubation period is compressed to a minimum, and they are the first in the herd to begin to suffer from paralysis.
Until the 12th day of infection, blood flow in birds is disrupted and the structure of the nerve changes. The virus is collected from the respiratory follicles. When they are removed, the post-clinical agents are released and absorbed from the external center.
The mortality rate of a population can be either single or approaching one hundred percent.
Red Island Rhode Island is a species that practically cannot resist Marek’s illness. There are also populations in the rizik zone, where breeds such as Leghorn and white Plymouth rock are present in its stock. The least susceptible to infection are white Cornish and brown Leghorn.
BM flow form
Vidsotkovy shows the decline of the herd in the form of polyneuritis. Since the disease occurs in an acute form, especially those who become seriously ill, up to 20-30% of chickens will become infected with BM.
Gostra form
In the acute form, the incubation of the herpes virus lasts for two years, a maximum of three months. Formy symptoms:
- cough;
- zupinka u dihanni;
- wastage of vagina;
- discord of etching;
- subject to appetite;
- vidmova vid petya;
- skin condition.
The virus penetrates the body and causes swelling on internal organs. External ailments may occur depending on which organ is affected by illness. These can be legions, heart, intestines, flesh, skin. Rooting the carcass after this form of percolation does not indicate infection of the nervous system.
Classic shape
The virus incubates over a longer period of two to six months. In the classic form, the virus penetrates the nervous system. External signs are:
- kulgavist;
- unnatural move;
- he shouted;
- paralysis of one or both paws;
- twisted loaves;
- penguin pose.
- In case of growth of dead individuals, the plexus of nerves is thickened and recorded visually.
The greatest concern for BM comes from the people until the twentieth century: their immunity is still formed. Neuritis may also occur in first-born birds after vaccination. Zoologists attribute this to a sharp decrease in immunity.
Clinical forms of BM
From the clinical point of view, the disease can occur in three forms:
- The neural form is when the virus penetrates the peripheral part of the nervous system.
- Ocular form, if the virus infects the body. A sick hen's neck becomes deformed, changing to a poppy seed. The iris is flooded with light gray flames. Blindness may occur. With such a high rate of survival, the herd is at its best.
- Visceral form: the virus infects internal organs and is characterized by the appearance of deadly swellings on them.
Diagnosis of illness
Regardless of the fact that the symptoms of BM clearly indicate infection, the residual diagnosis can only be made in the laboratory. If the chicken is alive, you can submit blood and dust material for analysis. In a variety of dead individuals, the internal organs (spleen, liver, etc.) and the plump substances that have accumulated on them can be traced. For diagnosis, use the following schemes:
| Express methods | RIF; RDA; revealed body turn on | |
| Virological research | Klitinny investigations | research nirok; |
| tracking of embryos; | ||
| tracking of the bobcats | ||
| Identification of the virus seen | RIF; | |
| RDP; | ||
| RID; | ||
| IFA | ||
| Retrospective diagnosis | RDP; | |
| IFD |
Call for investigation and see a dozen chickens, mature chickens and embryos. For various schemes, you need either the blood of a live bird, or parts of internal organs after growth, or extracted from the carcass together with the epithelium of the follicles.
Nebezpeka BM for people
How can you eat chicken meat if you are sick with neuritis? To date, no deaths from chicken meat infected with this disease have been recorded. If the egg has not reached the extreme stage of dehydration and the meat mass remains at normal levels, it can be absorbed.
Fahivtsy do not like the appearance of this type because the internal organs are visible, as plump growths are visually visible on them, as well as the skin, as there are visible lesions on it.
Before implantation, it is recommended to confirm the diagnosis in a special laboratory. Often infectious neurolymphomatosis is associated with other illnesses: adenovirus infection, coccidiosis, staphylococcosis, Newcastle disease. Actions from them are not safe for human health.
Poultry meat without signs of anemia and vikorystica is used for preparing canned food. The fluff and feather go to processing after thorough disinfection.
Vaccination
The birds are pinched against Marek's illness during the first days of the people's birth. Chickens, turkeys, and pheasants are available. Before speaking, the virus can infect swans, doves, ducks and crows. Chickens are the most susceptible to illness.
Veterinarians recommend not to engage in independent vaccination and to take advantage of the services of doctors. Just because the herd is split from the BM, this does not at all mean that the embryos gain immunity. VIN is not transmitted during recessions.
Let's add a live vaccine to the chickens. The procedure can be repeated after two steps (following the instructions). Proven pharmaceutical manufacturers give superiority to such drugs as Vaxitec, Marex, Respens.
"Vaxxiek HVT+IBD"
The vaccine is sold in ampoules of 2 ml (1000, 2000, 4000 doses). The skin of them is infected with herpes virus indices, strain FC 126 and strain of Gumboro disease. The faces will taste like a vibrator at the frozen view. The vaccine is not available in the following cases:
- daily labeling on the ampoule;
- the suspension was thawed before purchase;
- The vaccine was not used for a year after being frozen.
In this situation, boil the ampoules for a quarter of a year and discard them. The vaccine is preserved in a Dewar vessel, rare nitrogen preserves the viability of the virus. The retailer gets to the point. The wine may be clear, hermetically sealed and placed in a dark place. The temperature is kept at 2-25 degrees.
Vaxitek can be purchased immediately from the moment of issue. It is not suitable for drying. The vicarious vaccine provokes the proliferation of antibodies in the bird's body to BM, which improves immunity. The effect occurs two days after administration of the strain and until the end of life.
Vacation instructions for one-day-old chicks and 18-day-old eggs in an incubator. For an egg, 0.05 ml of vaccine is sufficient. To introduce it, the veterinarian defrosts the bird in water, mixes it with a steward and injects the bird under the skin.
"Marek's Rispens+HVT"
The vaccine is also administered live in frozen form. This method of transportation will ensure the viability of the virus strain. 1000 or 2000 doses are supplied in 2 ml ampoules. The suspension in stock is a herpesvirus strain FC 126 infected with paralysis of SPF embryos and a strain of the disease virus Rispens CVI-988, stabilizing the Great Horned Sickness Syrup and a cryoprotector.
Similar to Vaxitek, instead of Marex ampoules, it is diluted with retailer. The vaccine can be used again from the moment of its creation. Defective copies are considered as follows:
- Containers without labeling;
- ampoules from transpositions of the term vikoristannaya (18 months);
- irresistible color of the suspension (maybe yellowish-horny);
- repairman due to broken seal;
- heterogeneous suspension warehouse;
- The vaccine was frozen before the moment of its release.
Do not boil ampoules beforehand and dispose of them.
After vaccination with Marex, the birds are free from illness. Immunity is preserved throughout the life of the birds. Marex forms and strengthens immunity, but does not cure. If the herd is already infected with polyneuritis or weakened by other infections, stagnation of the herd is contraindicated.
It is recommended to administer the suspension to chickens immediately after hatching the eggs. Veterinarians inject injections under the skin into the neck area. The slaughter of splintered individuals by Marquez is allowed no earlier than three days.
"Rispens CVI-988" (Rispens CVI-988)
The third most popular vaccine against paralysis among veterinarians has also been developed in France. The frozen suspension includes the Rispens CVI-988 strain of BM-infected chicken embryos, stabilized with great horned whey and dimethyl sulfoxide.
The pale rye color of the solid product is transformed into rye when defrosted. Just like Marex, the vaccine is packaged in ampoules (2 ml) of one or two thousand doses and is preserved in rare nitrogen. One of the advantages of this sum is the difficult time of belonging. You can choose three fates from the moment of release.
Signs of vaccination are completely avoided with the already described vaccines. This results in the loss of the seal of the packaging and change in the uniformity of the product, defrosting earlier than the hour and failure to understand the terms of reference. To neutralize the zipped product, it is enough to sterilize ampoules of 30 quilins.
From the moment of vaccination, the immunity of chickens is formed within one to two years.
Prevention of illness
The main points in the nutritional prevention of infectious neurolymphomatosis are the restoration of cleanliness in the government and strict control over the health of individuals that are bought to increase the population.
Visnovok
Despite the fact that infectious neurolymphomatosis is one of the most common diseases of chickens, and despite the fact that infectious neurolymphomatosis is one of the most common diseases of chickens, it is possible to fight it. Sickness can be prevented; once infected, the herd can be frequently evacuated.
As soon as episodes of Marek's disease have been detected in chickens, the sick bird is sent for slaughter. All areas and surrounding areas are subject to strict contamination. Kurchat begin to grow tall a month after killing sick individuals. At poultry factories, quarantine is lifted from young birds as soon as they reach 6 months of age.
Vaccination of chickens is the shortest way to prevent various diseases in poultry. It is necessary to consolidate them in all dominions, regardless of the number of livestock. Vaccination is carried out by veterinarians.
Another name for vaccination is immunization. Without it, it is important to avoid viral infectious diseases in poultry. You can give the vaccine to pets or give them additional injections. Most often they should be embarrassed:
- under the skin;
- at the bridle of the krill;
- at the cloaca;
- internal language.
Other methods of vaccination are being discovered. Poultry farmers recommend vaccinating chickens in a general manner through their weak immune system. Failure to maintain sanitary standards when cleaning poultry can lead to the chickens becoming infected with an infectious disease. The productivity of a sick bird drops by 35-40%. There is a great risk of infection of human sick chickens.
It’s important for birds to get rid of wood chips due to illness:
- Nyuksol;
- Marek;
- Gumboro.
The method is considered the simplest way to vaccinate chickens. The prick of hiding under the skin of a bird. 12 years before the injection, the vaccine should be kept at room temperature. The chips are put in the back or the upper part of the shed or the chickens. Sometimes the bird's prick hurts the groin fold. When vaccinating, it is necessary to be careful so that the head does not pierce the skin of the chickens. This can be done before the vaccine is released from under the skin of the bird.
The injection is timid in the middle of the sternum. The place where the vaccine is administered is at the distance of 2.5-3.5 cm from the cartilage. The head is inserted into the chest at 45 degrees. As with early childhood vaccination, the drug should be left for at least 12 years at room temperature before the injection.
Buried
The vaccine mixes with the distributor so that the temperature does not exceed +8 °C. Burial is carried out in the nostrils of the bird or in the eyes with the help of a pipette.
Vipayuvannya
The method is widely used in the great poultry factories. To vaccinate the chickens, the chickens are deprived without feeding the day before. It’s worth trying to get around to asking questions.
Priskuvannya
Vaccination of poultry with the help of aerosols is carried out at dark. During the period of coating the chickens with the vaccine, the applied chickens will have a light hiccup. This allows you to change the activity of the bird. Turn on lightening 7-10 minutes after brushing.
Vaccination of the Merezha Krill
The method is used for splitting chickens from various types of illness. An injection of vaccine into the wing of a bird. One chick can be used for vaccination of more than 500 birds.
Shchorichna vaccination
Z There are a great number of illnesses that affect the bird’s body. Their skin shows a high level of unsafeness. Chips for vibrating the bird's stability before them are looming the song term of action. There is a new illness, vaccination against which requires careful attention.
Infectious bronchitis
The disease can be attacked by chickens and mature chickens. This will lead to the most widespread type of infectious disease. Birds have a hard time with bronchitis. The disease attacks the reproductive system of birds. This affects the productivity of chickens. Their rate of pregnancy loss decreases. It is very common for birds to see nirks.
To prevent illness, use a vaccine prepared from the “N-12” strain. You must not become unsafe for the birds. Immunity to infectious disease is weakened in chickens and chickens on the 21st day from the moment of vaccination. The industry produces them in the form of tablets that are dispensed in clean drinking water.
Infectious illness that causes pathology in the intestinal tract of the bird. The chronic and acute form of illness is characterized by arthritic conditions of the joints. The bird exhibits symptoms:
- drowsiness;
- weakness of the muscles;
- undead;
- wheeze.
In sick young chickens, breathing and passage are difficult, and goiter atony is diagnosed. Washing the bird after infection starts at 5-10 minutes. For vaccination of the disease, use suspensions prepared on the basis of the strain Sal. enteritidis 204. Split chickens in two years. Re-vaccination is carried out two days in advance.
The illness has a number of names. Among them:
- "The Sickness of Newcastle";
- pneumoencephalitis;
- Filaret.
The symptoms of the disease are similar to the classic plague, which is very important for birds to endure. The incubation period of the disease is 4 to 25 days. Infected birds “die out” within 4-8 days. The illness is characterized by symptoms such as depression and loss of appetite. There's mucus coming out of the bird's nose.
Until now, no effective treatment for the disease has been found. Prevention of illness allows you to eliminate numerous negative consequences. To kill poultry, several types of vaccines are used. The most popular of them is prepared on the basis of the La Sota strain. Vaughn is dry powder.
Dilute the dry vaccine with water, preferably distilled, at a ratio of 1:25. To prepare the poultry, bury it in the skin of the nostril. Immunity in chickens and chickens after vaccination occurs on the 8-10th day. Poultry chippings are performed on the bird's skin:
- 15-20 days;
- 45-60 days;
- 140-150 days.
Adenovirus
It’s really important that the chickens get sick. That's where the bird's liver attacks. Most often, the manifestation of illness can be prevented in young animals. Adenovirus causes anemia and muscle spasms in birds. Laying rate in chickens decreases. The ailments of the chickens and chickens are growing and growing. The disease affects at least 12 different species.
Disease viruses multiply in the cells of the body of birds. The most effective vaccine for preventing illness is hydropericarditis. I will help you keep your chickens safe. The first vaccination can be carried out in women on 10-12 days.
Single-use vaccines
In practice, I will monitor chickens for such preparations for eliminating poultry diseases, which will require repeated vaccination. You can prepare such preparations at home yourself.
Video - Why chickens are vaccinated
Gumboro
The disease took its name from the fiery internal organ called the bursa of Fabricius. Gumboro kills birds through the grass system. Among the main symptoms of the disease:
- swelling;
- hyperemia;
- carrying;
- oppression camp.
Vaccination is carried out as soon as possible in life. For this reason, young animals should be given special care for the help of a pipette. Vaccination against Gumboro can be carried out simultaneously against poultry splinters due to diseases: Newcastle, Marek and infectious bronchitis.
For vaccination with Gumboro, use strain GM97. The immunity of chickens develops two days after vaccination.
Coccidiosis
The spread of illness in chickens has increased. There are pathological changes in the herbal tract of chickens. This is to bring the birds to the boil. Coccidiosis has 7 species. Vaccination against the disease is carried out using aerosols and rare emulsions. The remainder can be introduced into the egg during the incubation period. For this egg, sprinkle some vaccine.
The chickens that have hatched are pinched due to illness in the first place of life. For this purpose, use the gel solution “Imunox”.
Laryngotracheitis
The disease is caused by the Herpesviras virus. Vaughn has symptoms:
- levels of the mucous membrane;
- conjunct.
Sometimes a sick bird may show symptoms. The incubation period for laryngotracheitis is 6-10 days. In case of severe illness, the bird develops sinusitis and a sharp decrease in incontinence. Poultry productivity drops by 25-30%. Two-thousand-year-old chickens and mature chickens pinch once. Young chickweeds can be vaccinated again up to two months of age. For whom is the Intervet vaccine being used?
Khvoroba Marek
Sickness causes paralysis of the bird's ends. For their destruction, you can use a dry or rare vaccine.
Porokov's instructions for Marek's illness
Krok 1
Before vaccination, it is necessary to disinfect the instrument that will be used on the split bird. For this you can use a variety of antiseptics. Blame it on disposable syringes.
Croc 2
Special procedures are used to clean the hands of people to vaccinate.
Croc 3
Ampoules with vaccination preparations are removed from containers in which they are stored and stored at a temperature of +18-22 degrees for the entire year. To speed up the heating time of the vaccine, you can lower it by one quill in water at a temperature of +27 degrees. After warming up, the vaccine lasts for 30-40 minutes.
Krok 4
Preparations are being made for vaccination. For whom the vaccine is frozen, use an additional syringe to transfer it to the bottle from the container. Everything will definitely come together.
Krok 5
Preparation of birds before vaccination. The chickens are preparing a place on the body for an injection.
Krok 6
Birds are afraid to get an injection with a vaccine.
How to properly save the vaccine
It is incorrect to save drugs before they are administered. It is not possible to use such methods for vaccination or bathing of birds. Zipper drugs can lead to the death of chickens or chickens. Information about the terms of reference of the drugs is included on the packaging. Vaccines are stored in special containers that maintain a temperature of -196 degrees Celsius or in freezers. Rare nitrogen is released in their designs to maintain low temperatures.
To preserve warehouses that need to be diluted, bottles or plastic containers are stored in dark places at a temperature of +5-20 degrees. When preparing the preparations before vaccination, it is not possible to save more than 60 units. This is the maximum term, by stretching out such things they lose their characteristics. The standard vaccine duration ranges from 12 to 36 months.
Vaccination rules
Wood chips must follow a number of rules:
- Instruments that are used for vaccination must undergo a disinfection procedure: before and after splitting or smoking.
- Dispose of containers containing vaccines and sterilized drugs after administration of drugs. You can’t scatter them around the chicken coop.
- After vaccination, chickens earn a lot of respect. It is necessary to be careful about your health and behavior. If a bird exhibits symptoms similar to the symptoms of various illnesses, it is necessary to contact a veterinarian.
- The skin vaccine is pinched at the earliest hour. If the bird can be given an injection, it is indicated in the instructions for the drug.
Video - Vaccination of chickens
Types of prevention
Table 1. Types of prevention
Monitoring the birds requires at least 3 days. During this period the symptoms of the majority of the illness will appear.
The best preparations for chicken vaccination
Today's breeders produce a wide range of vaccines for killing chickens against various illnesses. Everyone is fighting over the method of pricing and the price. Farmers are trying to choose inexpensive, simple vaccines for their countries. Today in Russia you can buy generic drugs from different countries of the world.
"Vaksitek HVT+IBD"
The American vaccine is alive. Prepared on the basis of heresvirus indices. VICORIST is being used to prevent Gumboro disease. Available in suspension form. The packaging warehouse includes 2000 to 4000 ampoules of the vaccine, which are kept in a frozen state and dispensed.
The vaccine is being developed to kill chickens. The immunity of chicks becomes stronger on the 14th day after splitting. It is absolutely not possible to combine the drug simultaneously with immunobiological drugs. The chicks are forced to hide close to the mature chickens.
"Respens CVI-988"
The live vaccine was distributed by the French, but is released by the Americans. Available in the form of frozen whey. Vikorist is used for chipping young animals. Preparation of preparations based on cliniform material for great horned thinness. Immunity in chickens develops 14-200 days after vaccination and is maintained throughout the entire life cycle.
It is not recommended to use the drug on birds, which may be due to health standards or developmental issues. The syrup is packaged in an ampoule bottle. The package of drugs includes 1000 to 2000 doses.
Manufacturers will provide instructions on how to place it in the package. Before proceeding with vaccination, you must read it carefully. The skin has its own contraindications and preparations before vaccination.
Along with the above instructions, it is necessary to check the release date of the drug and the terms of reference. It is not advisable to use poultry for vaccination if they do not follow the Russian instructions. Transfer of obligatory mental certification of foreign drugs to the Russian market. This may indicate that the drug has not been properly verified.
On the skin packaging of the preparations the production batch number, the manufacturer and the purpose of the preparation are indicated. To vaccinate chickens, it is necessary to vaccinate the species designated for the particular type of poultry. Before the development of the preparations and their release, the producers will take care of the genetic characteristics of the birds’ organisms.
There are plenty of poultry medicines for the prevention of various diseases, birds begin to eat them with a weak dose of manganese immediately after the stinks hatch from the egg. To treat colds in chickens, antibiotics are added to their drink. To harvest mature chickens, use only pure water and water.
To vaccinate a population of chickens, it is best to contact a veterinarian. The skin breed of chickens has individual genetic characteristics. Please consult a veterinarian for the development of poultry vaccination schedules.
Externally manifest Marek's illness
Marek's sickness is the name given to chicken polyneuritis, which is characterized by a sharp decline in the health of birds due to damage to the nervous system by the virus. Depending on the type and etiology, illness can occur in both the acute and classical forms. This pathology is a trivial hour, having learned the Ugric doctrine. In 1907, a group of people published research data, describing the development of the virus in chickens and turkeys. In Russia, neurolymphomatosis and avian paralysis began to occur in the 1930s.
Pershovidkrivach Vcheniy Marek saw three forms of illness:
- ocular - manifests itself in the eyes of chickens and eggs, which are wasted with a possible lethal end (the loss of livestock can reach up to 30%);
- neural – characterized by disturbances in the peripheral nervous system associated with paralysis and paresis;
- visceral - the internal organs are covered with a new tissue.
Cause that road to become infected
The cause is the Herpes virus (group B). After penetrating into the body, it inhibits the drying function. Aphids with weakened immunity create a favorable environment for the development of various illnesses, including paralysis and neurolymphatosis.
The virus is susceptible to the fact that the daily routine is saved in the middle of the day until the difficult hour. The transmission of harmful microorganisms from a sick bird to a healthy bird can even occur through litter, eggs, and bird afterbirth.
Physiological officials are widely aware that they are associated with the occurrence of the disease through the skin, feathers, the etching system, and the transmission of the virus by wind-droplets. Most often, infection is caused by the hatching of an infected egg by a bird.
Dovidka! Veterinarians call the most common method of infecting chickens with Marek's disease, the transmission of the disease by the wind-speckled way.
Symptoms and diagnosis
The severity of the incubation period in the body depends on the following factors:
- the age of the bird;
- become immune;
- genetic diversity;
- form sickness.
The average duration of the incubation period of viral cells in the body of birds is 150 days.
Chickens of the age-old group are the most susceptible to BM from 1 to 5 months. In just 1-2 years, an infected individual can infect all the poultry's bags. The following may be on your guard:
- impaired functioning of the herbal system;
- severe decrease in appetite (as a result of decreased body weight);
- physical weakness;
- Laying hens stop laying eggs.
When Marek is ill, the nervous system is most often affected, first of all the organs. After 1-2 days of infection, the birds begin to flutter, the wings begin to sag, and the tail begins to droop. Due to the weakening of the immune system, some individuals show signs of paralysis due to further symptoms. Other chickens and turkeys fall on their feet.
In birds with eye infections, the color of the iris changes, they are afraid of impaired coordination of the body, associated with blurred vision or permanent loss of vision. The shape of the buttock becomes concave, similar to the contours of a pear. There is no reaction to light. Birds infected with the ocular type die within 1-18 months.
Dovidka! Due to the high intensity of the spread of the virus in the middle of the population, farmers carry out preventive visits from the first harvest of birds to the world.
Diagnosis of chickens is carried out by a veterinarian. The process consists of the following stages:
- visual inspection of a sick bird;
- initial assessment of the clinical picture;
- If the individuals are dead, conduct a postmortem examination to identify pathology of the internal organs;
- serological surveillance of mature chickens;
- the use of virus culture for additional bacteriological culture;
- carrying out biological tests on commercial birds.
Due to the fact that Marek's illness has similar signs to other illnesses, the veterinarian is using an additional diagnostic method - differential. Symptoms are illustrated from investigation data to confirm and indicate the occurrence of onset pathologies:
- ignition process that affects the spinal and cerebral cord;
- malignancy of the hematopoietic system;
- perosis;
- deficiency of vitamins B and E;
- synovitis of the infectious type.
What are the vaccines like?
The main argument in the fight against Marek's disease is vaccination. Zakhistu exhibitors are considered to be over-conforming, as they amount to 90%. With this method, special vaccines are used to prevent three serotypes of the virus. The complex infusion itself invigorates the immune system.
The principle of the vaccine against Marek's disease lies in the introduction of fermented viral cells obtained from laboratory minds into the body of poultry. A small dose is easily tolerated by birds, it contains created antibodies to counteract Marek’s illness. Immunity to the virus develops over three years and is maintained throughout life.
Vaccine release form:
- dry;
- rare;
- frozen.
- Rare differences from the culture of BM chicken strains – ARRIAH.
- Preparations Nobilis, Intervet.
- Rare suspensions: Kursk biofactory, Shcholkovsky biocombine.
- Imported frozen suspensions: Vaxitek, Respens, Marex.
Available pharmacological agents are divided into the following types.
- Strain of herpevirus serotype in chickens.
- Non-oncogenic herpevirus is an individual of the third serotype.
- Attenuated varieties of strains of the first serotype of oncogenic nature.
The entry into the market of various types of vaccines is explained by the constant work on improving the availability of drugs for effectively combating the virus that is mutating. Additional pharmacological information is available in specialized stores, on the websites of pharmaceutical companies and official representatives. Competent consultants will inform you about the method of administration and other features of the drug.
Vaccine overview
"Vaxxiek HVT+IBD"
A live vector-type vaccine, divided into the heresvirus indices (HVT), distributed in the USA. In the process of preparing the pharmacological product, the protein of the infectious bursal disease virus (VP2) is produced. One dose of recombinant vector virus BM and Gumboro disease (3880 FFU).
The form of release of the drug is a frozen suspension and dispensed solution. One package contains 2000/4000 doses. The vaccine is intended for chickens. Immunity revives 14 days after the warehouse is destroyed.
Vaccination favors only embryos without significant pathology and healthy chicks. It is not recommended to administer the vaccine with other veterinary procedures. "Marek's Rispens+HVT"
The rare live vaccine of Israeli production is attenuated and sold in frozen form. Such speeches are used as components.
- Cells of embryonic chickens infected with the BM virus (Rispens CVI-988 pcs.) and the Indian Herpes virus (FC-126 pcs.).
- Orphan of newly born calves.
- Dimethyl sulfoxide.
- Gentamicin sulfate.
- Amphoterine St.
The product is packaged in 1000/2000 ampoule doses per bottle. One aluminum cassette holds 6/10 ampoules.
With the use of a single suspension, no side effects or complications were detected. You cannot treat yourself with immunobiological drugs at the same time. The carcass of a vaccinated bird is preserved until storage. The matured young live 2-3 days in a warm environment. During the period of incubation of viral cells in the body of birds, contact with adult pouches of the bird is switched off.
"Rispens CVI-988" (Rispens CVI-988)
The live frozen vaccine was distributed by French farmers, and the American company Merial, Inc. is involved in the production. As warehouse components, such speeches are used.
- Culture of SPF-embryo fibroblasts from chickens infected with the MB virus (CVI-988).
- Syrovatka, prepared on the basis of horned thinner cell material, acts as a stabilizer.
- Dimethyl sulfoxide – protects the product from supercooling and freezing.
Over the course of 14-20 days after processing, the chickens begin to vibrate a stable BM structure, which is preserved throughout the entire life cycle. A bird with signs of any pathology should not be ignored. Trimming is carried out immediately for all young animals.
Sklyany ampoules contain 1000/2000 doses. The aluminum cassette holds 5 ampoules. The dispenser is poured into polymer containers with a capacity of 200/400 ml.
Zastosuvannya of vaccines
The BM suspension is intended for all commercial and poultry products. In mature individuals, the effectiveness is low, so vaccination is carried out exclusively in the early stages. Additional chickens are injected with pharmacological agents prepared on the basis of virus strains. There is also another possible prevention option, which is most often encountered in commercial poultry farmers. The essence of this lies in the introduction of a hole in the incubation egg (18-19 day embryo).
Dovidka! If the visual organ is affected, vaccination is carried out by instillation for 30-50 days.
Pokrokov's instructions
- For robots, prepare all the necessary tools and disinfect them with an antiseptic. The syringes are either disposable or sterilized using high-grade vikoristan. Hands in front of the cob of the cob of the crops are left behind.
- Remove the ampoules from the Dewar container. Leave the container to warm up for 8 years in the room, the ampoules in the required quantity need to be quickly defrosted after being removed from the container, lowered into a container of warm water (27 degrees) for 1 hour . Apply the vaccine for 30-60 minutes.
- Prepare the working preparation according to the instructions. For this purpose, the frozen vaccine is taken from the ampoules with a syringe and injected into the bottle with a dispenser. For one chicken you need 0.2 cubes of suspension (1 cube of the drug taken into a syringe is enough for 5 chickens).
- For the victor's handiness, you can get a sidekick. This will make the process of puncture and injection of the suspension easier.
- Prepare the place for piercing the head by choosing a section between the wings, at the top of the neck or in the groin area.
- In order for the head to come out soft, you need to stretch the skin of the bird a little with two fingers, moving the end away from the body.
- Inject the drug under the skin with a strong vice onto the syringe handle. Before the hour of vaccination, be careful so that the damage does not come out from under the skin.
- Place the vaccinated chicks next to the poultry's other containers for three years.
Dovidka! The vaccine can be administered not only under the skin, but also internally. The best place for such an injection is the breast.
Immunity
The next step in the fight against illness is vaccination. However, it does not provide a 100% guarantee that the birds will not get sick. In this case, the immune system plays a vital role.
After feeding the young animals, or more precisely the young birds, go through a maximum of 3-4 days, first to develop a stable support for the body before viral illness. Immunity is preserved throughout the bird's life. With the correct use of the vaccine, the risk of death of the population is reduced to a minimum. Once infected, there is a high chance of the bird becoming infected again.
Main approach fight Marek's disease Today, specific prevention using various live vaccines is no longer available. Vaccination, as a rule, is done by chickens. The effectiveness of vaccination improves with a longer interval between splinters and spontaneous infections. The dry effect (with a vaccine dose > 1000 FFU) is detected after 3-4 days, reaches the peak after two days and is maintained throughout life. Although vaccination does not provide complete protection, it significantly reduces the risk of natural infection of the population and the occurrence of the sex virus in the environment.
It is necessary to ensure that maternal antibodies do not protect chickens due to Marek's illness However, their high dose may reduce the effectiveness of the homologous vaccine. In order to ensure complete conditions for splitting, the vaccine virus associated with live cells is more likely to be isolated from the virus, which is less likely to occur in the form of a lyophilized drug. To reduce the negative impact of maternal immunity, it is recommended to use different vaccines (HIV and VBM) for immunization of fathers and offspring.
For cooking Marek's disease vaccine vicoristics of all three serotypes of the virus. Most commonly used for this purpose are the attenuated serotype 1 (strain HPRS-16att and CV1-988), the natural non-oncogenic strain SB-1 serotype 2 and the VGI strain FC-126 (serotype 3). The skin from these viruses induces a sufficient chemical effect against BM. However, VDI is weakly effective against even virulent BM viruses. Attenuated VBM strains (serotype 1) are subject to serial grazing in cell cultures. Either individually or naturally attenuated by pieces, EBM is transmitted from split chickens to non-split chickens, since GVI is practically not capable of horizontal transmission in the chicken population. Although attenuation is accompanied by a decrease in the production of VBM, infect lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, such vaccine strains as CV-1-988 (serotype 1) and SB-1 (serotype 2), reproduce well in the body and culture of cells, easy to transfer horizontally. There is a correlation between the occurrence of attenuated strains of VBM being transmitted horizontally to their immunogenicity. The presence of such transmission is likely due to the pronounced reproduction of the vaccine strain in the epithelium of the follicles. Post-vaccination time and especially the rate of virus multiplication in the epithelial cells of the red follicles of the spores is a good test of the immunogenicity of the vaccine. The strains, which have been passed for a long time in the culture of chickens, reduce the rate of engraftment in the body of the chicken chicks, and at the same time their immunogenicity.
Vaccines in pieces propagated from primary cultures of bird embryos (most importantly chicken embryos) and released from rare or dry preparations. In the first episode, the stench is caused by a virus associated with the cells, in the other - post-clinitis. Dry vaccines can be easily transported, stored and transported on a par with rare vaccines, which are stored and transported in rare nitrogen.
In recent years, a trend towards a decrease in effectiveness has been identified vaccination. The circulation of highly virulent variants in nature and the development of antigenic variants of VBM have made it necessary to develop a comprehensive system for specific prevention of VBM.
The order of such approaches is like taking off attenuated strains Due to the increased immunogenicity and increased doses of the vaccine to change the spread of BM, vaccination of 18-day embryos was introduced to protect against early infection and stagnation of polyvalent vaccines as a method of preventing infection with variant strains ami zbudnik.
It has been established that the most dry powers are likely to be polyvalent vaccines, What to include in the virus group VBM-HVI serotypes 1, 2 and 3
Three vaccines have been tested in the vaccine industry against Marek's illness showed that mono-, bi- and polyvalent vaccines protected 54.5; 74.5 and 91.5% are curly. Bivalent and trivalent vaccines, which include vaccine strains VBM and HVI (serotypes 1 and 3; 2 and 3; 1, 2 and 3), were found to be significantly more effective than mono-vaccines, especially against even virulent strains. they become more important in the zones.
The trivalent vaccine was effective when infected with a high-virus strain of Marek's disease test aphids with maternal antibodies (dry effect 84%). A bivalent vaccine with strains SB-1 (serotype 2) and FC126 (serotype 3) was effective over other bivalent variants. In vivo, the strains did not show interference, but showed protective synergism: the effectiveness of one increased over even a low dose of the other, and frequent doses of two strains were more effective than the same dose of one strain.
It turned out that vaccination of chicken embryos in the remaining stage of development protects chickens due to Marek's illness. When infected on days 16-18 of incubation with oncogenic and non-oncogenic strains of EBM did not show a significant reaction in the tissues of the embryos. The VBM has become inactive during the embryonic period until hatching. Vaccination of HVI embryos immediately from VBM infections gave a high inhibitory effect against the development of BM, which significantly decreased with vaccination of one-day-old chickens. In 170-day-old chicken embryos vaccinated with HVI, the virus accumulated in high titers only in the leg tissues and was practically not detected in the lymphoid organs. The target cells were fibroblast-like and epithelial-like cells of the lungs EC, rather than lymphoid or macrophage cells, as this may occur during the postembryonic period of development.
Vaccine prevention of chickens against Marek's disease may be less effective in the presence of secondary immunodeficiencies. In this case, there is particular concern about infectious bursitis in poultry, and infectious anemia in chickens.
Є information about the preparation of inactivated Marek's disease vaccine. Treatment with glutaraldehyde reduced the infectivity of VBM, but preserved the antigenicity and immunogenicity of virus-specific components. Puffy cells and lymphocytes of infected ones are cured to counteract an insignificant amount of swollen-specific antigens, but have a dry effect, regardless of the high level of viral antigen. Recently, the cells of the lymphoblastoid lineage, which in 100% of cases resist tumor-specific antigens and a small amount of viral antigen, ensured high resistance of birds to VBM. In other similar studies with inactivated vaccines, the viral antigen is more pronounced than the one against BM, the lower antigen. The results of these studies showed that immunity in BM can be a direct result of either replication and expansion of the virus, or processes associated with the transformation and proliferation of lymphoid cells. The nature of tumor-specific antigens and the role of VBM in their induction remains unclear. In support of the important role of fat-specific antigens in the immunity of BM, positive results of immunization of chickens with cells from the lymphoblastoid line of chickens transformed with BM, but not produced kuє yogo.