Human Zoro system is one of the most complex middle of biological mechanisms that exist in the world. Structurally, there is a combination of elements of the most manipulative structures of the body, as if for one-hour work they realize the zorov function.
An important role is played by the process of realization of the remaining viability of the okorukhovy apparatus, representations by the m'yazovymi fibers and by them. In today's material, the report will talk about the m'yazi of the eye, looking at its anatomy and possible pathologies. Tsikavo? Then, obov'yazkovo, read the guidance below the material to the end.
M'yazi oka fold the structure
Yak Bulo was appointed more, the Zorova system of people - to finish the system is foldable.
Її warehousing not є blame and vlastovanі vkrai is not easy. Mabut, the okorukhovy apparatus of the eyes, which is seen today, is not foldable. Ale about everything in order.
A look at the anatomy of the m'yazіv of the ophthalmic system traces the fact that the stench is combined into the most complex sensorimotor mechanism. The rest, by its nature, implements two of the most important functions:
- First of all, I’ll take care of a bunch of apples in my eyes for a look.
- In another way, the possession of the image on the skin of the eye is combined into a single picture.
A similar functional recognition is the main feature of the okorukhovy apparatus, which manifests itself in a tight junction of m'yazyv (motor warehouse) and nerve fibers (sensory elements).
Pratsyyuyuchi spilno, given the nodes of the m'yazovy mekhanizm allow people to stably and evenly bachiti. Structurally, m'yazi eyes can be of two kinds:
- Straight, like falling apples on a straight axis and attached to them only from one side.
- Kosi, scho crumble їх gnuchkіshe and mаyut podvіyne kіplennya z such.
What are the first, what are other ointments of the okrukhovo apparatus for the treatment of nerves, the main ones are okorukhov, vidvidni and block.
All nerve endings are responsible for the implementation of specific tasks and functions, and invariably go to the measles of the brain, in which case they are observed.
Ochni m'yazi, zavdyaki raznotypnosti, can spily organize ruh eyes in synchronous and asynchronous options. Be it in a mood, the m'yazi of the eyes are divided on the main and additional ones.
The main difference between the types of fibers is due to the fact that the first organize the rux of the ocular apples along the main axes, and then supplement the variability of their functions (for example, they are responsible for tear leakage).
Decoction of the ham apparatus
The anatomy of the eyes is richly folded, lower than those that were seen more. At the first point of this year's article, our resource, having gained more respect for the basis of the summarized food, the fragments of this destruction within the framework of the article material is practically impossible.
If there is enough information for a person to understand all the essentials of the human shell system, let's proceed to look at the methods of obstezhennia and pathologies.
In the first place, one important aspect should be noted - for diagnosing the correct functioning of bark membranes, there are impersonal methods from the field of ophthalmology. The main tests and instrumental visits are:
- Eyeball view.
- Evaluation of the process of stepping with an eye for the transfer of an object like two apples, and okay.
- (ultrasound).
- Computed tomography (CT)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In order to obtain the most accurate information about the correctness of the operation of the okorukhovogo mechanism, the appointment of diagnostic procedures is carried out in a single complex.
Some of them (looking around, testing for stamina) are necessary in order to take basic data about the state of mind and reveal the first signs of their pathologies. For the presence of unacceptable suspicions, the condition is needed more globally, so they go to ultrasound, CT and MRI.
Before speech, these methods of diagnostics allow revealing the pathological state not only of the meat fibers themselves, but of the nerves that control them.
The lining of the ham apparatus is carried out exclusively by a professional doctor, and by itself -.
For really good, fast and effective diagnostics, it is necessary to get comfortable with specialized centers that specialize in ophthalmology. Do not forget that only in such medical installations there is a need for that specialty with the necessary qualifications.
Possible pathologies of m'yazov in organs of dawn
M'yazi oka: schematic Singingly, it is not necessary to speak about the importance of a healthy state of mind apparatus of the eyes.
It was clear to everyone that, with the correct operation of the shell mechanism, the healthy system of a person is capable of realizing its functions.
Be-yaké recovery in the robotic mucosal fibers of chi nerves is manifested in damaged eyesight and the development of other pathologies. The most m'azovy apparatus of the eyes suffers from:
- Myasthenia - weaknesses of the m'yazovyh fibers, which does not allow such an overbearing rank to pass over an apple.
- M'yazovy paralysis or paresis, which manifests itself in the structural damage of m'yazovo-nervous structure and the impossibility of m'yazovyh fibers to overcome their functions.
- A spasm of m'yaziv, which is accompanied by a supra-mundane strain of m'yaziv of the eyes and accompanying problems (for example, inflamed).
- Congenital anomalies of the parotid apparatus (aplasia, hypoplasia, etc.) are pathologies that manifest themselves in damage to the eyes and nerves of the human eye and anatomical defects.
The symptomatology of damage to the m'yazovo-nervous structure of the internal system of a person may have a typical formation for various lesions. As a rule, before the sign of pathology enter:
- Diplopia - damage to the binocularity of the eye (conquest of an image of a superfluous action, captured through the eyes).
- Nistagmus is a fleeting eye movement that naturally destroys the ability to focus on a specific area.
- Pain in the ophthalmic pits or the head, which is the result of a post-spasm of m'yaziv or the wrong work of their nerves.
For the obviousness of the significance of the symptoms of the disease, descriptions are assigned to the front paragraph of the article, the complex of last entries. For carrying out all the types of diagnostics, an examination is organized, as it can be conservative, and operational.
Significantly, in the case of injuries to the eye apparatus, direct surgery is most often victorious, but the shards of other methods of therapy, as a rule, are not particularly effective, but rather stupid.
The degree of severity of ailments and methods of therapy are determined exclusively by a professional ophthalmologist, which should not be forgotten.
The prognosis of likuvannya 2/3 of the pathology of the m'yazovy mechanism of the eyes is friendly. Prote it is important to understand that for such a forecast, the risks will not reverse the dawn. If we talk about congenital anomalies of the device, then the situation is even more complicated.
For these pathologies, it is often impossible to learn anything. Unfortunately, ophthalmology has not yet fully covered all aspects of the treatment of eye diseases.
On this note, the discussion on the topic of today's article is completed. Let's hope, we will correct the presentation of the material for you and give advice on the supply, what to chirp. Like Bachite, the anatomical appearance of the eyes and their pathology is not so easy to see. Hello to you!
Anatomy of the eyes - the theme of the video:
For a clear and clear dawn, as well as an ugly robotic apple, you need eye ointment. This innervation is conditioned by a great number of nerve contacts, which give the possibility to detect precise movements when looking at objects that are found on different views. The work of six branches (of which 4 are oblique and two are straight) is provided by three cranial nerves.
We can straighten the eyes of the soft fibers by looking uphill, down, to the left, to the right, or raise your eyes when working at a close view. Different groups of m'yaziv allow us to read images with a high level of reliability. In these articles, we will talk about the m'yazovu structure of organizations in the report. Let's take a look at the function, anatomy, and find possible pathologies.
Anatomical Budova
Zovnіshnі m'yazi eyes roztashovanny in the middle of the fossa and fasten up to the apple of the eye. With their contractions, the oral organ turns, directing a glance at the required bik. The greater world of the robotic apparatus is regulated by the paroxysmal nerve. All the troubles of the eye begin in the sharp opening of the optic nerve and the upper chin of the eyes.
Fallow in the features of the reinforcement and the fluff of the m'yazovі fibers, it can be divided on straight lines and scythes. The first group goes straight ahead:
- internal (medial);
- ovnishnya (lateral);
- top;
- bottom.
Zovnіshnіy direct m'yaz bezpečuє turning the eye to the fold. Zavdyaki skorochennu vnutrіshnoї pryaї - I can look directly to the nose. The upper and lower straight lines help the eye to collapse vertically and straight to the inner fold.
Two m'yazi (upper and lower), which are left out, can be slanted straight ahead and stick to the full-time apple. The stench wins folding dії. The upper slanting m'yaz lowers the apple and turns its name, and the lower slanting m'yaz - raises and also enters the names. Ruhi eyes lie in the form of features of attachment of striated m'yazovyh fibers.
For example, let's talk about the nerves that innervate the muscles of the zona apparatus:
- blocky - upper braid;
- vіdvidny - lateral straight line;
- okorukhovy - all others.
TSIKAVO! Overvoltage of slanting eyes becomes the main cause of short growth.
The sound m'yazovy apparatus also includes m'yaz, which raises the upper hand and circular m'yaz. Circular m'yaz eye (radial) - tse dress, as if closing the entrance to the eye. Vaughn go for the whole stake of the eye. The main її funktієyu є zakrittya povіk and zahist ochnitsі. It is made up of three main parts:
- vikova - vіdpovіdaє for zmikanny povіk;
- ochna - with mimic spasms, the eyes become flattened;
- slіzna - expands the slіznі sіshok and vivovat rіdina.
When the robotic meat is damaged, blepharospasm may develop. Mimovilní skorochennya eye can take a few seconds to a few breaths. Lagophthalmos is also called the "hare's eye". Through the paralysis of the mucosal fiber, the eye gap does not seem to close again. The most significant pathologies are characterized by the onset of symptoms: vivoritis and dangling of the lower hips, sudomania, dryness, fear of light, swelling, tearing.
Before the internal m'yazіv ochі vіdnosyasya:
- ciliary m'yaz;
- m'yaz, scho zvuzhuє zіnitsyu;
- m'yaz, scho expand zіnitsyu.
The m'yazovy apparatus is a natural organ for viewing objects. With help, they curl up and curl up. Zavdyaki to the vast and bright dawn, the person is completely taking in the new light. The good work of the system can be caused by two factors:
- correct budova m'yaziv;
- normal innervation.
The main function of the m'azovoy system is to ensure the circulation of the apple of the eye at the given point. Nerve fibers are the direct elements of the entire process. Zavdyaks for short-lived m'yaziv are also expected to change the size of the zinitsa.
Pathology
Inclusively, with the correct operation of the okorukhovogo mechanism, the oral apparatus is able to realize all its functions. Be-yaké, the rebirth in the robotic m'yazovyh fibers threatens the damage to the normal functions and the development of unsafe pathologies.
Most of the okorukhovy mechanism suffers from offensive phenomena:
- Myasthenia. The weakness of the m'yazovih fibers does not allow it to be worn over the eyes of an apple.
- Paresis and paralysis. Appears in the appearance of a structural lesion of the nerve-m'ulcer structure.
- Spasm. It manifests itself in the supra-mundane tension of m'yaziv.
- Strabism - skewness.
- Myositis - inflammation of the m'yazovyh fibers.
- Congenital anomalies (aplasia, hypoplasia).
Illness of the mucosal apparatus causes the appearance of such unacceptable symptoms:
- Diplopia is the conquest of an image.
- Nіstagmus - mimovіlny Rukh full-time apples. How to say in other words, the eye closes.
- Pain in eyeglasses.
- Vipadannya that chi іnshoy ruhu eyes.
- Zamorochennya.
- Head position change.
- Headaches.
Myositis
Zovnіshnі m'yazi full-time apple can zapylyuvatsya one hour. This is the cause of the disease, when one sound suffers one organ. Most of the time, myositis is suffered by young people of the middle age. In a group, the risk is changed by people whose professional activity is transferred three times, sitting in a position.
Myositis
Myositis can develop for such reasons:
- infectious disease;
- helminthic invasion;
- intoxication to the body;
- wrong position of the body under the hour of change at the work station;
- trivalі zorovі vantazhennya;
- injuries;
- hypothermia;
- mental overload.
Illness is accompanied by a clear expression of pain and intense mild weakness. The strength of sickness is felt at night time for the change of weather minds. There may also be an insignificant scribble that reddened coats. Patients complain about slozogіnnіst and fear of light.
The more m'yazovykh fibers are drawn into the pathological process, the more m'yazi sweats, which are inflamed. Tse manifests itself in the appearance of exophthalmos, or in the appearance of the full-time apple. With myositis, the organ is sore and friable. The treatment of illness includes a whole complex of therapeutic approaches, which include physiotherapy, physical education, massage, diet, and the use of medications.
Myasthenia
The development of myasthenia is based on the nerve-m'yazove vysnazhennya. Pathology most often affects young people for twenty to forty years. M'yazova weakness of zorovykh organs є autoimmune diseases. Tse means that the immune system starts converting antibodies to its tissues.
UVAGA! The symptoms of myasthenia increase after the physical pressure and change after the condition.
Myasthenia gravis is characterized by relapsing or progressive progression. The ochna form is manifested by weakness of the appearance and m'yaziv.
The exact reasons for the illness are unknown. Vcheni admit that the role of blame for the misfortune belongs to the recessionary officials. When taking an anamnesis of patients, it is often stated that some of the blood relatives suffered from such ailments.
Among the symptoms of pathology, the following come to the fore:
- twins in the eyes;
- fuzzy number of objects;
- damage to the rukhovo and obertal functions of the eyes;
- drooping povik.
To relieve discomfort, patients are recommended to put on dark eyepieces when they are clearly visible. For utrimannya povіk mozhe vykoristovuvatisya special gluing line. To prevent diplopia (double vision), a bandage is applied to one organ of the body. Її strain on one's cheeks on one and the other eye.
Spasm of accommodation
At the norm, the organizer attaches itself to the image, but at the same time, it is clear to see images on close and distant views. The focus of the eye regulates the ciliary m'yaz. When the robot is damaged, a spasm of accommodation is formed - a pathology, if a person can clearly see the objects in different places.
Illness is also called short-eyed pardon, or sunken eyes syndrome. To see the image far away, the crystal relaxes, and for a clear view of objects near it, it strains. With spasm of accommodation, the lens is not relaxed, due to which the distance suffers.
The main reason for the development of pathology is the dawn of the venture. It develops due to a number of reasons:
- regular reading of books with a filthy vision;
- break a break for an hour of work with other details or at the computer;
- trivala of the robot, which transmits the limiting concentration of the dawn;
- nedosipannya.
With spasm of accommodation, it is bad for a person to shake objects in the distance
There is a spasm of accommodation in the appearance of short growth, periodic pain in the eyes, and increased numbness. Patients complain about liver, redness, redness, zamorochennya, dryness. In the world of the progression of pathology, the eyes begin to turn on for the presence of foldable healthy robots. Step by step, the gostrota of dawn is reduced.
Jubilant spasm of accommodative transfer of complex approach. The cream of conservative therapy, vikoristovuyutsya hardware techniques and gymnastics. Doctors prescribe eye drops for relaxation of the ciliary mucosa: Midriacil, Cyclomide, Atropine. For the expansion of the chin, stimulation of the circulation of the internal organs and the improvement of the ciliary mucus, drops of Irifrin are prescribed.
At the same time, such preparations are prescribed vitamin complexes and preparations for inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eye. To relieve spasm, spriya massage shi.
Kosookist (strabism)
Tse damage to the dawn, when one or the other, the insults of the eye are lifted at the point of fixation. The slant-eye streaks like in children, so in grown-ups.
Strabism is a complex cosmetic defect. The basis of the pathology is the damage to the binocular lens. Tse means that a person cannot correctly identify the distribution of an object in space. Illness negatively affects the quality of life.
At the norm, the images of objects are fixed at the central part of the organs. Then the picture from the cutaneous eye is transmitted to the head brain. There qі danі podnuyutsya, scho povnotsіnne povnotsіnne bіnokulyarnoe bachennya.
With a skewed eye, the head brain cannot receive information, as it takes from the right and left eye. To protect a person from a split, the nervous system simply ignores the signal from the damaged organ. This causes a decrease in the functional activity of the eye to mow.
The following reasons can provoke the development of pathology:
- bіlmo horn;
- cloudy crystal;
- degenerative changes in the macula;
- traumatic brain injury;
- strong perelyak;
- zorova pereutom;
- ailment of the brain;
- infectious processes of ENT organs;
- vіdsharuvannya sіtkіvki.
The skewness of the viklikaє obmezhennya frivolity of the full-time apple. Ailments of consolation of the possibility of bachiti about the image. Objects double in the eyes. Sickness to complain about confusion. Є characteristic buffing of the head of a bіk poshkodzhenny organ and primruzh.
Correction of the eyepiece is possible for the help of specially selected eyepieces or contact lenses. Prismatic attachments allow you to take the m'yazovu voltage and restore the quality of the tank.
The orthopedic method can be used on the application of a special bandage on a healthy eye. Tse garnoy stimulatsiyu poshkodzhennogo zorovogo organ. In severe depressions, surgical insertion is indicated.
The photo shows another pathology of bark meat - skewness
Right for zmіtsnennya
Why hurt eyes? Causes of ailing symptoms can be related to the development of ophthalmic diseases or problems of the mucosal apparatus. Pain under an hour of rubble with full-time apples indicates an overvoltage of the eyes of the mind. Relieve spasm to help just right for the eyes.
At first glance, the very idea may seem absurd - to train m'yazovі fibers, even stink and so perebuvayut at the post-yniy dynamіtsi. True, m'yazi eye protyazh day actively work, and yet such ruhi most of the same type.
UVAGA! Gymnastics for the eyes to be of a mind-blowing character, you can win at any hour.
For the cob let's talk about those, how to zmіtsnit zvnіshnі m'yazi:
- Take a seated position and trim your back straight. Shift your gaze from the stele to the pidlog ten times. Let's repeat the rush at the gate straight ahead.
- In this position, crash with eyeballs from your left side, right-handed and back. It is necessary to work out ten such approaches.
- Show the dial in front of you and drop your eyes straight ahead for the year's arrow. Work five repetitions, and then change straight away.
- For example, blink intensively for 30 seconds.
To train the internal muscles, it is necessary to prepare a black ring with a diameter of five millimeters. Glue one trace on the window, less on the equal of the eyes. Stand up to the window at a distance of 30 centimeters. On the back, fix a glance at the black stake, and then marvel at the object of the average size outside the window.
The head mind is those that the image can be indestructible. Tse can be a tree, a machine like a design. On the nearest and farthest objects, one could glance at fifteen seconds. Five such cycles are required.
Weak minds of the eye can be cast for help palming. Rub your lower back between the palms of both hands until it is warm. Put your hands on until the close of the century and sit at such a position of a sprig of quills. Try to relax more, don't think about anything. After the procedure, you should immediately note the clarity of the number of objects.
The results of healthy gymnastics lie in the correctness of vikonnannya right and regularity. If you spend the next day charging your dvіchі for a day, then after two days you will see a full dawn.
Prevention of m'yazovoi vtomi
As it seems, mi tse those, scho mi їmo. The diet is directly related to the functional activity of the oral system. Before obov'yazkovyh produktіv, yakі mаyut buti in the diet of people, yak dbaє about their own fat, the carrot is to blame. Tsey ovoch є dzherelom vitamin A, which will improve the brightness of the morning that day's night. Syria has vitamin B, which ensures normal blood circulation and exchange processes in the zonal apparatus.
"Inshim" for the eyes is a blacksmith. This berry contains vitamins of group B, as well as retinol and ascorbic acid. Postiyne vzhivannya blackberry spryyaє vіdnovlennu porhenih obmіnnih protsesіv and fiyalnostі different structures of the eye.
Non-traditional medicine also gives impersonal pleasures for relaxation of the m'yazovy apparatus. Pour flasks of fresh orange skin with one hundred grams of cold water, and add a little salt. After fifteen khvilin, the skin will give a sіk. Yogo slid vikoristovuvati like compresses.
You can forget about m'yazovі pains for the help of simple medical recommendations:
- Do not read lying down. Through the unnatural expansion of the m'yazovykh fibers, they are stretched out. This causes pain syndrome and deterioration of oral function.
- Provide good lighting when working, which will require a healthy concentration.
- Even when working at a computer, the eyes begin to turn on quickly, use special eyepieces.
- In your own time, rejoice at ophthalmological illness. Unfavorable pathologies are negatively injected into the camp of the meat apparatus.
Ochnі m'yazi play a great role in the safety of the yakіsnogo jar of objects. Damage in their robots is fraught with the development of such serious pathologies as skewness, myositis, spasm of accommodation, mastonia. Prevention is the most valuable thing. Fahіvtsі raduat trenuvati m'yazovі fiber. Regularly vykonannya simple right to help you zmіtsniti apparatus m'yaziv.
The extraocular masses are innervated by III, IV and VI pairs of cranial nerves.
Okorukhovy, or III cranial, nerve. III nerve (p. osііошоїо-gіsh) є zmіshanim and includes rukhova and parasympathetic portion (Fig. 1.6).
A look up the hill and the name of M. rectus superior
Look up and down the middle of M. obliquus inferior
Rukh of the eye of the name (introduction) m. rectus
Ruh eye to the middle
(Given)
Looking down is called M. rectus inferior
Looking down and inside M. obliquus superior
- - Somatic motor fibers
- - Preganglionic fibers Postganglionic fibers
Mustache straight m'yazi, crim lateral;
lower slanting m'yaz;
m'yaz, scho lift the upper arm
Mal. 1.6.
Dviguna portion innervation of chotiri from six extraocular m'yazіv eye and m'yaz, scho raising the upper arm. Vegetative parasympathetic portion innervation smooth (internal) m'yazi eye.
The nuclear complex III of the cranial nerve is flared in the middle medulla on the ridges of the upper humps in the quadrupole near the middle line, ventral beyond the Silvio waterway.
This complex includes both somatic ruhov and parasympathetic nuclei. The parasympathetic nuclei can be seen: the male appendage nucleus (n. oculomotorius accessorius), also called the core of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal, and the unpaired central nucleus of Perlia, which is located in the middle between the appendage nuclei.
The nuclei of the parietal nerve behind the help of the fibers of the posterior posterior bundle (fasc. longitudinalis posterior) are connected with the nuclei of the block and lateral nerves, the system of vestibular and auditory nuclei, the nucleus of the facial nerve and the anterior nuclei of the spinal cord. The axons of the neurons in the nuclear complex go ventrally straight, pass through the ipsilateral chervone nucleus and exit to the surface of the brain in the intermedium fossa fossa interpeduncularis on the intermedium of the middle brain and the Varolian bridge at the visible stovbur of the parietal nerve.
The trunk of the III nerve pierces the dura mater anteriorly and lateral to the posterior clinoideus posterior (processus clinoideus posterior), through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, and then enter the orbit through the fissura orbitalis superior (Fig. 1.7, 1.8).
Processus clinoideus posterior
Mal. 1.7. Passage of the cranial nerves on the inner base of the skull
Fissura orbitalis superior
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Porusacusticus internus
Foramen jugulare
Canalis hypoglossalis
In most cases, the III nerve is spreading lower than the IV nerve and such needles of the I nerve of the V nerve, like the mucosal nerve (n. lacrimalis) and the frontal nerve (n. frontalis). The nasal nerve (n. nasociliaris) is intersected between two needles of the third nerve (Fig. 1.9, 1.10).
N. oculomotorius N. trochlearis
N. ophthalmicus N. abducens N. maxillaris
sinus cavernosus
Sinus sphenoidalis
Mal. 1.8. Scheme of the interchange of the cavernous sinus and other anatomical structures, view at the frontal plane (by Drake R. et al., Gray's Anatomy, 2007)
M. rectus superior
M. rectus lateralis
M. rectus inferior
M. obliquus inferior
M. obliquus superior
M. rectus medialis
Mal. 1.9. Zovnishni m'yazi eye, front view of the right orbit
Entering the eye, the parotid nerve divides into two hilars. The upper nail (neimensha) pass medially and above the optic nerve (n. opticus) and secure the upper direct m'yaz (m. rectus superior) and the m'yaz, which raises the upper scrotum (t. levator palpebrae superioris). The lower neck, the larger one, is subdivided into three necks. The first of them went under the optic nerve to the medial direct meatus (m. rectus medialis); іnsha - to the lower direct m'yaz t. rectus inferior, and the third, found, follows forward between the lower and lateral straight m'yazami to the lower oblique m'yaz (m. obliquus inferior). Zvіdsi come out a short towsta happy needle - a short root of the knot (radix oculomotoria parasympathetica), which carried the preganglionic fibers to the lower part of the ciliary ganglion
glіyu (ganglion ciliare), from which the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers for m. sphincter pupillae and m. ciliaris (Fig. 1.11).
N. oculomotorius, upper neck -
N. oculomotorius, lower arm
Mal. 1.10.
NN. ciliares longi
M. obliquus superior
M. levator palpebrae superioris
M. rectus superior
Ramus superior nervi oculomotorii
A. carotis interna
Plexus caroticus catoricus
N. oculomotorius
NN. ciliares breves
Ganglion trigeminale
M. rectus inferior
Ganglion ciliare
M. obliquus inferior
Ramus inferior nervi oculomotorii
Mal. 1.11. Gnicles of the parotid nerve in orbit, side view (http://www.med.yale.edu/
caim/cnerves/cn3/cn3_1.html)
Viykovy vuzol (ganglion ciliare) is located in the upper lateral slit in the adipose tissue of the lateral scrotal nerve.
In addition, in transit through the venous vuzol, without interfering with it, pass the fibers that carry out the central sensitivity (nasal nerve nasopharyngeal nerve to Vth nerve) and sympathetic postganglionic fibers of the internal carotid plexus.
Thus, the ruh somatic part of the parietal nerve includes a complex of ruch nuclei and axons, which form the nuclei of neurons, which innervate the muscles. levator palpebrae superioris, m. rectus superior, m. rectus medialis, m. rectus inferior, m. obliquus inferior.
The parasympathetic part of the parotid nerve is represented by its parasympathetic nuclei, the axons of its clitin (preganglionic fibers), the venous node and the clitin buds of this node (postganglionic fibers), which innervate the sphincter of the pupil (sh. sphincter pupillaci). Otherwise, it seems that the nucleus dermis of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal covers the body of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, the axons of which run at the warehouse of the stovbur of the III cranial nerve, in the eyes pass together with the th lower pharynx and reach the ventral (ciliary) ganglion1. The axons of the neurons of the ciliary ganglion (postganglionic fibers) are made up of short nerves (nn. ciliares breves), and the rest pass through the sclera, are taken into the perichorio-distant space, penetrate the iris and enter the m'yaz-sphincter with the other radial ones. The unpaired parasympathetic nucleus of Perlia also overlaps with the bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons; Their axons cross over into the ciliary ganglion, and the growths of yogoclitin innervate the ciliary mucus. It is important to note that Pearl's core can be used without delay until the convergence of the eyes is safe.
Parasympathetic fibers, like the nuclei of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal, form the efferent part of the reflex reactions of the ringing of the eye (Fig. 1.12).
In the norm, the sound of the zenith is observed: 1) in the case of a direct visvitation (direct reaction of the zenith of the light); 2) at the sight of the light of the second eye (spontaneous reaction to the light); 3) when focusing a look at a close-stuffed object (reaction of the eye to convergence and accommodation).
The afferent part of the reflex arc of the reaction of the eye to the light begins in the form of flasks and rods of the network and is represented by fibers, which go at the warehouse of the optic nerve, then cross into chiasm and pass at the optic tract. Not included in the outer part of the body, the fibers after the partial junction pass into the handle of the upper hump of the lamina dahu of the middle brain (brachium quadrigeminum) and end at the clitin of the pretectal region (area pretectalis), so that they send their axons to the nucleus
Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal. Afferent fibers are represented in both Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal nuclei in both the Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal nuclei.
Mal. 1.12.
E.J., Stewart P.A., 1998)
The type of nuclei I of the Kubovich-Edinger-Westphalian originates from the efferent path of the innervation of the sphincter of the sinitia, there are more descriptions (div. Fig. 1.12).
Mechanisms of reaction of the eye to accommodation and convergence of lesser age. It is possible that during the convergence of the fastness of the medial direct m'yazyv eye, there is a stronger proprioceptive impulse that comes from them, as it is transmitted through the system of the trigeminal nerve to the parasympathetic nucleus of the 111th nerve. If there is a need for accommodation, then it is important that it is stimulated by the out-of-focus image of the outside objects on the grid, the information is transmitted to the center of the eye setting at a close distance from the potile part (18 field according to Brodman ). The efferent way of the reaction of the eye in the end bag also includes the parasympathetic fibers of the pari 111 from two sides.
The proximal part of the intracranial vіdrіzk of the III nerve from the arterioles, which enters the upper cerebellar artery, bleeds.
be patient, the central spine of the posterior cerebral artery (thalamic perforating, mesencephalic paramedian and posterior villous arteries) and the posterior posterior artery. The distal part of the intracranial vіdrіzk of the IIIrd nerve occludes arterioles from the hilums of the cavernous part of the ICA, the ocrema - from the tentorial and inferior hypophysal arteries (Fig. 1.13). Arteries give out fine needles and make numerical anastomoses in the epineurium. Dribni vessels penetrate the perineurium and also anastomose between themselves. The pinnacle arterioles pass near the ball of nerve fibers and form capillary plexuses along the entire length of the nerve.
A. chorioidea anterior
A. hypophysialis inferior
Mal. 1.13. Gulki of the internal carotid artery (for Gilroy A.M. et al., 2008)
Blockovy, or IV cranial, nerve (n. trochlearis) is ruhovim. The nucleus of the trochlear nerve (nucl. n. trochlearis) lies in the covering of the middle brain only on the lower hump of the quadrigemina, tobto. below the rіven nuclei of the third nerve (Fig. 1.14).
The fibers of the trochlear nerve emerge on the dorsal surface of the middle cerebellum under the inferior humps of the quadrigemina, sag the decussation, bend around the lower medulla from the lateral side, straight under the tent of the cerebellum, enter at the cavernous sinus, de-rotate under the stovbur of the III nerve (div. Fig. . 1.8), after exit from which to pass into the orbit through the upper clearing gap called the tendinous ring of Cinna, which is the oral nerve. Nerve IV innervates the superior oblique meat of the protilagus eye (div. Fig. 1.9).
Up to the upper oblique m'yaz
Mal. 1.14. Head of trochlear nerve fibers on the level of the middle brain
The nucleus of the trochlear nerve behind the help of the fibers of the posterior posterior bundle (fasc. longitudinalis posterior) is connected with the nuclei of the parotid and extrinsic nerves, the system of vestibular and auditory nuclei, the nucleus of the facial nerve.
Bloodshed. The nucleus of the IV nerve is supplied by the hilars of the superior cerebrovascular artery. Stovbur IV nerve is supplied with blood from the subpial arteries and the posterior lateral villous hilum of the posterior cerebral artery, and on the level of the superior ophthalmic slit - by the hylums of the lateral carotid artery (Schwartzman R .J., 2006)
Vіdvіdny or VI cranial nerve (p. abducens) є suto ruhovim. In one single ruhov, the core was spread in the covering of the Varolian bridge under the bottom of the IV duct, in a rhomboid pit (Fig. 1.15). The nucleus of the nerve, which is to be introduced, also avenges the neurons, as through the medial posterior fascicle, it is tied to the nucleus of the parotid nerve, which innervates the medial direct meat of the contralateral eye.
The axon clitin of the nerve nucleus, which enters, emerges from the speech of the medulla between the edge of the pons and the pyramid of the medulla from the bulbar bridge furrow (Fig. 1.16).
In the subarachnoid space, the VI nerve is located between the Varolian bridge and the polylic cyst, moving straight ahead of the cistern to the bridge on the side of the basilar artery. Farther, the veins perforate the dura mater, something lower and called the posterior cuneiform growth (Fig. 1.17), following in the canals of Dorello, which is found under Gruber's ossified petro-cuneiform ligament double top of the pyramid with a rear wedge-shaped windrow -
com of the main cyst), and penetrates into the cavernous sinus. In the cavernous sinus, the ventral nerve is connected with the suides of the III and IV cranial nerves, the first and other nerves of the trigeminal nerve, and also with the ICA (div. Fig. 1.8). After leaving the cavernous sinus, the extrinsic nerve enters the eye through the upper cleft slit and innervates the lateral direct meat of the eye, which turns the apple of the eye.
Mal. 1.15.
Vіdvidny
Mal. 1.1c. Position of the extrinsic nerve on the ventral surface of the head stovbur
brain (for Drake R. et al., Gray's Anatomy, 2007)
Straight to the course of the VI nerve in the empty skull
The eyes of people are known in sharpened six ophthalmic m'yazyv: some straight (upper and lower, lateral and medial) and two oblique (upper and lower).
All m'yazi eye, krіm lower oblique, pochinayutsya in the tendon ring, raztashovanny in the thoracic fossa and diverge to the front, satisfying the cone-shaped funnel. All eye patches, upper slanting cream, are attached to the sclera.
The upper braid of the eyes is straight forward to the cartilaginous block. At the block, it shifts to the tendon and, passing through the loop of the block, sharply changing the direction of the movement. Under the upper direct ophthalmic mucus, it penetrates into the sclera of the ophthalmic apple behind the equator.
The lower scythe of the eyes begins at the inner wall of the orbit and, rounding the apple, backs up behind the sclera behind the equator.
The upper oblique ophthalmic meat is innervated by the trochlear nerve, the upper direct ophthalmic meat is innervated by the extrinsic nerve, and all other ophthalmic nerves are innervated by the ocular nerve.
The outer m'yazi of the eye are placed in the following order (behind the growth): the lower oblique night m'yaz (neither), then the upper oblique, the upper straight, the lower straight, the outer straight and the inner straight - the most difficult m'yaz.
Functions of the eye
For their work, my eyes are divided into the following groups:
- m'yazi, what is lifted (lower braid and upper straight);
- bring in m'yazi (kosі that ovnіshnya is straight);
- bring m'yazi (lower and inner, upper straight);
- lowering m'yazi (upper braid and lower straight).
Like skeletal ointments, eye ointments can be shortened without shortening (isometric shortening) or shortened (isotonic shortening).
Zavdyaki to the isotonic shortness of the ovnishny direct intramural m'yaz, the name turns apple like a apple. The inner direct m'yaz of the eyes turns the apple in the middle. The lower straight line of the eyes turns the apple downward, and the upper straight line turns the apple uphill. The lower slanting m'yaz of the eyes turns the apple uphill and called, and the upper slanting m'yaz - down and called.
Under an hour of dry eyelids, the eyes will rush with a force of 0.11-0.13 kg. When turning the apple of the eye by forty degrees, the m'yaz shrinks with a force of 0.045 kg.
Cause, through yaki hurt the m'yazi of the eyes
A frequent reason, through the yak, to hurt the m'yazi of the eyes, є їх revoma. In addition, the eyes can be blamed due to the fraying of the eyeglass surfaces with contact lenses, or through the misuse of the wrong eyepieces. Sometimes people get sick of the m'yazi of the eyes after the overstrain of m'yazіv guise.
In addition, more than one eye can be tied without interfering with the very eye ailments - uveitis, conjunctivitis and others. In this mood, it was often accompanied by severe ailments (nudota, headaches) and ruined dawn.
The training of the eyes
The most important task for the improvement of the eyes is a deep-seated occupation at the same time from special rights for the eyes of the eyes.
At home minds, training sessions are recommended to include dyhal right, walking, hand movements, right for the shoulder girdle, right for the eyes, right for the eyes and the coat, self-massage of the eyes, the right to relax.
The training of the eyes of the guilty must be included in the right for the outer and inner eyes of the eyes.
Training of evil eyes:
- in the sitting position, it is correct to translate the glance from the stele to the front and back, then turn to the right and back (repeat 10-13 times);
- zdiyasnyuvatnya wrapping eyes at different straight lines (repeat 4-7 times), as well as often blinking for 15-20 seconds.
Training of internal m'yazіv eyes:
- on shibtsі attach a mark of a round shape on the lines of the eyes with a diameter of 4-5 mm on the width of 30cm in the eyes;
- translate a glance either at the mark, or at some distant object beyond the window.
Right for zmіtsnennya m'yazіv eyes sіd vykonuvati dvіchі for a day. The first day has two days - a stretch of three-chotiryokh khvilin, on the third and fourth - five khvilin, at the coming day - ten khvilin.
For the prevention of this treatment of myopia (nearsightedness), the American ophthalmologist W. Bates proponated a complex of rights for the skin type of disorder of the eyesight, as well as basic rights, effective in the case of second eyes and for any damage to the eyes.
Bates is aware that the eyepieces, which reduce visibility, aggravate the bleeding of the eyes and increase the discord of the eye and the strain of the eyes.
Bates' gymnastics includes the passive relaxation method (dumkove manifestation, palming), the dynamic relaxation method (solarization, breathing and migotinnya), the central fixation method (analytical look, swedish look, roaming and moving, reading drib new font, kidnapping).
Techniques based on the knowledge of Norbekov and Zhdanov, slightly supplementing and modifying, copy the methodology of the ophthalmologist W. Bates.