Bolt contact connections. Contact connection

vibration of small supports with separate 1 μΩ operating current from 0.1 mA to 10 A: standard and equipotential supports; squeezed, clamped, connected; cooked slats; live cables and wires; transformer motor windings; low-impedance coil support;

automatic discharge of inductance after extinction;

checking the continuity of the grounding conductor and the strength of all connections;

three ways to launch vimirs: normal (one vimir active support); automatic (specified at the hour of connecting all four connecting wires to the object); without interruption (dimensions one by one without interruption, with the result being reflected in three seconds);

high level of zest;

CONTACT ELECTRICAL CLASSIFICATION. ZAGALNI TECHNICAL VIMOGI GOST 10434-82

NATIONAL STANDARD OF SPILKI RSR
CONTACT ELECTRICAL CONNECTION
Classification. Advanced technical benefits
Electric contact connections. Classification.
General technical requirements
GOST 10434-82

Date of entry: 01/01/83

This standard extends to various and non-disassembled electrical contact busbars, wires or cables (hereinafter referred to as conductors) from copper, aluminum and other alloys, steel, aluminum wires from the terminals of electrical devices, as well as on the contact connections of conductors with each other on flows of 2.5 A. For contact connections of electrical devices with flows less than 2.5 A, the standard is recommended. In order to ensure the permissible value of the electrical support and resistance of contact connections in the case of cutting pipes, the standard is also expanded to the contact connections in the grounding and drying conductors of steel.

The standard does not apply to electrical contact connections of electrical devices for special purposes.

The terms defined in the standard are consistent with GOST 14312-79, GOST 18311-80.

1. CLASSIFICATION

1.1. Depending on the area of installation, electrical contact connections (hereinafter referred to as contact connections) are divided into classes according to Table. 1.

Table 1

Contact connection stagnation area	Contact class
1. Contact connections of lances, cutting of conductors of any type beyond the permissible limits (power electric lances, power lines, etc.)	1
2. Contact connections of lances, cutting of conductors of any type for resistance to cutting jets, loss of voltage, mechanical strength, protection from overload. Contact connections in lances of grounding and dry conductors from steel	2
3. Contact connection of lances with electrical devices, the operation of which is associated with a large amount of heat (heating elements, resistors, etc.)	3

Note. Standards and technical knowledge on specific types of electrical devices must indicate classes 2 and 3, class 1 is not indicated.

1.2. Depending on the climate control and the categories of placement of electrical devices according to GOST 15150-69, contact connections are divided into groups according to table. 2.

1.3. Following constructive connections, contact connections are divided into non-separable and disassembled.

1.4. It is important to note the material of the conductors to be connected, and the groups of contacts to be connected in paragraph 1.2. The different contact connections are divided into:

Table 2

Climatic conditions and category of placement of electrical equipment
1. All climatic conditions are of category 4.1 with an atmosphere of types II and I. Climatic conditions U, UHL, TZ for accommodation category 3 and climatic conditions UHL, TZ for accommodation category 4 with an atmosphere of types II and I	A
2. Whether there is a climatic connection between the categories of accommodation, in addition to the above mentioned conditions, in an atmosphere of types II and I. Whether there is a climatic condition or a category of accommodation with an atmosphere of types III and IV	B

2. TECHNICAL VIMOGS

2.1. Vimogi to design

2.1.1. Contact connections are made in accordance with the appropriate standard, standards and technical minds for specific types of electrical devices behind work chairs, confirmed in the established order.

2.1.2. Retrofits of electrical devices must comply with GOST 24753-81.

2.1.3. Contact screw clamps comply with the requirements of GOST 25034-85, dial clamps comply with the requirements of GOST 19132-86.

2.1.4. Linear fittings may comply with GOST 13276-79.

2.1.5. Non-separable contact connections are at fault due to welding, soldering or pressing. It is allowed to use other methods specified in standards and technical minds for specific types of electrical devices.

The location of loose contact connections is indicated in addendum 1.

2.1.6. Separate contact connections, which do not require stagnation of the stabilization features of the electrical support, must be installed with the help of steel fasteners, protected from corrosion, to the maximum extent possible. GOST 9.303-84, GOST 9.005-72.

2.1.7. Divided contact connections, which cause stagnation of the stabilization features of the electrical support, are responsible for vikoristannye as well as in connection with the offensive features:

When conditions 2)-8) are in place, the contact connection is usually required to rely on steel fasteners that are protected from corrosion in accordance with GOST 9.303-84, GOST 9.005-72.

Note. The need to apply a dry metal coating on the working surface of copper conductors may be specified in standards and technical minds for specific types of electrical devices.

(Changed edition, Issue No. 1, 2, 3).

2.1.8. Divided contact connections in the group according to clause 1.2 and the material of the conductors to be connected, and the electrical devices must be connected in accordance with the relevant standard , meaning:

Table 3

Contact group	Conductor material	The number of the paragraph of the standard depends on the material or output of another conductor
Contact group	Conductor material	copper and alloys	hard aluminum alloy	aluminum	steel
A	Copper, aluminum	2.1.6			2.1.6
	Hard aluminum alloy	2.1.6			2.1.6
	Aluminum	2.1.7 1) or 2), or 3), or 4), or 5), or 8)
B	Copper, aluminum	2.1.6			2.1.6
	Hard aluminum alloy	2.1.7* 3) or 4), or 5) or 3)	2.1.6		2.1.7 4) or 5) or 3)
	Aluminum	2.1.7 4) or 5) or 3), or 1) or 3), or 2) or 3)	2.1.7 1) or 2), or 3), or 4), or 5)		2.1.7 4) or 5) or 3)

Contact floors are suitable for climatic conditions and the categories of placement of electrical devices, which are designated according to GOST 15150-69 and GOST 15543-70, are responsible for preventing the influx of climatic factors. of the current middle ground, as defined by GOST 15150-69, GOST 15543-99, GOST 16350-80, GOST 17412-72 or standards and technical guidelines for specific types of electrical devices.

Table 4

Contact group	Conductor material	The number of the point of the standard depends on the material of the pin terminal
		copper or brass for nominal strum		steel for nominal flow up to 40 A
		up to 630 A	higher 630 A	steel for nominal flow up to 40 A
A	Copper, aluminum	2.1.6
	Hard aluminum alloy	2.1.6
	Aluminum	2.1.7 1)	2.1.7 3) or 4), or 5)	2.1.7 2) or 3), or 4), or 5)
B	Copper, aluminum	2.1.6
	Hard aluminum alloy	2.1.7 4) or 5) or 3)	2.1.7* 4) or 5) or 3)	2.1.7 4) or 5) or 3)
	Aluminum	2.1.7 4) or 5) or 3)

* Contact connections of electrical devices of climate control units U, UHL of placement category 1 and 2 can be prepared according to clause 2.1.6.

Note. All fittings for pin pins on a nominal stroke are higher than 40 A and the nuts are made of copper or brass.

Table 5

Contact group	Conductor material	Number of the standard item in the length of stay according to the type of living
Contact group	Conductor material	odnodrotyan	Bagatodrotyan
A	Mid	Without a middle connection
	Aluminum	Without a middle connection	-
	Aluminum		Without center connection* or 2.1.7 6) or 7)**
B	Mid	Without middle connection* or 2.1.6***	2.1.6***
	Aluminum	Without middle connection* or 2.1.6***	-
	Aluminum	2.1.7 7) or 6) or 3)

* The possibility of direct connection may be indicated in the standards or technical minds for a specific type of electrical device.

** It is allowed to connect aluminum cores fused into a monolith with the addition of light additives from a hard aluminum alloy.

*** The contact connection is terminated with copper pin tips according to GOST 22002.5-76, GOST 22002.12-76, GOST 22002.13-76, GOST 23598-79 or with a tin conductor servicing path 2-3

In weather conditions, it is allowed to close the contact plates, which differ from the values in the table. 3-5.

The location of the separate contact connections is shown in addendum 2.

(Changed edition, Issue No. 1, 3).

2.1.9. Contact connections of plates made of hard aluminum alloy and aluminum parts of copper-aluminum plates with aluminum conductors (connectors) are subject to welding or soldering, and connection of tips from hard aluminum alloy and aluminum parts of copper-aluminum tips with aluminum. pressed.

2.1.10. Disconnected contact connections of single-strand conductors of wires and cables with flat or pin pins must be connected:

2.1.11. Disconnected contact connections of high-tensile conductors of wires and cables with flat or pin pins must bend:

(Changed edition, Issue No. 1, 2).

2.1.12. It is recommended that no more than two conductors be connected to the skin bolt (screw) of a flat terminal or a pin terminal, which is not otherwise specified in the standards or technical standards for specific types of electrical devices.

2.1.13. The various contact connections are subject to the details of fastening the classes of value for GOST 1759.4-87 and GOST 1759.5-87, designated in the table. 6. It is recommended to tighten the screws in the contact connections with a cylindrical or hexagonal head.

Table 6

2.1.14. Before preparing the working surfaces of the contact parts, see Addendum 3.

2.2. Vimoga to electrical parameters

2.2.1. Replacement of the electrical support of the contact connections (except for the contact connections with pin pins) to the electrical support of the section of conductors to be connected, the end of which is similar to the end of the contact connection, It’s not wrong to misinterpret:

For contact-connected conductors with a different electrical support, alignment is carried out with the contact part with a larger electrical support.

2.2.2. The primary electrical support of contact connections of class 1 conductors with pin pins is not guilty of exceeding the values indicated in the table. 7.

Table 7

Possibilities for contact connections of classes 2 and 3, if necessary, are specified in the standards or technical minds for specific types of electrical devices.

2.2.3. The electrical support of contact connections (both welded and soldered), which have been tested for compliance with standards and other technical documentation according to the methodology specified in GOST 17441-84, is not required to exceed cob value is greater than 1.5 times. The electrical support of welded and soldered contact connections is liable to become unchangeable. The need for mandatory installation of torque indicator keys is indicated in the standards and technical minds for specific types of electrical devices.

2.2.4. When running through the nominal (permissible) flow, the maximum permissible temperature of the contact surfaces of classes 1 and 2 does not need to exceed the values indicated in the table. 8. The current importance of conductors is taken to be the “Rules for the construction of electrical installations”, approved by the State Duma on April 12, 1969, the standards and technical minds for specific types of electrical devices.

Table 8

Characteristics of conductors to be connected	The highest permissible heating temperature, °C in installations
Characteristics of conductors to be connected	up to 1000 V	St. 1000 V
1. Conductors made of copper, aluminum, aluminum and other alloys without dry coatings of working surfaces	95	Per GOST 8024-90
2. Conductors from copper, aluminum, aluminum and other alloys from dry coatings of working surfaces with base metals	110*
3. Conductors made of mid-alloys without insulation or with insulation of classes B, F and N according to GOST 8865-87 from dry coatings of working surfaces with a shear	135

* It is allowed for conductors with medium without insulation or with insulation of classes B, F and N according to GOST 8865-87 to raise the temperature to 135 °C, the possibility of which is confirmed by the results of testing according to GOST 17441-84 is assigned to standards and technical minds for specific types electrical devices.

The temperature of contact connections of class 3 is established in the standards or technical minds for specific types of electrical devices depending on the materials, coatings, insulation class of conductors that are used, and minds of exploitation.

(Changed edition, Issue No. 1, 2, 3).

2.2.5. (Inclusions, Amendment No. 1).

2.2.6. After the through-jet mode, the contact connection causes no harm to mechanical defects that interfere with its further operation. The temperature of the contact connections in the continuous flow mode does not exceed 200 °C for semi-conductors with aluminum, aluminum and other alloys, as well as for some conductors with copper, 300 °C - for semi-copper conductors and 400 °C - s 'Ednan steel conductors.

2.2.7. The values of the permissible through-flow of contact connections must be no less than the permissible through-flow of specific types of electrical devices specified in the standards or technical minds on that device.

Based on these data, the intensity of a one-second stream is reported to be 165 A/mm 2 - for copper conductors, 105 A/mm 2 - for aluminum and aluminum conductors, 90 A/mm 2 - for conductors made of aluminum alloy 20 A/mm 2 - for steel conductors.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

2.3. High resistance to mechanical factors

2.3.1. The contact connection is responsible for monitoring the influx of mechanical factors of Dovkill for the group of operating minds according to GOST 17516-72, which is required to comply with the standards or technical minds for specific types of electrical equipment lower buildings.

In the absence of such inserts, the contact connection, which is susceptible to vibration, is subject to vibration for 1 year at a constant frequency of 40 to 50 Hz and an amplitude of 1 mm.

2.3.2. Contact connections are responsible for injecting static axial tension into the tension rod, which generates voltage, no less:

For conductors with a crossbar of up to 1.5 mm2, it is not allowed to jam the screw clamp, the end of which is checked by the conductor.

2.3.1.-2.3.3. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

2.3.4. Separate contact connections of conductors with pins, single-bolt contact connections, which can be susceptible to the influx of short-circuit currents, as well as separate contact connections, more flexible before vibration or which are found in vibration-unsafe areas, must be protected from self-tightening by lock nuts, spring washers, plate.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).

2.4. We can help you as much as possible

2.4.1. To assess the reliability of contact connections, a gamma-ray resource is installed, which is not otherwise established in the standards or technical minds of electrical devices of specific types.

The lower value of the gamma-ray resource is required to ensure the operation of electrical devices as reliable as possible, established by the standards and technical minds on this electrical device.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).

2.5. Vimogi security

2.5.1. Contact connections can safely comply with GOST 12.2.007.0-75 and ensure proper operation, established by the "Rules for the technical operation of equipment of companions" and "Rules of technology safety during operation of electrical installations of householders”, approved by Derzhenergonaglyad 12 April 1969.

2.5.2. Contact connections are subject to strict safety in compliance with GOST 12.1.004-91, which is ensured in compliance with GOST 10434-82.

(Zaprovadzheno dodatkovo, Zm. No. 3).

SUPPLEMENT 1
Dovidkov

UNLOCKED CONTACT PACKS

a - zvaryuvannyam or soldannyam; b - zi Shtyrovym vyvedennyam zvaryuvannyam; c - welded through the transition copper-aluminum plate; d - connection of conductors (cables) through a suitable compression sleeve; d - connection lived with a dart (cable) with a cable lug to the presuvannyam (zvaryuvannyam, soldering); e - connection of conductors in oval connectors

1 – flat visnovok (tire); 2 – tire; 3 - pinned pin; 4 - copper-aluminum plate; 5 - wire (cable); 6 – successful sleeve; 7 – cable lug; 8 - oval connection

SUPPLEMENT 2
Dovidkov

ROZBIRNI CONTACT SPOLUKI

a – h locknut; b - with a spring washer; in - odnodrotyan (bagatodrotyan) vein droti (cable) sich. up to 10 mm 2 from viginannyam in the ring; g - odnodrotyan (bagatodrotyan) lived drotu (cable) sich. up to 10 mm 2 without bending in the ring.

1 – flat visnovok (tire); 2 – bus (cable lug); 3, 4, 5 - steel washer, bolt and nut; 6 – spring washer; 7 - gwent; 8 - shaped washer (star washer); 9 - wire (cable); 10 - shaped washer (arch washer)

a - fastenings made of colored metal with a lock nut; b - fastenings made of colored metal with a spring washer; c - steel fasteners with a disc spring; g - steel fastenings with dry metal coatings on the working surfaces with a lock nut (spring washer); e - steel fastenings through a copper-aluminum transition plate with a lock nut (spring washer); e - steel fastenings through an adapter plate made of hard aluminum alloy with a lock nut (spring washer).

1 – flat visnovok (tire); 2 – bus (cable lug); 3 – 5 – washer, bolt, nut made of colored metal; 6 – spring washer; 7 – steel nut; 8 – steel bolt; 9 - disk spring; 10 - steel washer (reinforced washer); 11 – steel washer; 12 - flat base (tire) made of dry metal coating on the working surface; 13 - busbar (cable lug) made of dry metal coating on the working surface; 14 - copper-aluminum plate; 15 - plate made of hard aluminum alloy

a - conductor made from copper, hard aluminum alloy or aluminum from dry metal coatings of the working surface; b, c, d – aluminum conductor; d - aluminum conductor through the transition copper-aluminum plate; e - odnodrotyan (bagatodrotyan) core to the cable wire sich. 10 mm 2 with viginanny in the ring.

1-pin pin made from copper or brass; 2 – nut made of copper or brass; 3 - busbar (cable lug) from the middle, hard aluminum alloy or aluminum from metal dry coating of working surfaces; 4 – steel nut; 5 - pinned copper pin; 6 – steel washer; 7 – aluminum busbar (cable lug); 8 - pinned brass visor; 9 - pinned steel visor; 10 - disk spring; 11 - copper-aluminum plate; 12 - wire (cable); 13 – spring washer; 14 - shaped washer (star washer)

a, b - one-drotyan (rich-to-drotyan, fused into a monolith) vein; in - a rich vein, ending with a cable lug.

1 - dial clamp; 2 – wire (cable); 3 - nesting arch; 4 - pin cable lug

VIMOGS BEFORE PREPARATION OF WORKING SURFACE CONTACT PARTS

1. Contact parts that have two or more bolt holes in the transverse row are recommended to be cut with later cuts, as shown on the chair.

2. The working surfaces of the contact parts of the separate contact connections and non-separable contact connections with the linear fittings immediately before assembling the necessary preparation:

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

3. The working surfaces of copper contact parts, which are connected by pressing, must be cleaned, which is not otherwise specified in the standards and technical minds for specific types of electrical devices.

The working surfaces of aluminum contact parts must be cleaned and coated with quartz-green paste or other lubricants, pastes and compounds with similar properties.

4. The surfaces of contact parts that are connected to welding or soldering must first be cleaned, degreased or wiped.

5. It is recommended that the size and size of the openings for the bolts in the contact parts of separate contact connections be taken in accordance with GOST 21242-75.

Subject to accommodations, oval openings are allowed to open.

(Zaprovadzheno dodatkovo, Zm. No. 2).

COOL MOMENTS

Table 9

Diameter of thread, mm	Torque moment, Nm, for bolted connection
Diameter of thread, mm	with a slotted head (gwinti)	with hex head
M3	0,5+0,1	-
M3.5	0.8±0.2
M4	1.2±0.2
M5	2.0±0.4	7.5±1.0
M6	2.5±0.5	10.5±1.0
M8	-	22.0±1.5
M10		30.0±1.5
M12		40.0±2.0
M16		60.0±3.0
M20		90.0±4.0
M24		130.0±5.0
M30		200.0±7.0
M36		240.0±10.0

Note. For bolted connections of conductors from the middle of a hard aluminum alloy, it is recommended to set the torques, the values of which are 1.5 - 1.7 times greater than those specified in the table.

(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).

INFORMATION DATA

1. Divided and introduced by the Ministry of Installation and Special Work Works of the SRSR

RETAILERS
N. N. Dzektser, Ph.D. tech. sciences (kerivnik tem); V. L. Fuks; O. V. Fesenka, Ph.D. tech. sciences

2. CONFIRMATIONS AND INTRODUCTIONS BY THE RESOLUTION OF THE SRSR State Committee for Product Management and Standards dated 02/03/82 No. 450

3. VZAMIN GOST 10434-76

4. COMPLETE REGULATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

The designation of the NTD, for which it has been granted	Item number, re-arrangement, add-ons
GOST 9.005-72
GOST 9.303-84	2.1.6; 2.1.7, overhaul 3, 8
GOST 12.1.004-91	2.5.2
GOST 12.2.007.0-75	2.5.1
GOST 1759.4-87	2.1.13
GOST 1759.5-87	2.1.13.
GOST 3057-90	2.1.7, overhaul 2
GOST 7386-80	2.1.10; 2.l.11
GOST 7387-82	2.1.10; 2.1.11
GOST 8024-90	2.2.4
GOST 8865-87	2.2.4
GOST 9433-80	Addendum 3
GOST 9581-80	2.1.7, overhaul 4; 2.1.10; 2.1.10; 2.1.11
GOST 9688-82	2.1.11
GOST 13276-79	2.1.4; 2.1.7
GOST 14312-79	Partially available
GOST 15150-69	1.2; 2.1.8
GOST 15543-70	2.1.8
GOST 15963-79	2.1.8
GOST 15975-70	Addendum 3
GOST 16350-80	2.1.8
GOST 17412-72	2.1.8
GOST 17441-84	2.1.7, overhaul 8; 2.2.3; 2.2.4
GOST 17516-72	2.3.1
GOST 18311-80	Partially available
GOST 19132-86	2.1.3
GOST 19357-81	2.1.7, overhaul 4
GOST 21242-75	Addendum 3
GOST 21931-76	2.1.8
GOST 22002.1-82	2.1.11
DERZHSTANDARD 22002.2-76 - GOST 22002.4-76	2.1.11
GOST 22002.5-76	2.1.8
GOST 22002.6-82	2.1.11
DERZHSTANDARD 22002.7-76 - GOST 22002.11-76	2.1.11
GOST 22002.12-76	2.1.8
GOST 22002.13-76	2.1.8
GOST 22002.14-76	2.1.11
GOST 23598-79	2.1.7, reinterpretation 6, 7; 2.1.8
GOST 24753-81	2.1.2
GOST 25034-85	2.1.3
GOST 34-13-11438-89	2.1.7, overhaul 4

5. The line was extended until 01.01.96 by Resolution of the State Committee of the USSR for the management of products and standards dated 05.25.90 No. 1309

6. REVIDANNYA (Year 1993) with Changes No. 1, 2, 3, approved in the winter of 1985, in the winter of 1987, in the spring of 1990. (IVD 7-85, 10-87, 8-90)

With the help of contact connections (CS), the elements of the electric lance connect with each other and the generators and power supply units.

Electrical contact This is called a combination of elements that ensures the continuity of the electric lance. Otherwise, hanging, not constructive, it creates contact, connection.

Between the conductors, electrical contact occurs when one wire-conducting element is pressed onto another through the use of bolts, screws, clamps, springs, rivets, permanent deformation (pressing, twisting), as well as welding yum, soldering or adhesive connections - gluing.

Contact connections are divided into non-disassembled, disassembled and disconnected. Non-separable contact connections- such thoughts as they cannot

disassembly without damage requires either the parts to be joined or the material to be joined (welded, soldered, riveted, pressed and adhesive).

Divided contact connections- can be disassembled without destroying the parts that are connected (bolt, screw and wedge connections).

Contact connections– devices that are folded into plugs and sockets. The genus-specific bundle of strumoid parts can be divided into

solid metals with physical welded contact and pressure with mechanical (pressure) contact. The clamps can be simple or foldable. The first ones are installed between two separate conductors behind the structure, the others - between a high-tension wire and a tip (sleeve, etc.) or between two high-tension wires.

According to the definitions, the contact connections that operate in open and closed separate devices are divided into connections, connections and installations.

For the rapid passage of streams in normal mode and short-hour streams in emergency modes, use the contact connections of the stream-conducting parts of electrical installations, parameters and characteristics that comply with the standards and technical minds.

The support of the contact connection after its preparation is not responsible for being larger than the support of an equivalent section of the whole conductor. If the contact connection is made by conductors made of different materials, its support may align with the support of an equivalent section of the conductor, which results in less conductivity.

During the operation of the contact connection supports, there is more than 1.8 significant support for the whole core.

See contact details

To discover various technological methods for making contact connections between flame-conducting parts of electrical installations: electrical welding with contact heating and carbon electrodes, gas-electric, gas, thermite, contact stick and cold welding tightening with a vice, soldering, pressing, twisting, tightening with bolts (gwents).

Electrical welding by contact heating is allowed to finish, connect and

galling of aluminum wires with webbing up to 1000 mm2, as well as for connecting aluminum cores with copper wires; welding by contact heating with vicoristic filler materials – for the connection and end of aluminum rich materials

cores of wires and cables with a cross section of up to 2000 mm2, electrofusion with a carbon electrode - for connecting aluminum busbars of various cuts and configurations; gas-electric welding - mainly for connecting aluminum and copper conductors. The advantage of a gas-electric boiler lies in the fact that it is built without fluxes, but it is not so much because it is cumbersome to use, plus it costs expensive gas. For these reasons, gas-electric welding is important for the contact connection of busbars made of aluminum alloys and copper busbars.

To connect copper and aluminum wires at various intersections, gas welding is used in the configuration (which requires a lot of equipment).

Thermal welding joins steel, copper and aluminum particles and tires of all cuts. It is most useful for connecting uninsulated wires of power lines in the field. For the development of thermite welding, you need complex equipment, technologically it is simple, but it is subject to increased safety. Another benefit is the creation of special minds for preserving thermite cartridges and sirens. Thermite-crucible welding is carried out when steel grounding circuits and lightning protection cables are connected.

The contact seal will seal when the aluminum busbars are connected to the copper busbars.

Cold-welded steel is pressed together when aluminum and copper tires are connected

medium overcuts and single-draw wires with a cross section of up to 10 mm 2. It does not require additional materials or contact fittings.

The connection of aluminum and copper wires, regardless of any cut, must be soldered; This method does not require much skill, but is labor-intensive.

The vikorist is used for contact connections of aluminum, steel-aluminum and copper insulated and non-insulated wires with a crossbar up to

1000 mm2 both for cable and overhead lines. When terminating and connecting conductors, it is especially necessary to select tips, sleeves, as well as punches and dies.

Twisting the wires and connecting them with the help of connectors will create a connection on the lines.

The correct method of contact connection depends on the materials of the conductors to be connected, the cut, the shape and voltage of the electrical installation, and the minds of installation.

Potential lines (wires) up to 1 kV in spills are connected to twisted tubes in oval tubes, one-shot darts are allowed to connect to twisted parts

soldering or welding with an overlap (welding with single-drag wires is not allowed). At the hinges, the core of the anchor supports is connected with anchors and wedges

clamps, twisted in oval tubes, die or hardware clamps for pressing, and boiling.

The preparation of conductors before contact connection is carried out in accordance with the method of connection. So, when joining or terminating the richly drawn wires, solder the ends often or at a bevel at 55° to ensure contact between the tubular part of the tip (sleeve) and the darts of the skin. When finished, either the sector or segment cores are connected with a special tool or with additional pliers, they are rounded off so that the core can easily go into the empty tubular part of the tip or sleeve. Preparation of the contact ends of flat conductors for welding includes straightening and processing of edges.

In order to ensure metal contact between the conductors that are connected, their contact surfaces must first be cleaned of all kinds of melts, resulting in stagnation during washing, chemical separation of melts and mechanical cleaning; Most often these methods work together. Effective mechanical cleaning in combination with washing or repair. Methods for cleaning surfaces are selected depending on the materials of the contact elements, the presence of metal dry coatings on them, the type of melts and the method of connecting the contact connections.

The simplest way to clean the surface is mechanical, using steel brushes and brushes with card tape. The contact surfaces of aluminum conductors should be cleaned especially carefully by first rubbing a ball of technical Vaseline or other dry oils to prevent re-oxidation of the surfaces of the elements that are connected. Under a ball of butter, using special internal brushes, clean the contact surfaces of aluminum oval or tubular connecting parts. To clean the contact surfaces, put brushes and wrap them on special blanks.

The surfaces coated with oil melts are first degreased with greasers, and then mechanically cleaned to a metal shine.

By avoiding re-burdening the surface that is being combined, protect it. The protection must be selected carefully depending on the method of contact connection, the material of contact elements and the use of the connection. Thus, with contact welding or soldering, the surfaces of elements that are joined are protected from oxidation by fluxes, and if they are sealed, they are joined by bolts, crimping or twisting, then contact lubricants.

Dry contact lubricants (mouths) have high adhesion, a very high level of drop-dropping, being chemically neutral, stable in time and elastic. As dry contact oils and pastes, condenser vaseline, quartz-vaseline paste, etc. are used. Apply mastila with a thin ball.

Proper and clear operation of connecting, wiring and terminating wires and cables means the reliability of operation of internal and external electrical wiring. These wiring elements require the necessary mechanical power and low electrical support, saving power for the entire hour of operation.

For wiring electrical wiring, wires and cables with aluminum and copper conductors are used. For economical wiring, electrical wiring is made with wires and cables behind aluminum conductors. However, aluminum has power, which does little to hide the reliability of the connection. One of them is increased (adjusted from the middle) flatness and oxidation due to the creation of melts. Aluminum oxide creates a high-transition element that leads to the reduction of electrical contact and supernumerary heating. The oxide melt creates difficulties when soldering and welding wires, the fragments have a melting point of 2050 °C, and the melting temperature of the aluminum itself becomes above 660 °C.

The melt from the contact surfaces must be removed and absorbed against the secondary stain. For this purpose, use quartz-vaseline or zinc-vaseline mouth, as well as ZES ointment.

Copper conductors are coated with oxide melt, but it slightly flows onto the contact connection and is easily visible.

Before the contact is broken, there is also a large difference in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of aluminum compared to other metals. Therefore, aluminum particles cannot be pressed into copper tips or applied to the copper contacts of the devices. During normal operation, after ten hours of rubbing in the screw and bolt connections, the aluminum cores should be periodically tightened, since when the temperature of the core changes, the stinks can become very hot Get involved.

During heavy use, aluminum begins to “flow” from the area under great pressure to the area under less pressure. Therefore, screw and bolt contact connections of aluminum conductors cannot be over-stretched.

U Particularly troublesome are the contacts of aluminum cores with other metals in external electrical wiring. Under the flow of water that is located near the middle, water flow appears on the contact surfaces with the power of the electrolyte and at the junction a so-called galvanic couple is created. Aluminum here acts as a negative pole and “loses” particles to the metal, gradually collapses, and contact is made. Particularly unpleasant are the mixtures of aluminum, copper and brass. Such contact surfaces must be protected from moisture penetration with quartz-green paste, ZES oil, or coated with a third metal - tin or POS type solder.

U During operation, screw and bolt clamps connect aluminum and copper wires to control and periodically tighten. However, for electrical wiring, for example, in country houses, this method of connecting conductors is the most convenient, since it is simple and does not require a special tool or equipment for connecting wires.

The design of the clamp for connecting aluminum conductors is responsible for ensuring the following power:

- steel vice on the tool with the appearance of its flatness;

– a device that protects darts from spreading out from under the contact screw;

- Galvanic coating of parts.

This is evidenced by clamping, specially splitting for the connection of aluminum cores. The spring washer of the clamp ensures the steel of the vice on

wires that are attached, and the stop protects the wire from being pressed under the contact clamp. In some designs, the spring washer and the stop that surrounds the expansion joint are formed in the form of one star washer. It is necessary to collect the seal from all the details, since the presence of any of them will inevitably lead to a loss of contact.

Small 30. Clamping for attaching aluminum darts:

1 – gwent; 2 – spring washer; 3 – washer or contact clamp base; 4 – strumaveducha vein; 5 – stop that encloses the spread of the aluminum conductor

The finished aluminum cores under the screw clamp are cut to look like a ring, for copper cores - to look like a ring.

Sequence of joining aluminum cores with crossbars up to 10 mm2:

1) from the end they lived in isolation for a long time. Direct the bottom under the cut 10-15 ° to the surface of the hole, so that, cutting insulation, the wires live on the surface. It is not possible to trim the bottom perpendicular to the dart, which is why

You can cut and break the core. To remove insulation from darts with a cross section of up to 4 mm 2, use special pliers KSI;

2) the vein is cleaned with emery and polished paper to a metal shine and coated with a thin ball of quartz-green paste;

3) At the end of the preparations, they were bent into a hoop with round pliers. Bend the darts behind the anniversary arrow, so that the gwent will be wrapped straight away. The inner diameter of the ring is much larger than the lower diameter of the contact screw;

4) The wire is pressed with a screw onto the contact plate, screwing it into the threaded hole or tightening it with a nut.

Gnuchka coppers lived with a crossbar of 1-2.5 mm2 and end at the sight of the ring with the half-duck in the offensive order. Approximately 25-30 mm of insulation is removed from the dart, the core is cleaned with an emery paper to a metallic shine, the darts are twisted into a shear, bent into a ring, the ring is covered with rosin or etched with alcohol, then it is encased at 1? 2 s to melt the solder. After drying, insulate the wires to the ring.

Bagatodrotyanu midna strumoveduchu vein with a span of 1.0–2.5 mm2 in various species

The connection will end up looking like a haircut with half-solder POS-40.

Contact clamps of plug sockets up to 10 A and those of 4 A and higher allow the connection of copper and aluminum wires with a crossbar of 1 to 2.5 mm2, and for

vimikachiv 1 A – less than the copper cores of wires with a cross section of 0.5 to 1 mm2. Attachment of aluminum wires to the clamp is bound with elasticity

at the end it looks like a ring, at the middle it looks like a ring and at the bottom. Before putting into contact, the ring of aluminum dart is cleaned and coated with quartz-vaseline or zinc-vaseline paste. For plug sockets up to 10 A, contact can be

Attach no more than two copper or aluminum wires with a crossbar of up to 4 mm2. Connection of aluminum or copper wires of electrical wiring with copper wires

The lighting fittings are mounted using a special clamping block. The wires are squeezed between the plates, so that the notches are pressed and open with slots for clamping screws. The screws are equipped with split spring washers.

Small 31. Wiring completed.

Small 32. Testing of aluminum wires with DAO sleeves:

a – one-sided compression; b – double-sided testing In luminaires, sockets for frying lamps have contact seals under the ring, and

also of the crimped type for attaching the straight ends of the copper conductors. In addition, remember that the central contact of the cartridge is connected to the phase contact, and the contact connected to the base sleeve is connected to the zero contact.

A wide range of methods for connecting and terminating aluminum and copper wires and cables is pressed, which ensures reliable electrical contact and the necessary mechanical safety, in addition, it is simple at Vikonanny. Pressing is done using manual pincers, mechanical and hydraulic presses using additional changeable dies and punches. Sleeves are used to connect the cores of wires and cables, and lugs are used for termination.

Technological procedure for crimping aluminum cores in standard sleeves and terminating with cable lugs:

1) before cutting the conductors of wires and cables, it is important to select the type and size of suitable sleeves and cable lugs. For pressurization, he lived with a crossbar

from 2.5 to 10 mm2, use special aluminum sleeves of the GAO type; for recuts

more than 10 mm2 – suitable sleeves of type GA. The completed conductors and cables are carried out behind the help of tubular aluminum lugs of type TA or copper-aluminum lugs of TAM type;

2) select dies and punches according to the standard sizes of the supplied sleeves and tips;

3) check the presence of factory ointment in the sleeves and tips. If necessary, clean the sleeves and tips with a metal brush and coat them with dry powder.

quartz-vaseline or zinc-vaseline paste;

4) remove the insulation from the ends of the conductors: when ending - on the end, which is the original tubular part of the tip, when connected - on the end, which is the same half of the sleeve;

5) clean the ends of the jet conductors with an emery paper or a brush with a cordolent to a metal shine, wipe with a cloth soaked in gasoline, and immediately cover with quartz-green paste;

6) Press on the prepared and pressed tip and sleeve. At the end, insert the core into the tip until it stops; when connected, so that the ends of the cores to be connected stick together in the middle of the sleeve;

7) insert a tubular part of the tip or sleeve into the matrix and press it;

8) Having sharpened the edges of the sleeves, seal them together.

It is not allowed to press a copper tip onto the aluminum core, the splinters of the connection will be damaged due to the great difference in the coefficient of linear thermal expansion between copper and aluminum.

The procedure for crimping copper cores and cables:

From a lot of single-strength wires, remove the insulation at a depth of 20-25 mm, lay the wires that are connected in parallel, without twisting them together. Then burn both of them with balls of copper or brass foil 0.2 mm thick and 18-20 mm wide and squeeze the area together with pressure pliers.

The crimping of the same rich-drained cores with a crossbar of 4 mm2 and more is done in copper pipe-parts tips of the T type or in suitable copper sleeves of the GM type. All operations follow the same sequence as for aluminum wires and cables, followed by quartz-green and zinc-green paste.

It is necessary to carry out pressing with the help of a hammer and chisels.

Soldering and welding should be combined and welded in these cases, if it is not possible to harden all the others - pressing, screw clamps and welding. The things to do before soldering are the same: you must ensure the reliability of the electrical contact and its essential value.

To remove acidic soldering, it is necessary, first of all, to select the correct solder, or, otherwise, to remove the oxide from the contact surfaces that are being joined. When copper wires are connected, the oxide melt is removed before soldering; when aluminum wires are connected, during the soldering process.

The soldering joint makes a good electrical contact, but if it is not connected, the wires must be twisted before soldering.

Soldering the copper cores with a 1.0-10 mm2 crossbar is done using a soldering iron. For soldering, use soft tin-lead solder of the POS brand.

When soldering copper wires, oxide is removed by cleaning the surface with an emery paper or file. As a flux, rosin or rosin is mixed with alcohol (mixing ratio 1:1), as well as soldering fat.

The heating temperature of the soldering process is 30–50 °C higher than the melting temperature of the solder and flux. Low temperature gives the so-called cold soldering, which has little mechanical value and creates unreliable electrical.

To prevent damage to the insulation, the plot was kept up to 2–3 mm until the insulation was not serviced.

During the soldering process, oxide melt from the surface of the cores that is being joined is removed mechanically (under a ball of melted solder) or chemically (by curing special fluxes). At a mellow temperature, the stench emerges from the melting oxide. This is due to the speciality of soldering and welding of aluminum cores.

After soldering is completed, excess flux must be carefully removed, and stink debris may cause damage to the contact.

Soldering of aluminum cores in wet drains is not recommended due to possible corrosion. During the influx, the wetlands are protected by dry covers.

Soldering of single-shot cores with a crossbar of 2.5-10 mm2 can be done with Vikonan solder A using a soldering iron, other solders (TsO-12, TsA-15) using a gasoline blowtorch. Solder A is resistant to corrosion, suitable for soldering and servicing of cores. The oxide of aluminum melt is formed by a mechanical flux; if you rub the wire with solder with a stick, flux is not required during soldering.

The connection and galling of the copper cores with a crossbar of up to 6 mm2 (Fig. 33) is made using soldered twists. Twisting with advanced soldering is a method of connecting and galling single-draught copper and high-draught wires of brands PR, PV, PRVD,

PRD with a span of 1.5-6 mm2 for closed electrical wiring on rollers and insulators. This method of connection and fitting is also used in electrical wiring that is terminated with flat PPV wires and others, if the galling boxes do not damage the tabs with contact seals, as well as in many other forms. For example, when connected

copper dart of the galley with a stained line with a crossbar of 4–6 mm2 with copper darts

injection with retina 2.5 mm2.

The simplest method for connecting wires is twisted, but it does not require further soldering of the connection, so clearly the twisting of the wires leads to the transitional contact support in the same time, lower when Other methods of connection - crimped, welded, welded, screw or bolted connection.

Small 33. Connection and wiring of copper wires of brands PV, PR, PRD, PRVD

When the dart is rolled, there are few contact points, and when passed through a connected jet, the contact may overheat, which may otherwise cause fire. For these reasons, twisting without soldering is not allowed.

The technology for connecting and installing copper wires is evolving. To connect 2 pieces of dart, you need to tightly twist the strings of the jet conductors so that they do not untwist, and cross the darts. With the end of the left dart, make 8-10 turns around the right one, and with the end of the right, make 8-10 turns around the left dart, or in a different direction. The place where the twisted cords are twisted should be for at least 10–15 diameters of the corresponding cores. Press the joints with pliers and solder with POS-30 or POS-40 solder. The soldered twists are insulated for the entire duration of connection with the obligatory deposits of unprotected insulation. The two twisted wires connected to each other are connected separately.

When soldering single-strength aluminum cores with a cut of 2.5-10 mm2, the joint and the duct vibrate in the form of a sub-twist with a groove (Fig. 34). The insulation is removed from the cores, cleaned to a metal shine with an emery paper or a cord stitch, and the overlap is joined with a twisted twist to create a groove in the place where the cores are torn.

Small 34. Connection of single-draught aluminum wires by under-soldering

twisted with groove

The connection is heated with a blowtorch or soldering iron until the solder reaches a melting temperature. And rub zusillam on one side. As a result of rubbing the spit, the oxide is damaged and the groove begins to become rusty and filled with solder. In the same way, service the grooves on the other side and fill them with solder. Immediately service the external surfaces and place the twisting of the veins. After leaving the area, isolate it.

The welding tank is sealed for healing and connection of the wire conductors and

cables for all cuts and for aluminum cores with copper cores when cutting the cores no more than 10 mm2. This method of connection requires the stagnation of special fluxes, welding devices and other special equipment.

Side 16 z 83

Disassemble and non-separate contact busbars, wires and cables made of copper, aluminum and other alloys, aluminum wires with electrical devices of the same type comply with GOST 10434-82*. Contact assemblies of electrical devices must conform to GOST 24753-81*, screw clamps - GOST 25034-85, dial clamps - GOST 19132-86, linear fittings - G OST 13276-79*.
It is necessary to note that foreign electrical companies supply 6 and 0.4 kV electric motors for connecting large wires and cables that do not require lugs c. This method ensures great savings in color metal (tips) and labor costs (the operation of pressing the tips is eliminated), and it should be widely used in everyday practice.
Non-separable contact connections must be welded, soldered or pressed (Fig. 4.17).
The separate contact connections, which do not interfere with the stabilization of the electrical transition support (Fig. 4.18 and 4.20), are made using steel fastening parts protected from corrosion.

Figure 4 17. Non-separable contact connections:
a - zvaryuvannyam or soldannyam; b - zi Shtyrovym vyvedennyam zvaryuvannyam; c - welded through the transition copper-aluminum plate; d - connection of conductors (cables) through a suitable compression sleeve; d - connection of conductor cores (cable) with a cable lug for pre-pressing (welding, soldering); e - connection of the conductors of the VL wires in oval connections; 1 – flat visnovok (tire); 2-shna; 3-pin pin; 4 - copper-aluminum plate; 5-wire (cable); 6 - successful sleeve; 7 – cable lug; 8-oval joint
Separate contact connections, which help stabilize the electrical support (Fig. 4.19), are forged, vikorist fastening parts from colored metals or steel fastening parts, protected in corrosion, stagnation of spring cartridges, dry metal coating of working surfaces or copper-aluminum transitions 19357-81*), copper-aluminum tips (GOST 9581-80*) and hardware clamps made of clad aluminum (GOST 23065-78*), as well as transfer plates and tips made of aluminum Evo alloy (solid aluminum)2, item -79* ) from hard aluminum alloy and copper-aluminum alloy.

Small 4.18. Split contacts connected to flat pins without any means of stabilizing the electrical support
a - h with a lock nut; b - with a spring washer; c - odnodrotyan (bagatodrotyan) lived the dart (cable) with a span of up to 10 mm 2 with viginannyam in the ring; g - the same without a bent ring, 1 - flat pin (tire); 2 – bus or cable lug; 3, 4, 5 - washer, bolt and nut made of steel; 6 – spring washer; 7 - gwent; 5 - shaped washer (star washer); 9 - wire (cable); 10-shaped washer (arch washer)
The separate contact connections of the conductors from the socket terminals are shown in Fig. 4.21.
Flat contact parts, which open two or more under the bolts, are fitted with the later cut (Fig. 4.22). This will ensure a more uniform distribution of the thickness of the strum in the transition contact and a change in the heating of the strum.
When preparing the working surfaces of the contact parts, follow these steps: clean the uncoated copper surfaces and the aluminum surfaces; when cleaning the aluminum-copper parts, follow this step so that the copper sheathing of the wire is not damaged.
The working surfaces of aluminum and aluminum alloys are cleaned and coated with Vaseline (KVZ according to GOST 15975-70*) or oil (CIATIM 221 according to GOST 9433-80*). Wash working surfaces with dry metal coatings with organic detergent.
The working surfaces of the copper contact parts that are connected by pressing are cleaned, and the working surfaces of the aluminum contact parts are cleaned and immediately coated with quartz-green paste.

Small 4.19. Separate contact connections with flat pins are used to stabilize the electrical support: a - fastenings made of colored metal with a lock nut; b - fastenings made of colored metal with a spring washer; c - steel fasteners with a disc spring; g - steel fastenings with dry metal coatings on the working surfaces with a lock nut (spring washer); d - steel fastenings through a transition copper-aluminum plate with a lock nut (spring washer); e - steel fastenings through an adapter plate made of hard aluminum alloy with a lock nut (spring washer); 1 – flat visnovok (tire); 2- bus (cable lug); h, 4, 5 – washer, bolt, nut, colored metal; 6-spring washer; 7, 8 - steel nut and bolt; 9 - disk spring; 10 - steel washer (the washer is thickened); 11 – steel washer; 12 - flat bearing (tire made of dry metal coating on the working surface); 13- busbar (cable lug) made of dry metal coating on the working surface; 14 - copper-aluminum plate; 15 - plate made of hard aluminum alloy
The surfaces of contact parts that are welded or soldered are cleaned and degreased with a cloth soaked in gasoline or acetone.
The torques become stronger when the bolts on the contact connections are tightened lower:

Small 4 20. Separate contact connections with pin pins without stabilizing the electrical support; a - conductor made from copper, hard aluminum alloy or aluminum from dry metal coatings of the working surface; b, c, d – aluminum conductor; d - aluminum conductor through the transition copper-aluminum plate; 3 - busbar (cable lug) made from copper, hard aluminum alloy or aluminum from dry metal coatings of working surfaces; 4 - steel nut; 5 - pinned copper pin; 6 – steel washer; 7 – aluminum busbar (cable lug); 8 - pinned brass visor; 9 - pinned steel visor; 10 - disk spring; 11 - copper-aluminum plate; 12 - wire (cable); 13 – spring washer; 14 - shaped washer (star washer)

Small 4 21. Separate contact connections with socket pins:
a, 6 - odnodrotyan (rich-to-drot, fused into a monolith) core, c- rich-to-drotyan core, end with a cable lug, 1 - dial-up clamp, 2 - wire (cable), 3 - socket pin, 4 - cable lug

N m = 0.102 kgf-m; normal arm strength is 15-20 kgf.
It is recommended to tighten the bolts at the contact connections using a nut wrench with adjustable tightening torque (for example, a wrench type DK-25).
The contact wires connected to the AB-E alloy with the leads of electrical devices and clamps are conformed to GOST 10434-82 According to Soyuztekhenergo, 10% of accidents in electrical devices are caused by faulty There are electrical contacts.
The most radical way to improve the reliability of contact connections is to seal loose connections (welded, soldered). The basic blessed of the PIDVSHESSHNY of the above-ROZBIRNIC SLANTS ALUMINIKHIVIKHAVIDNIKHAS є perevydnikov alumini-magni-cream alloy (ADZ 1T ADZ 1T1, AB).

Small 4 22. Contact piece with later cut for bolted connection with flat terminals

Concern "Electromontazh"

Instructions for installing contact busbar connections
between each other and with electrical devices

UDC 621.315.68 (083.96)

Natomist VSN 164-82

This instruction is divided into developments of the basic provisions of GOST 10434-82, GOST 17441-84, the official Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE) and the standard regulations (SNiP).
The instructions are expanded to include disassembled and non-separated contact busbars up to 152 mm, flexible busbars and profiles3 (channel, corite, “hinged T”, etc.) for aluminum, solid aluminum Ini alloy AD31T4, copper and steel, as well as Shared busbars connected to electrical devices.
_________________

Explanations of terms that appear in the instructions can be found in Appendix 1
Technical capabilities to contact connections are also extended to tires with a thickness of over 15 mm.
Above is called a tire
Also called aluminum metal
It's called vysnovok

The instructions are intended for design, installation and operational organizations.

1. ZAGALNI VIMOGI

1.1. Connection of tires made of the same metals, galvanization of these tires and connection of aluminum tires and aluminum alloy tires with aluminum and aluminum frames Their alloys are finished either separated or unassembled. When tires are made from different materials and in these forms, if the operation requires periodic disassembly, the faults are usually disassembled.

1.2. Contact connections in relation to technical requirements, as provided by GOST 10434-82, are divided into classes 1, 2 and 3.
The class of contact contacts depending on the area of their stagnation is shown in the table. 1.1.

Table 1.1.

Galuz zastosuvannya	Recommendations for contact connection class
1. Contact connections of lances, cutting of conductors of any type beyond the permissible limits (power electric lances, power lines, etc.)	1
2. Contact connections of lances, cutting of conductors of any type for resistance to cutting jets, loss of voltage, mechanical strength, protection from overload. Contact connections in lances of grounding and dry conductors from steel	2
3. Contact connections between electrical devices, the operation of which is associated with the presence of a large amount of heat (heating elements, resistors)	3

Linear contact connections of power lances may be classified as class 1.

1.3. Depending on the climatic conditions and the categories of placement of electrical devices according to GOST 15150-69*, contact connections up to GOST 10434-82* are divided into groups A and B.
Group A includes contact connections between electrical devices of all types located in rooms with air-conditioning or frequently air-conditioned areas (location category 4.1), and electrical equipment main devices of Vikonan U, HL and TZ, located in closed spaces (metal with thermal insulation, stone , concrete, wood). ) with natural ventilation without individually regulated climate changers (placement category 3), and in rooms with individually regulated climate changers (placement category 4) in an atmosphere of types I and II according to GOST 15150-6 9*.
Group B includes contact connections between electrical devices of other types in the category of placement under atmosphere of types I and II and electrical devices of all types in the category of placement in atmosphere. types III and IV.

1.4. The contact connections are strictly consistent with GOST 10434-82*, GOST 17441-84, standards, technical expertise on specific types of electrical devices, SNiP 3.05.06-85, etc. These are the instructions for using the work chairs in the established order.

1.5. Vimoga to unintelligible parts

1.5.1. The surface of the seams of welded joints should be uniformly smooth without fillers. The seams are not the cause of cracks, missing parts, lack of welding up to 10% of the seam depth (not more than 30 mm), unfused craters and tears with a depth of 0.1 thickness of the tire (not more than 3 mm). The welded connections of the compensators are not to blame for any damage or lack of cooking on the lines of the main package.
1.5.2. Connection, testing, not caused by cracks in the tip shank, sleeve, jamming at the testing site; the holes of the culprit are symmetrically and symmetrically, the geometric dimensions of the pressed part of the joint part are consistent with the standards, specifications, and technological documents.
1.5.3. Welded and pressurized connections that do not strain, must absorb the stresses that arise from the influx of static axial forces, not less than 30% of the hourly support for the tearing of the whole rubber tire; working on stretching - not less than 90% of the hourly support for the tearing of a whole rubber tire.
1.5.4. The bearing of the cob (after welding) the contact support is connected to the support of the control section of the tire for a period equal to that of the contact connection, which may be: for class 1 - no more than 1 (which is not otherwise specified in the standards Specifications for specific types of electrical devices ); for class 2 – no more than 2; for class 3 – no more than 6.
For contact connected buses of different conductivity, alignment of the trace is carried out with a lower conductivity bus.
1.5.5. The electrical power of the created connections that have been tested may become unchangeable; For connection and testing, the electrical support after testing is not required to overestimate the cob value by more than 1.5 times.
1.5.6. When the nominal flow passes through, the heating temperature of non-separable contact connections (classes 1 and 2) should not exceed the values indicated in the table. 1.2. The heating temperature of contact connections of class 3 is established by standards and specifications for specific types of electrical devices.
1.5.7. The temperature of the continuous contact joints when testing for resistance to cutting jets should be no more than 200° for tires made of aluminum and other alloys, as well as 300° for all tires with copper alloys. With half copper tires. After testing for resistance to cutting jets, non-separable contact connections are not at fault for mechanical defects that change their further operation.
1.5.8. Contact floors are subject to their respective placement categories in accordance with GOST 15150-69* and are responsible for preventing the influx of climatic factors from the external environment, as specified in this standard, as well as GOST 15543.1-89 E, GOST 16350-80, GOST 17412-72* and specifications for specific types of electrical devices.

Table 1.2

Heating temperature of contact connections

1.6. Please contact us until further details

1.6.1. The separate contact connections that operate on tension are responsible for absorbing the voltages that arise from the influx of static axial forces, not less than 90% of the hourly support for the breakdown of the rubber tire.
1.6.2. Connect the cob (after folding) the support of the dismountable contact connections (in addition to the connection with the pin pins) to the support of the control section of the tire until the previous contact connection is reached. Please use clause 1.5.4.
1.6.3. The ring support of the contact connections of class 1 with pin pins is guilty of no greater value than those indicated in the table. 1.3. The requirements for contact connections of classes 2 and 3 are specified in the standards and specifications for specific types of electrical devices.
1.6.4. The electrical support of the contact disassemblies, which have been tested, is not liable to overextend the cob support less than 1.5 times.

Table 1.3.

The pin support of the contact tires with pin pins

1.6.5. When the nominal flow is passed through, the heating temperature of separate contact components of classes 1 and 2 should not exceed the values indicated in the table. 1.2. The heating temperature of contact connections of class 3 is established in the standards and technical specifications for specific types of electrical devices.
1.6.6. The temperature of the separate contact contacts and the mechanical value during testing for resistance to cutting jets is consistent with the results of clause 1.5.7.
1.6.7. For separate contact connections, the fastening parts must have a value no lower than that indicated in the table. 1.4.

Table 1.4.

Class and group of importance of fastening parts

The fastening parts are made of metal and are dry coated in accordance with GOST 9303-84. For contact connections of group A, blued steel bolts, nuts, and washers may be ground.
1.6.8. Separate contact connections of tires with pins, as well as separable linear contact connections, strong enough to infuse through streams of short circuits, vibration, and also found in vibration-safety devices In them and in unsafe places, it is necessary to avoid self-tightening with locknuts, spring washers, and disc parts. Spring washers should be used when connected with bolts up to M 8 inclusive.
1.6.9. The separate contact connections are responsible for preventing the influx of climatic factors in accordance with clause 1.5.8.

2. INDIRECT CONTACT SPOKES

Structural elements and dimensions of welded contact connections of busbars should be selected in accordance with the recommendations of GOST 23792-79.

The main types of welded busbar connections are: sticks, heels, overlaps, bars and ends (Table 2.1).

The designated types of welded joints are in accordance with GOST 2601-84.

Methods for welding tires from various materials are listed in table. 2.2.

When choosing a method for cooking the mother's traces:
1) For welding with a carbon electrode, no special welding equipment is required, just as for welding in the middle of a dry gas (argon), it is necessary to add a special welding machine or install for a manual argon arc new brewing.
2) Due to its peculiarities, welding with a carbon electrode is only possible in the lower position; Cooking in argon (either manually or automatically) can be carried out in all conditions.
3) Manual argon-arc welding with a tungsten electrode is effective for busbar thicknesses up to 6 mm. For larger jobs, the productivity of this method sharply decreases, especially at low air temperatures, which leads to a sharp increase in energy consumption for cooking.

Table 2.1.

Main types of welded joints and tires

1 – tire; 2 – cast seam; 3 - package of bunnies; 4 - droti vein (gnuchka tire).

4) Welding in argon (manually or automatically) will ensure a higher acidity of the welded joints when welded with a carbon electrode.
5) When welding with a carbon electrode, the main factors that give a slow flow to the body of the welder are the excessive concentration, ultraviolet radiation and the appearance of a large amount of welding aerosol and saw, It consists of metal fumes, oxides and flux combustion products. These images must be removed from the middle of the boiling area and filtered before being removed from the middle.
6) When welded in argon, the basis of the liquids is ozone, which must be removed at the time of welding.

Table 2.2.

Methods for welding tires

_______________
1 Welding of AD31 alloy with a carbon electrode is not recommended.

2.1. Welding of aluminum tires

Manual argon-arc welding with a tungsten electrode

2.1.1. For manual argon-arc welding with a tungsten electrode, stationary installations such as UDGU-301 and UDG-501-1 are used, which are serially produced in industry.
For this purpose, it is allowed to freeze the welding arc life core, which is manufactured by the Rostov-based plant of NVO "Montazhavtomatika", as well as the transformer of the welding combinations type TDK-315, which is manufactured by the Kharkiv plant The company "Prommontazhelektronika". Dzherelo must be additionally equipped with a hand-made welding fork, which will be distributed to the LenPEI Elektromontazh concern (industrially made forgers are water-cooled).
2.1.2. For the specific settings of the welding station, follow the diagram shown in Fig. 2.1. from the possession listed in the table. 2.3.

Small 2.1. Scheme of a station for manual argon-arc welding on a “measuring jet”
TS - production transformer; OS – oscillator; RB – ballast rheostat; G - food coat; R – gearbox; B – balloon.

When choosing a water source, keep in mind that for normal operation of UDG installations and EZR welding furnaces, water is required for cooling.

Table 2.3.

Installation for manual argon-arc welding of aluminum

Name of the property	Type, brand1	GOST, TU	Assignment
1. Transformer	TD-306 TDM-503	TU 16-517-973-77 TU 16-739-254-80	Dzherelo zvaryuvalnogo struma
2. Gas-electric boots	EZR	TU26-05-57-67	Bring the brewing jet to the electrode; supply of dry gas
2. Gas-electric boots	LenPEI designs	LE 12550	Bring the brewing jet to the electrode; supply of dry gas
3. An arc stabilizer or a welding oscillator	VSD-01	TU 16-739.223-80	Damaged and stabilization of the mountain arc
	OSPZ-2M	TU 1-612-68
	OSM-2
4. Ballast rheostat	RB-302		Regulation of the cooking strum, suppression of the stationary warehouse of the cooking lance
5. Balloon reducer	AR-40	TU26-05-196-74	Reduce argon vice to operating value
5. Balloon reducer	DKP-1-65	TU26-05-463-76	Reduce argon vice to operating value
6. Balon	40-150	GOST 949-73	Transporting and saving argon

______________________
1 Define any of the meaning types

2.1.3. The list of materials required for manual argon-arc welding with a tungsten electrode is listed in Table. 2.4.

Table 2.4.

Materials for manual argon-arc welding of aluminum

______________
1 It is allowed to be prepared from the output of graphite electrodes of arc furnaces or electrolyser blocks

2.1.4. Preparing tires before welding, in addition to straightening and sizing, must include:

processing of edges that are welded must be done using the same material to ensure the required dimensions of the cut according to GOST 23792-79;
drying the edges, which are boiled, because the stench is covered with moisture;
cleaning the edges that are boiled after using a steel wool brush and degreasing them with a common agent: gasoline or acetone;
If necessary, the edges that are being boiled are heated to 200-250°C, if the welding is cooked at a core temperature below 0°C.

For drying, as well as for warming up the edges of tires and profiles, you can use vikorstan gas heating pads or electric heating pads (GEN), which are produced for TU36-1837-75.
2.1.5. Preparation of cooking dart must include:

defatting and cleaning (mechanical or chemical) of the surface (addition 2);
cutting into rods for the necessary service.

2.1.6. When brewing, it is necessary to adhere to the latest technological recommendations:

The tungsten electrode is installed from the nozzle of the socket a little more, less than 5 mm;
starting with welding, create an arc on the graphite plate, heat up the tungsten electrode and then transfer the arc to the edges of the tires without sticking with their electrode;
Before the welding process begins to melt, do not push the tungsten electrode into the metal, so as not to cause the stability of the welding process to be damaged, the seam becomes clogged and the electrode wears out;
support the arch of the arch more than 10 mm;
When finishing welding, after cutting off the arc for a few seconds, do not bring the pin near the end of the seam, using a jet to protect the metal that reaches the argon;
When boiling in the open air, protect the place from the wind and fallout with screens, awnings, etc., and also, if necessary, increase the argon exposure of the tabletops to ensure effective protection against melting. metal

2.1.7. At the beginning of the welding process, it is necessary to heat the edges of the tires that are being welded, by moving the welding arc from one side to the other, then center the arc on the edge of the seam, melt the edges until the welding bath is created, and insert an additive rod into it. and begin to move the arc evenly between the stick and the melting fluid. The design diagram is shown in Fig. 2.2.

The modes and orientation of wastage of materials during welding are shown in the table. 2.5.

Small 2.2. Manual argon-arc welding with a tungsten electrode
a) cooking scheme; b) diagram of the electrode rotor under the hour of welding;
1 – welded seam; 2 - vest; 3 – electrode; 4 - additive rod.

Table 2.5.

Modes of manual argon-arc welding of aluminum

Tire weight, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum, A	Electrode diameter, mm		Vitrata per 100 mm seam
Tire weight, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum, A	Electrode diameter, mm		argon, l	additives, g
3	130-150	3	3	9	5,6
4	150-170	3	3	10	6
5	170-180	3	3	10	6,8
6	190-200	4	4	11,5	8,5
8	220-225	5	5	12	11-20
10	240-250	5	6	14	35
12	290-300	6	8	16	45

__________
* Zminny.

2.1.8. When welding in a vertical, horizontal or slab position to prevent the metal from getting stuck and forming the seam quickly, follow the following steps:

change the strength of the zvaryuvalny strum (by 10-20%);
increase the amount of argon used against the values indicated in the table. 2.5 to ensure effective seam protection;
The welding is done with rollers of a small cross-section, with a short arc;
When welding in a vertical or horizontal position, the cooking pad should be placed below the cooking bath.

Automatic argon-arc welding with an electrode to melt
2.1.9. For automatic welding of aluminum in argon, the following machines are available: PDI-304 and PDI-401 type, which are produced by industry, as well as the PZM-4 automatic machine, which is produced by the last plant of the Institute. that installation technology (NIKIMT)1, but without a welding jet. How to use welding rectifiers VDU-505, VDU-506, VDG-303 and others. To regulate the flow of argon during welding, install a balloon reducer, div. table 2.3.
________________
1 Automatic pump PRM-4, which is being manufactured by NIKIMT, is included in the package “Backpack mounting automatic pump PRM-4 with PV 400 attachment”, which is supplied by the Moscow Presledniy Plant of Electrical Installation Equipment (MOZET).

replace the steel spiral in the pilot hose with a straight channel for the steel welding rod, a tube made of fluoroplastic, teflon or polyamide, etc. from materials that ensure minimal abrasion during the passage of the aluminum shot;
perform mechanical processing of the furring parts, in the middle of which the welding drill passes, in such a way that the sharp edges are inserted in the places where the parts join and the sharp parts of the path;
prepare fluoroplastic bushings for introducing the aluminum shot into the feed mechanism into the lining hose, which turns on the shut-offs for feeding the shot;
Replace (if necessary) the rollers you are serving with smooth rollers.

2.1.11. The materials required for automatic argon-arc welding are listed in table. 2.4, however, instead of tungsten electrodes, it is necessary to use copper-graphite tips of the KTP-DGr9 brand according to TU 16-538.39-83, which are used in the welding pins as an element that transmits the welding jet on the electrode drіt.
Preparing tires before welding – follow clause 2.1.4.
2.1.12. Before curing, the brewer should be chemically cleaned (add. 2) and, in a position similar to the design of the machine, evenly, ball-and-roll reeled onto the reel, or directly in the reel, placed on the spinner of the feed mechanism.
2.1.13. For an hour of welding, the seams to be joined must be firmly secured with presses or short (@30 mm) welded seams - tacks.
2.1.14. When welding, the pin should be moved forward with even fluidity, so that the stream of argon flows straight ahead, ensuring reliable protection of the welding bath from the wind.
If it is necessary to cut off a larger seam width, it is necessary to pin another cross-section. The design diagram is shown in Fig. 2.3. The main cooking modes are given in the table. 2.6.

Table 2.6.

Filling modes of automatic argon-arc welding of aluminum

Rice. 2.3. Scheme of viconny for automatic brewing in different open spaces
a) lower; b) vertically; c) stelova
1 - animal coat; 2 – cast seam.

2.1.15 When welding rich ball joints, once a dark residue appears on the surface of the seam, remove the remaining trace with a plasterboard containing gasoline, or clean it with a metal brush. Only after this can you apply such balls of seams.
2.1.16. When welding in a vertical, horizontal or vertical position, in order to save the glass from the molten metal, it is necessary:

change the size of the food stream (by 10-20%);
carry out the welding in a short arc, placing rollers across a small cross-section;
When the metal overheats, which is visually evident from its heating, take short breaks from the robot (to cool the metal).

2.1.17. The welding is carried out with an open arc on a constant stream of direct polarity (minus the life jet - on the carbon electrode). To protect the weld metal from oxidation, it is necessary to apply flux. The method is characterized by a large volume of molten metal, which involves welding the parts in the lower position of the seam with retard moldings, which intersects the flow of the molten metal.
After boiling, excess flux must be removed.
2.1.18. For manual arc welding with a carbon electrode, select the welding station according to the diagram in Fig. 2.4. z possession, assigned to the table. 2.7.

Table 2.7

Installation for manual welding of aluminum with a carbon electrode

_________________
1 Vikoristovat be-yak from the meaning of types.

2.1.19. Materials required for welding are listed in table. 2.8.

Small 2.4. Diagram of a post for manual welding with a carbon electrode on a stationary jet
ІП – dzherelo zvaryuvalnogo struma; E – carbon electrode; Sh - shini, they are being cooked.

Table 2.8.

Materials for manual welding of aluminum with a carbon electrode

It is allowed to prepare rods by cutting from sheets or tires or by forging from metal tires.
It is allowed to manufacture electrodes (outputs) of electric arc furnaces (addendum 4).
It is allowed to prepare the output of graphite anodes, cathode blocks, and arc furnace electrodes.

2.1.20. Preparing tires before welding is done in the cut edges, which are boiled under a straight cut. The bevel of the edges should not be compromised, but must be sealed with linings that are formed from graphite, which will cross the surface of the molten metal.
2.1.21. Before welding, filler rods should be cleaned and degreased.
Before welding, it is necessary to apply VAMY flux to the edges of the tires and to the rods of the additive, diluted with water to a cream-like mass, or sprinkle it onto the edges in a powdery manner.
2.1.22. On the beginning of the welding trace, heat the edges, which are welded by the movement of the extended welding arc, then concentrate the arc on the edge of the seam, melt the edges of the tires until the welding bath is created and the change begins The formation of an arc between the edges that meet causes the fluidity of their melting. At the rear edge of the welding bath, it is necessary to insert a rod, which will smoothly and evenly stir the welding bath to remove oxides and slags.
2.1.23. Once the weld is finished, allow the metal to harden, and once the shrinkage hole is formed, restart the arc and melt the crater.
2.1.24. After welding is completed, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the seams to remove any slag, excess flux, or stains on the metal.
The layout of the Vikonanny is shown in Fig. 2.5.

Small 2.5. Scheme of welding with a carbon electrode
1 – tire; 2 - graphite lining; 3 - graphite block for molding the end of the seam; 4 - additive rod; 5 – carbon electrode; 6 – cooking bath; 7 – seam.

Table 2.9.

Modes of manual welding of aluminum with a carbon electrode

Tire weight, mm	Gap between tire edges, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum1, A	Diameter of filler rod2, mm	Vitrate per 100 mm seam, g
Tire weight, mm	Gap between tire edges, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum1, A	Diameter of filler rod2, mm	additives	flux YOU
3	-	150	5	9	1-2
4	-	200	5	10	2-3
5	-	200	5	18	3-5
6	-	250	8	25	4-6
8	-	300	10	35	5-8
10	-	350	12	46	7-10
12	-	400	12	57	9-12
15	-	450	15	80	11-13

The flow is steady, the polarity is straight.
Rods, cut from tires or sheets, are made of a square cut with a square side, which is equal to the diameter of the round rod indicated in the table.

Features of the technology for welding aluminum jet pipes of various profiles

Straight tires
The main types of welded straight-cut tires are presented in Fig. 2.6.
2.1.25. When welded in the installation area for molding the seams, the traces are frozen in a portable folding device that is secured directly on the tires that are welded (Fig. 2.7.).
2.1.26. When laying tires one by one, the joint joints, as a rule, bend, and when installing tire packages, overlaps, end joints and heels.

Small 2.6. Main weld joints of straight-cut tires
a) jointing the tires; b) meeting under the bush; c) welding of the galley to the tire; d) welding of the galley to the tire with an overlap; e) welding of the compensator to the tires; c) tire brand; g, h) welding of tires along the upper edges
1 – tire; 2 – cast seam; 3 – package of bunnies’ stitches.

Small 2.7. Portable device for welding tires during installation
a) for cooking using stick; b) for welding the galley
1 – tire; 2 - clamp; 3 – graphite bar; 4 - foundation base; 5 - retractable clamp; 6 – hydration.

2.1.27. The overlap and end connections are sealed for welding to single and multi-smooth busbars. With this, exercise can be rich in muscle mass and mothers, both less and less tired. The duty modes are installed for smaller tires.
When welding, it is necessary to install special devices that turn on the weaving of aluminum and ensure the ability to cut a welded seam of the required size (Fig. 2.8, 2.9).

Small 2.8. Welding of tires along the upper edges by automatic heating in argon
1 – tires; 2 - clamp; 3 - automatic rifle boot; 4 – welding seam.

Small 2.9. Sealing of tire packages along the upper edges (with a carbon electrode)
1 – tires; 2 - folding device; 3 - round molded inserts; 4 – additive; 5 – electrode.

2.1.28. When installing complete busbars (type ShMA, for example), the main assembly is carried out, connected to the prepared enlarged sections, the track is assembled in the masters of electrical installation blanks, and the busbars of the sections of the standard double, which are assembled with an overlap, are and join the welds along the upper and lower edges of the edging of the assembled unit (division 2.1, end connection) to improve its value during transportation and installation. According to the design instructions, the tire joints should be welded only on one side accessible for welding.
Profiles and pipes
2.1.29. For the production of jet ducts for various special purposes, in addition to straight-cut tires, a pressed aluminum pipe profile according to GOST 15176-89 E of the following types is used: channel, I-beam, oblique cut, round pipe ta in.
Applications of welded tires made from profiles and pipes are shown in Fig. 2.10 and 2.11.
2.1.30. The tire box parts are prepared by welding two channels, which are collected by the police from the middle, with the help of squeezes and gap clamps - cutting aluminum plates (Fig. 2.12); The depth of the welded seams is approximately 100 mm, the distance between the seams (crotch) is 1-2 m; The seams must be cut from both sides using automatic argon-arc welding.
2.1.31. The technological process for producing jet lines from profiles and pipes must follow the principle of welding the cutting profiles into a continuous thread, from which sections of the necessary supply are cut, o stand on the folded three-phase sections of the jet duct. The last section of the jet duct is determined by transportation and installation, as a rule, choosing a multiple of the distance between the supports or temperature compensators.
2.1.32. The plots for the preparation of jet ducts must be equipped with roller stands to make re-duffing and centering of the profiles easier; mechanical wrappers (edgings) to ensure welding in a manually positioned robot (addendum 6): rotary files, which allow cutting of the profile under a given cut, and other necessary mechanisms.

Small 2.10. Welded connections of jet lines with aluminum channels and dowels
a, k) sections of the jet line with a welded liner; b, m) stick connections; c, d, pro) with brands; d, p) cut connection; f, g, h, r, s, t) trimming with flat tires; m) compensators; j) end the profile with flat tires.
1 - channel; 2 – insert; 3 – seam; 4 – flat tire; 5 – compensator; 6 – I-beam.

Small 2.11. Welded tires from pipes
a) stick; b) Kutove; c) Tavrov; d, e, f) with straight-cut tires; g) tip, flattened end of the pipe; h) a tip made of a welded copper-aluminum plate; i) a compensator made of wires that is welded directly to the pipe; j) compensator made of wires welded to the flanges.
1 – pipe; 2 – cast seam; 3 – flat tire; 4 - copper-aluminum plate; 5 - compensator iz dart; 6 – flange.

Small 2.12. Welding a box bus from an aluminum channel
1 - channel; 2 – squeeze; 3 - seal of the brewing machine; 4-piece welded seam.

2.1.33. To facilitate the folding, centering and welding of the tires of the pressed sections of the jet ducts, seal the inserts or backing rings, which are prepared from aluminum wax with a thickness of 3-5 mm and a width of 50-80 mm. The insert (ring) can be attached to the tacks up to one end of the profile and, during the initial welding of the jointed profiles, serves as a forming lining that prevents scorching and percolation of the molten metal.
2.1.34. When welding a profile of “beaded dowels”, the welded seam should be placed just outside the outer perimeter of the profile. The stick of the internal walls of the profile may not be boiled.
2.1.35. In the jet ducts from the channel and the I-beam, to compensate for temperature changes, it is usually necessary to install bus compensators K52-K56 for TU36-14-82. The designs of welded jointed expansion joints with profiles are shown in Fig. 2.10.
The cross section of the compensator may complement the profile cut. The fragments of the compensator body are welded to only two sections of the profile, larger than the thickness of this section, before them from the outer side, first weld aluminum plates of the same section (Fig. 2.13).

Small 2.13. Welding expansion joints to the jet duct
1 - sections of the jet line; 2 – compensators; 3 – strips; 4 – cast seam.

When welding T-joints of pipes, the end of the adjoining (outer) pipe must be trimmed so that it is on the surface of the main pipe, or in the main pipe a hole must be drilled. the external diameter of the drainage pipe. For a large building, it is necessary to weld a couple of pipes around the perimeter. The welding modes are similar to the welding modes for pipes with a smaller wall thickness.
When welding the galley, use special devices to fix the position of the pipes during welding (Fig. 2.14), or carry out assembly using tacks. It is enough to press the straight-cut tires with a clamp for an hour (Fig. 2.15).
2.1.36. Compensators for pipe parts of jet lines must be made, as a rule, from aluminum non-insulated dart grade A according to GOST 839-80* E. For this purpose, according to the diameter of the pipe, cut the dart pieces with a length of 300- 600 mm.
Structurally, the compensators are formed by a way of fusion of the ends of the darts at the ring monolith (Fig. 2.11 i) or by a way of welding the darts to the flanges (Fig. 2.11k) with riveting seams.

Small 2.14. Device for collecting and welding T-joint pipes
1 - rocker; 2 – folding bar; 3 - bracket; 4 - screw screw; 5 – heels; 6 - pressure screw.

Small 2.15. Folded and welded straight tire with pipe
1 – pipe; 2 - clamp; 3 – straight tire.

To do this, open the flanges where the wires are inserted and welded. Flanges with welded wires must be welded to the pipes with welded seams. It is also possible to weld the flanges to the pipes behind, and then insert and weld the darts.

When preparing compensators without flanges, the moldings are collected in a pressed container (Fig. 2.16), which consists of an internal graphite mandrel and an outer clamping ring, in which welding of the wires is carried out in the Eltsev monolith, intended for further welding to pipes.
After welding, the compensator is bent into the required shape. On tubular tires, tire expansion joints made of aluminum stitches can also be installed. At this end, the pipes on which the flat compensator is welded become flattened. Welding of the tires is carried out in modes that correspond to the modes of welding of straight-cut tires.

Small 2.16. Device for fusing aluminum darts in a monolith
1 - internal graphite frame; 2 - hinge ring; 3 – hinge; 4 - aluminum shot; 5 – ram.

Welding of packages of strings and wire cores
2.1.37. Tire expansion joints produce fusion of the ends of the string packages into a monolith using argon-arc welding with an electrode, which melts or does not melt; It is also possible to weld it with a carbon electrode.
2.1.38. The welding of the compensator to a special device is shown in Fig. 2.17.
The modes and technology for welding the compensator and their welding to tires are similar to the modes for welding tires of general grade (div. Table 2.5, 2.6, 2.9). During the welding process, the mold must be melted to the top with molten metal. Before sealing, clean the bag strips, defrost them and dry them.

Small 2.17. Compensator welding
1 – welded seam; 2 – graphite insert; 3 - automatic rifle boot; 4 - device for cooking; 5 - package stitch; 6 – ancient monolith.

2.1.39. As a rule, the tires are to be welded to argon-arc welding devices. Welding with a carbon electrode is also allowed. Examples of welded connections between wires and tires are shown in Fig. 2.18.
Welding of wires from aluminum busbars should be done in the following order:

From the darts, remove insulation at least 60 mm;
if necessary, degrease the ends of the wires with acetone or gasoline;
Clean the tire and wires with a steel wire brush;
for additional support (Fig. 2.19, 2.20), take out the vuzol, which is boiled in such a way that the wires protrude above the bus by approximately 5 mm;
perform welding: when cutting wires from 16 to 95 mm2 with a flow of 100-160 A, when cutting wires from 120 to 240 mm2 - 150-220 A; The welding technology is the same as for welding tires;
After welding with a carbon electrode, carefully clean the welded joint to remove slag and excess flux.

Small 2.18 Welded joints with tires
a) stick while rotating the tire horizontally; b) electric rivet; c) overlap with vertical spreading of the tire; d) Kutove.
1 - tire, 2 - wire, 3 - welded seam, 4 - electric rivet

Small 2.19. Device for welding wires from a busbar installed on a flat surface
1 – hinged frame; 2 – copper insert; 3 - bracket; 4 – clamp handle; 5 – handle for carrying.

Small 2.20 Welding wires from a bus mounted on an edge
1 - darts; 2 – tire; 3 – pristosuvannya; 4 – graphite insert; 5 – welded seam; 6 - seal of the brewing machine; 7 - zvaryuvalny drіt.

Finishing of aluminum busbars with copper-aluminum plates
2.1.40. The modes and technology for welding copper-aluminum plates with tires up to 12 mm are similar to those shown in the table. 2.5, 2.6, 2.9. Cooling of the welded seam for contact welding is not required.

2.2. Welding of copper tires

Manual arc welding with carbon electrode
2.2.1. For manual arc welding of copper with a carbon electrode, use the same equipment used for welding aluminum (div. Table 2.7.).
2.2.2. For welding, the necessary materials are indicated in the table. 2.10.

Table 2.10.

Materials for manual arc welding of copper with a carbon electrode

It is allowed to freeze rods cut from copper tires or sheets.
It is allowed to manufacture electrodes (outputs) for electric arc furnaces (addition 4).

2.2.3. When welding tires from the middle of the track, use the same devices and tools as when welding tires from aluminum. Due to the high level of molten copper, it is necessary to carefully and reliably form the welded joints in order to prevent the metal from leaking during welding. Welding of copper tires and compensators must be carried out on carbon pads with a groove under the stick; Strengthen the ends of the seams with carbon strips.
2.2.4. Preparation of tires before welding (including straightening and cutting according to size) includes trimming the edges that are being welded, ensuring that the quality of materials complies with GOST 23792-79, cleaning the welded edges on the part is not less than 30 mm at both ends.
2.2.5. Before welding, the rods must be cleaned from fat and waste. If necessary, fold a bunch of rods (twist) at once.
2.2.6. The tires that are prepared before welding must be placed and secured in a dry place; apply a thin ball of flux to the edges that are being welded.
2.2.7. Beginning with boiling, heat the edges that are being boiled with an arc, moving the stick until solid droplets of molten copper appear in the arc zone; After heating the edges, focus the arc on the edge of the seam until the edges melt and a welding bath appears; Insert the additive rod into the rear edge of the welding bath (it is liable to melt due to heat). It is not recommended to fuse the additive in drops, introducing it into the arc, as this will lead to intense oxidation of the metal and repair of cracks in the seam. With the heated end of the rod near the flux, add flux to the welding bath.
Immediately after boiling, it is necessary to cool the seam sharply with water. Whenever possible, copper tires can be welded in one pass. The modes of preparation and waste of materials are shown in the table. 2.11.
2.2.8. The overlapped and corner joints of copper tires should be finished in the same way as aluminum ones.
When welding the helical seams, these joints of the tires must, if possible, be retouched with a “chownik”, because In this case, through a high layer of molten copper, the most suitable liquids are created to ensure the flammability of boiled meats (Fig. 2.21 a).
If it is impossible to weld the weld into the “chovnik”, then seal the Primus molded seam with carbon bars (Fig. 2.21b). In this case, in order to eliminate the lack of welding of the edges of the busbar, only the parts will melt after the melting of the busbar.

Small 2.21. Welding copper tires with overlap
a) rotating the tires with a “chovnik”; b) rotating the tires “flat”.
1, 2 – tires; 3 – welded seam; 4 – caramel block

The welding modes for lap tires are indicated in the table. 2.11.

Table 2.11.

Modes of manual welding of copper with a carbon electrode

Tire weight, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum, A1	Diameter of carbon electrode, mm	Diameter of filler rod, mm	Vitrate per 100 mm seam, g
Tire weight, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum, A1	Diameter of carbon electrode, mm	Diameter of filler rod, mm	additives	gumboil
3	150	12	4	29	1
4	180	12	4	35	2
5	220	12	6	65	3
6	260	15	6	105	4
8	320	15	8	150	5
10	400	20	8	210	7
12	500	20	10	290	9
20	1000	30	15	450	12

Straight polarity (minus the life force – on the carbon electrode).

Automatic arc welding in dry gas
2.2.9. This welding method is effective when connecting tires up to 10 mm. When brewing great events, front and back heat is necessary.
2.2.10. For automatic boiling of honey in a dry gas, as with welding of aluminum, the equipment indicated in paragraphs. 2.1.9, 2.1.10.
2.2.11. When boiling, the necessary materials are indicated in the table. 2.12.
2.2.12. Before the hour of preparing the tires before welding, their edges must be prepared in accordance with GOST 23792-79, cleaned and degreased to a width of at least 30 mm.
2.2.13. The electrode must be cleaned from the grease and waste and wound onto the cassette of the automatic machine.

Table 2.12

Materials for automatic argon-arc welding of media

It is allowed to be prepared from the output of graphite anodes and cathode blocks of electrolysers, as well as electrodes of arc furnaces.

2.2.14. After laying and securing the tires at the attached track, they are welded using a technology similar to the welding of aluminum tires (div. Fig. 2.22).

Small 2.22. Automatic welding of copper tires with dry gas
1 – tire; 2 - graphite molded lining; 3 - nozzle; 4 – seam; 5 - zvaryuvalny drit

Before welding tires over 10 mm, it is necessary to pre-heat the edges to a temperature of 600-800°C. To warm up the trace, use propane-oxygen or acetylene-oxygen mixture.
It is important to cool the mixture with water after boiling.
The modes of cooking and the orientation of consumption of materials are indicated in the table. 2.13.
2.2.15. Welding of single tires in vertical and horizontal positions is carried out with the help of an electrode with a diameter of 1.2 mm. For this type it is necessary to fix the tires in order to fix and warm them. Tires up to 4 mm are subject to welding without breaking edges; with a thickness of 5 mm and a more necessary one-sided bevel of the edges under a cut of 30 ° with a blunting of approximately 2 mm. The gap between the edges should not exceed 3 mm.
Tires must be heated to a temperature of 600°C before welding. The first pass must be cut with a “thread” seam; the stepping passages are with transverse piercings.
The cooking modes are indicated in Table 2.14.
After welding, cool the seam with water.

Table 2.13

Fueling modes of automatic argon-arc welding of medium

Tire weight, mm	Diameter of the cooking dart, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum1, A	Nozzle voltage, V	Vitrata per 100 mm seam
Tire weight, mm	Diameter of the cooking dart, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum1, A	Nozzle voltage, V	electrode dart, g	argon, l
3	1,2-1,6	240-280	37-39	20	10
4	1,2-1,6	280-320	38-40	24	11
5	1,4-1,8	320-360	39-41	33	12
6	1,4-1,8	360-400	40-42	47	14
7	1,6-2,0	400-440	41-43	64	15
8	1,8-2,0	440-480	42-44	84	17
9	2,0-2,5	480-520	43-45	106	18
10	2,0-2,5	520-560	44-46	130	20

Table 2.14

Vertical filling modes for automatic welding of copper tires

Constant flow, reverse polarity.

Plasma brewing
2.2.16. For plasma welding, install installations of the type UPS-301, UPS-503, as well as URPS-3M, which includes a living device, a control panel, a plasma torch and a water cooling system (URPS installation, chor.LE 10942, LenPEO NVO "Elektromontazh").
2.2.17. When brewing, the materials listed in the table are used. 2.12.
2.2.18. Before plasma welding, tires that are welded and filler rods must be prepared as in automatic welding.
2.2.19. Welded tires must be sealed in a dry place, which includes the flow of molten metal, as when welded with a carbon electrode.
2.2.20. Beginning with the welding, fire an additional arc, which is necessary for ionization of the interelectrode space, and, thereby, to alleviate the excitation of the main arc.
When the pin is brought from the ignited auxiliary arc to the tires, which are welded to a distance of about 10 mm, the main arc starts, which is used to melt the metal.
The technique of plasma welding is similar to the technique of manual argon-arc welding with a tungsten electrode: heat the tires, melt the edges, introduce an additive and move the welding bath along the edges. The design diagram is shown in Fig. 2.23.

Small 2.23. Scheme of manual plasma welding
1 - additive rod; 2 - plasma cover; 3 - tires that are cooked.

The modes of plasma cooking are indicated in the table. 2.15.

Table 2.15

Plasma cooking modes

Tire weight, mm	Gap between tire edges, mm	Zvaryuvalny strum, A	Nozzle voltage, V	Diameter of filler rod, mm
4	2	350-400	37-40	4
6	4	380-440	37-40	6
10	4	440-450	40-45	8
12,5	4	450-500	40-45	10
20	5	800	40-45	15

Notes:

Position the nozzle up to the virobus 10 mm.
Vitrate plasma gas (argon) 3-6 l/min.

Features of welding copper expansion joints
2.2.21. To ensure proper welding of the package for the entire garment, the lines of the compensator should be laid out evenly. Under the bottom and top stitches, it is necessary to place middle stitches 50 mm wide behind the same stitch to prevent melting of the outer stitches.
2.2.22. To protect against overheating, on the upper surface at a distance of 10 mm from the edge of the trace, place copper plates that conduct heat, 8-10 mm thick.
2.2.23. The modes for welding packages of stitches are similar to the modes for welding copper tires of the same type. The welding must be done in the same way as the welding of the tires butt with the same difference so that the arc is directed to the tire.

2.3. Welding of electrical components from various metals

2.3.1. The copper-aluminum trace is welded during the preparation of transition copper-aluminum plates and stick tips, contact welding melting with impact deposition on special contact stick machines.
The product may be prepared at electrical installation plants in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Adapter copper-aluminum plates (MA and MAP) are designed for welding to aluminum busbars in places where they are connected to the middle flat or strip terminals of electrical equipment and machines.
In these cases, the transition plates made of aluminum alloy AD31T1 type AP may become stuck.
2.3.2. The aluminum trace is welded from steel using arc welding, for example, when preparing steel-aluminum trolley strips and compensators; argon-arc heating, automatic or manual welding with a tungsten electrode (as well as manual welding with a carbon electrode) with front hot aluminum or galvanized steel parts.
Steel-aluminum parts (U1040 strips and U1008 trolley compensators, etc.) are intended for welded connection of aluminum conductors with steel, as well as steel conductors (trolleys) like myself. In this case, the steel part of the strips must be welded to the steel conductor with standard electrodes for welding steel, and the aluminum part - to the aluminum conductor - according to the appropriate instructions.

3. ROZBIRNI CONTACT SPOLUKI

3.1. Vikonannya technology

3.1.1. Assembled (bolted) contact connections depending on the material of the tires to be connected and the climatic factors of the external environment are divided into connections:

without stabilization features of electrical support;
From the methods of stabilization of the electrical support.

3.1.2. Contact busbars made from materials copper-copper, aluminum alloy - aluminum alloy, copper-steel, steel-steel for groups A and B, as well as from materials aluminum alloy - m Yes and aluminum alloy-steel for group A does not require stagnation of features stabilization of the electrical support. The connection is placed directly behind the additional steel fastening parts (Fig. 3.1 a).

Small 3.1. Divided contact connections
1 – bolt; 2 – nut; 3 – washer; 4 – tire (steel, copper, aluminum alloy); 5 - disk spring; 6 - washer from number. metal; 7 - bolt made of colored metal; 8 – colored metal nut; 9 – aluminum tire; 10 - aluminum tire with metal coating; 11 - copper-aluminum adapter plate; 12 - aluminum alloy plate.

3.1.3. Contact busbars made from aluminum-aluminum materials, aluminum alloy-aluminum for groups A and B, as well as from aluminum materials - copper and aluminum-stall or for group A, add the following support to one of the stabilization methods:

disc springs according to GOST 3057-79* (Fig. 3.1b);
fastening viruses from honey or alloy (Fig. 3.1c);
dry metal coatings according to GOST 9.306-85*, which are applied to the working surfaces of tires1 (Fig. 3.1d), - addendum 8;

_______________
* The curing of electrically conductive lubricants or other electrically conductive materials is allowed if the ability of their curing is confirmed by the results of testing according to GOST 17441-84 and is indicated in the standards and technical minds on specific There are many types of electrical devices.

transition copper-aluminum plates according to GOST 19357-81 (Fig. 3.1e);
transition plates made of aluminum alloy (Fig. 3.1e).

3.1.4. For group B, contact busbars made of aluminum alloy-copper materials, aluminum alloy-steel are finished as shown in Fig. 3.1d, f; From materials: aluminum-copper, aluminum-steel - as shown in Fig. 3.1b, c, d, f.
The working surfaces of the tires and plates are made of aluminum and aluminum alloy due to dry metal coating.
3.1.5. Aluminum alloy plates and aluminum parts of copper-aluminum plates are connected to aluminum tires by welding. The disjointed connections of the adapter plates with the middle busbars must be assembled using steel fasteners.
3.1.6. The size and diameter of the openings for connecting tires up to 120 mm wide are shown in the table. 3.1. The size of the opening diameter in the tires depends on the diameter of the bolts to be tightened:

3.1.7. Contact strips of tires with a width of 60 mm or more, which make two openings in a transverse row, are recommended to be finished with later cuts. The width of the cut should be no more than 5 mm according to the finishing method.

Table 3.1.

Dimensions, mm

Z'ednannya	Vidgaluzhennya	in³in1	d

		15	6,6
		20	9,0
		25	11
		30	11
		40	14
		50	18



		60	11
		80	14
		100	18
		120	18




		80	14
		100	18
		120	18

3.2. Preparation and collection of collected data

3.2.1. Preparation of tires for split connections consists of the following operations: making holes for bolts, processing contact surfaces and, if necessary, applying metal coating.
3.2.2. The dimensions and dimensions of the openings under the bolts are consistent with those specified in clause 3.1.6.
3.2.3. For mass production of tires, it is recommended to cut the openings on presses. Using this method, seal the PRU-1 press. One-hour cleaning of several openings can be done with the help of special devices. When removing openings from frozen stops and conductors, markings should not be carried out.
3.2.4. The number of bolts to connect the tire package must be selected from the table. 3.2. After folding and tightening the connection, the bolts will inevitably lose at least two threads of free thread.

Table 3.2.

Thickness of the tire package for the unit, mm			Bolt depth, mm
aluminum to aluminum	aluminum with copper or aluminum alloy tires	copper and steel	M6	M8	M10	M12	M16
-	4	4-6	16	20	20	-	-
4	6-7	7-10	-	20	25	30	-
5-10	8-10	11-15	-	25	30	35	-
11-12	12-15	16-20	-	-	35	40	-
13-17	16-20	21-25	-	-	40	45	50
18-22	21-25	26-30	-	-	45	50	55
23-27	26-30	31-35	-	-	50	55	60
28-32	31-35	36-40	-	-	55	60	65
33-37	36-40	41-45	-	-	60	65	70
38-42	41-45	46-50	-	-	65	70	75
43-47	46-50	51-55	-	-	70	75	80
48-52	51-55	56-60	-	-	75	80	85
53-57	56-60	61-65	-	-	80	85	90
58-62	61-65	66-70	-	-	-	90	95
63-67	66-70	71-75	-	-	-	95	100
68-72	71-75	76-81	-	-	-	100	105

3.2.5. The contact surfaces of the tires must be cleaned immediately: remove with gasoline, acetone or white spirit or canned oil; straighten and cut under the line on a tire milling bench (for the presence of dents, cavities and irregularities); Remove foreign deposits with a steel brush, a disk with carded tape, or a varnish file. It is recommended to carry out cleaning of tires in the workshops of electrical installation workpieces on the ZSh-120 workbench. When the aluminum is cleaned, it is not allowed to freeze the grinding wheels. Do not freeze files or steel brushes for one-hour processing of tires made of different materials.
3.2.6. To remove oxide deposits, clean the working surfaces. After finishing cleaning tires made of aluminum or aluminum alloy, neutral oil must be applied to their surface (Vaseline KVZ according to GOST 15975-70*, CIATIM-221 according to GOST 9433-80*, CIATIM-201 according to GOST 6 267-7 authorities). The recommended period between cleaning and oiling is no more than 1 year.
3.2.7. Methods and technology for applying metal coatings to the contact surfaces of tires are given in Appendix 8.
3.2.8. Surfaces that are susceptible to metallic dry coating should be washed before adding organic detergents (gasoline, white spirit, etc.).
The tinned copper grooves, designed to secure copper tires in loop clamps, must be washed with a tin and coated with a ball of neutral lubricant or other lubricants with similar properties). It is not possible to clean such grooves with an emery paper.
3.2.9. It is allowed to apply metal coating to the cuts of tires (plates), which are then welded to the tires during installation. The length of the cut of the tire (plate) that is to be coated must remain in place until the cut of which section is cut:

3.2.10. It is recommended to tighten the bolts of the contact connections using indicator wrenches to the torque shown in the table. 3.3.

Table 3.3.

3.2.11. In the absence of torque wrenches, tighten the contact connection bolts of copper, steel and aluminum alloy busbars using nut wrenches to normal hand strength (150-200 N). The connection of aluminum tires must first be compressed using a bolt tightening tool with a diameter of M12 and greater force by hand (about 400 N), then loosen the connection and suddenly tighten the bolts to normal force. For bolt diameters of 6-10 mm, the work of pressing is not noticeable.
The connection to the disc springs must be tightened in two steps. First tighten the bolt until the disk spring is completely compressed, then loosen the connection by turning the key at the collar 1/4 turn (90° at the cut) for M6-M12 bolts and 1/6 turn (60° at the cut) - for solving bolts .

4. TIRES WITH VICTORS

4.1. The installations of electrical devices, according to GOST 21242-75*, can be flat or studded. The dimensions of the symbols are shown in Appendix 9.
4.2. Welded busbars with leads made of the same metals must fit together with the inserts indicated in section 2.
The welded tires are made of aluminum and alloys with copper outputs and are then pressed together using a copper-aluminum transition plate.
4.3. Separated tires with flat crowns depend on the material of the hubs, tires and climatic factors of the external environment must be wound in one of the ways specified in paragraphs. 3.1.2-3.1.7.
4.4. For group A, the contact busbars are connected to the pin pins in the position of the busbar material and the value of the nominal strum is indicated by the marking:

for buses made of copper, steel and aluminum alloy - with steel nuts in the middle1 (Fig. 4.1 a);

_________________
1 In all cases, the nuts made of copper or brass are stuck together.

for tires made of aluminum with nominal strokes up to 630 A - without middle nuts from the middle of alloys according to GOST 5916-70* (Fig. 4.1, b); for a nominal flow rate greater than 630 A - with steel or copper nuts made from dry metal-coated working surfaces of the busbar (Fig. 4.1, c) or with the help of transition copper-aluminum plates according to GOST 19357-81* (Fig. 4.1, d) or adapter plates aluminum alloy (Fig. 4.1, bud).

4.5. For group B, contact-connected busbars with pin pins in position with the material of the busbars should be finished off:

tires with midi - without middle steel nuts (Fig. 4.1, a);
tires made of aluminum and aluminum alloy - with the help of adapter copper-aluminum plates according to GOST 19357-81* (Fig. 4.1, d) or adapter plates made of aluminum alloy (Fig. 4.1, e), in which case the adapter plates are made of aluminum alloy zahisne metalopokrittya.

4.6. The dimensions of the tire openings correspond to the diameter of the pin terminal:

Pinout diameter, mm	6	8	10	12	16	20	24	30	36	42	48	56
Tire opening size, mm	6,6	9	11	14	18	22	26	33	39	45	52	62

Small 4.1. Connection with pin pins
1 - pinned pin (copper, brass); 2 – nut (st); 3 – tire (copper, steel, aluminum alloy); 4 – nut (copper, brass); 5 – tire (aluminum alloy); 6 – metal-crete tire; 7 - copper-aluminum adapter plate; 8 - copper-aluminum adapter plate; 8 – aluminum alloy plate.

5. CONNECTION OF BANDY TIRES BETWEEN THESELF AND WITH THE VICTORS AT HIGH-SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION DIRECTIONS

5.1. Connection and installation on copper, steel, aluminum and steel-aluminum rubber tires of closed separate devices followed by pressing, pressing, using loops or screws them bolt clamps. The galling of aluminum and steel-aluminum tires must be subjected to propane-oxygen welding. The finished parts are sealed with hardware clamps, which are connected to the tire by pressing, bolts or welding. The technology of compressed and welded tires is outlined in the instructions.

5.2. Bolt loops and rubber clamps are made for aluminum and steel-aluminum tires - from aluminum alloys, for copper - from brass, for steel - from steel (Fig. 5. 1, 5.2).
For a bolt clamp loop designed to connect copper busbars to aluminum ones, the copper grooves must be soldered in at the manufacturing plant.

5.3. Bolt hardware clamps are secured for tightening the tires using an additional die (Fig. 5.3). For copper busbars, their tracks are made from brass, for aluminum busbars – from aluminum alloys.

Small 5.1. Zatiskach loop
1 - the strip is clamped; 2 - pressure; 3 – bolt; 4 – nut; 5 - spring washer.

Small 5.2. Zapizkach vіdpovidalny
1 - base; 2 - pressure; 3 – bolt; 4 – nut; 5 - spring washer.

Small 5.3. Hardware bolt clamps
a - for connecting to the terminal terminal and flat, so that there is one opening. b, c - to reach the flat pins, so you can open them two times.

The design of hardware clamps, intended for aluminum busbars, involves the transfer of transition copper plates, which are secured to the body by soldering or welding. These plates ensure short contact when connecting the aluminum hardware clamp to the front end of the device or to aluminum leads, clad or reinforced media.
If the aluminum clamp is connected to the aluminum bolts or welds, the middle plates will be removed.
The hardware clamps must be opened one, two, or even open to connect to the device outputs or tires.

5.4. Hardware clamps that have one hole with a diameter of 14.5 mm in the jaw are allowed to be drilled with a pin diameter, but not more than 30 mm.

5.5. Seal the tires in the clamp in the following order:

place the tire at the outer groove of the sealer (when installing transition sealers from the middle onto aluminum, the copper tire must roll against the tinned copper groove, and the aluminum - against the aluminum);
insert the dies;
cover the cut part of the bolts with AMC-1 grade lubricant, preventing it from being scratched on the contact surface;
tighten the bolts.

The tightening of the bolts with nuts must be carried out so that all parts of the clamp are subject to the same pressure upon contact. After fully tightening the bolts between the dies, a gap of 3-4 mm may be lost. The proximity of the dies against the back indicates that the dimensions of the grooves do not correspond to the given tire and the necessary pressure on the contact is not safe. Such clamps facilitate replacement.

5.6. Completion of flexible tires with hardware clamps for connection with flat terminals of the devices is carried out in a continuous manner until the design of the terminal.

5.7. The connection of bent tires, finally with hardware clamps, with the flat crowns of the hardware is required to fit directly in the middle.

5.8. Connection of flexible tires, compressed by hardware clamps, with the pinned pins of the hardware;

copper ones, terminated with a hardware clamp with one opening, with a diameter of up to 28 mm - without a center; with a diameter of more than 28 mm – through the middle strips;
copper ones, terminated with hardware clamps from two sides and with several openings - through the copper strips;
aluminum and steel-aluminium, terminated with hardware clamps, - through copper strips.

6. CONTROL OF CONTACT SPOKES

6.1. Baiting rules

6.1.1. Verification of the traces is carried out during qualification, standard, periodic and primary testing of electrical devices in accordance with GOST 17441-84.
6.1.2. All types of verification and sampling procedures during qualifying testing are indicated in the table. 6.1.
6.1.3. Z'ednannya, scho did not vitrify vitrivannya one by one. 1-7 tables 6.1, it is necessary to repeat testing of this item on a sub-number of samples, in which case the results of repeated testing are residual.
6.1.4. Types of verification and sampling procedures during standard testing of products will be sufficient to verify these characteristics of the parts, which may change as a result of changes in design, material or manufacturing technology.
6.1.5. When testing the trace periodically, complete the checks in paragraphs. 1, 4, 5 tables. 6.1. Periodic testing may be carried out, usually once every two days.
6.1.6. In case of initial testing of the traces, check the verifications for paragraphs. 1 and 4 tables 6.1. The selection procedure is due to the establishment of standards and technical minds on specific types of electrical devices; For the number of such inserts, the selection fee may be 0.5% (or not less than 3 pieces) of one standard size, which are submitted simultaneously for one document. The selection must comply with GOST 18321-73.

Table 6.1.

Name of verification	Items		Number of words, not less	Note
	technical assistance	testing methods
	These instructions
1. Checking the type of support before the design	1.4; 1.5.1; 1.5.2; 1.6.7; 1.6.8	6.2.1...6.2.4	16	An hour of verification for steps 1-7
2. Testing the injection of climate change officials in Dovkyllia	1.5.8 1.6.9	6.2.5	3	After checking for point 1
3. Testing for injecting static axial positioning	1.5.3 1.6.1	6.2.6	3	After checking for point 1
4. Design of the cob electrical support	1.5.4, 1.6.2, 1.6.3	6.2.7	10	After checking for point 1
5. Testing for heating with a nominal (long-term acceptable) steam	1.5.6 1.6.5	6.2.8	10	After checking for step 4
6. Accelerated testing of the cyclic heating mode	1.5.5 1.6.4	6.2.9	7	After checking for point 5
7. Testing for resistance to cutting jets	1.5.5, 1.6.4, 1.5.7, 1.6.6	6.2.10	3	After checking for point 5

6.2. Methods of testing

6.2.1. When installing contact connections, try to control their compliance with GOST 10434-82*, specifications for specific types of electrical devices, or with the help of these instructions.
6.2.2. p align="justify"> For flat split connections, it is necessary to control the strength of the contact surfaces. The connection can be made in such a way that it is visible from the test, if the probe with a thickness of 0.03 mm does not enter the groove for receiving the jet-conducting parts in the area enclosed by the perimeter of the washer or nut (Fig. 6.1). Due to the presence of washers of different diameters, this zone should be measured by the diameter of the smaller washer. For tight joints, a total of two sections must be inserted into a probe with a thickness of 0.03 mm at the junction between the surfaces of the conductors, which turns out to be not necessary to exceed 25% of the overlap perimeter.

Small 6.1. Controls the strength of contact surfaces

The permissible depth of entry of a probe with a thickness of 0.03 mm is old

6.2.3. For unassembled joints that are pressed, it is necessary to control the geometric dimensions of the pressed part for compliance in accordance with clause 1.5.2. (Fig. 6.2).

Small 6.2. Monitoring elements of crimp connections

6.2.4. For welded or soldered joints, it is necessary to control the presence of cracks, tears, unfused craters and the type of welded seams in accordance with clause 1.5.1.
6.2.5. Testing for the influx of climatic factors in Dovkilla must be carried out to ensure compliance with the requirements of clause 1.5.8. The connections can be respected in such a way that they have been tested, if visual inspection on their contact surfaces will not reveal corrosion pits that will interfere with operation, and if the electrical support has grown after testing uvannya does not override the meaning established in paragraphs. 1.5.5, 1.6.4.
6.2.6. Testing for the injection of axial alignment for welded joints should be carried out in accordance with GOST 6996-66* on standard joints or joints; testing of soldered, crimped and disassembled connections - according to GOST 1497-84*.
The importance of the track connection is assessed by leveling the static axle alignments to align the entire tire.
The connection can be treated in such a way that the testing is visible, as the stench is visible from the static axes of vantagement specified in paragraphs. 1.5.3, 1.6.1.
6.2.7. The electrical support connected to the trace will remain at the distance between the points shown in Fig. 6.3.
The conductor support must be vibrated on the control support (the whole section of the conductor, which is equal to 1 connection).
The vibration should be carried out using probes with sharp heads, which will dissolve the oxide melt. The reference (voltage drop) connection must be measured using a voltmeter-ammeter method on a constant current, a microohmmeter or a suspended bridge with various electrical devices with an accuracy class of not less than 0.5.
The connection of the tire tracks must be measured using the voltmeter-ammeter method.

Small 6.3. Points of support
a - bolted tire connection; b - tire alignment (bolt connection); - tire connection with a flat crown; g - welding (tire fitting); d - zvarne z'ednannya; e - connection of tires; g - cordless tire; h - finishing of the rubber tire; that is the connection of the tire with a bendy drive.

Extinguishing is carried out at an average temperature of 20°±10°C.
When determining the support using the voltmeter-ammeter method, it is recommended to take no more than 0.3 of the nominal conductor strum. The connection can be taken into account in such a way that the testing has been observed, as long as the middle support of the sample satisfies the vimogam of pp. 1.5.4, 1.6.2 and 1.6.3.
6.2.8. Testing for heating with a nominal steam follows the connections that have been verified under clause 6.2.7. Stop heating with a steady or variable steam. In accordance with the standards and technical standards for specific types of electrical devices, the values of the nominal flow rate are tested on a test flow, the value specified in GOST 17441-84.
Methods of testing - according to GOST 2933-83*. Linear contact connections are collected from the next line. The majority of tires that connect the contact connections are no less responsible for:
with an area of overcut up to 120 mm2 inclusive – 2 m, with an area of overcut over 120 mm2 – 3 m.
The connection can be considered in such a way that the testing was observed, since its temperature is determined by the upper operating value of the air temperature according to GOST 15543-70* (the average excess of temperature above the air temperature during testing plus the upper more than the value of the temperature in the upper air) there is no greater value, meaning at pp. 1.5.6, 1.6.5.
6.2.9. For rapid testing in the cyclic heating mode, follow the layouts of the contact connections that have been verified in clause 6.2.8. The maximum length of cutting tires for mock-ups is 250-300 mm. Accelerated testing involves alternating (cyclic) heating with a stream to 120±5°C and further cooling to a temperature of 25±10°C. The significant strum tested must be installed before the last step and the heating time must be set to 3-10 minutes. For faster testing, cooling by blowing is allowed.
The number of heating-cooling cycles is no less than 500.
During the testing process, periodically through the skin for 100 cycles, the electrical support is connected according to clause 6.2.7. This indicates the middle value of the sample support.
The connection can be taken into account in such a way that you have seen the testing, since the average value of the sample support after skin testing for 100 cycles at the same level with the average value of the sample support, tear off to the cob Testing confirms the benefits of paragraphs. 1.5.5, 1.6.4.
6.2.10. Testing for resistance to cutting jets is based on the connections that were tested in paragraph 6.2.8. Methods for testing the connection - according to GOST 2933-83* and GOST 687-78* E. The connection can be used in such a way that the test was observed, as the stench is consistent with paragraphs. 1.5.5, 1.6.4, 1.5.7 and 1.6.6 from the electrical support connection and heating temperature with a cutting jet.

7. SAFETY TECHNIQUES

7.1. When installing contact connections, follow the requirements of SNiP III-4-80. The contact connection can safely comply with GOST 12.2.007.0-75* and ensure the proper operation established by the “Rules for the technical operation of equipment of companions” and “Rules of technology safety precautions during the operation of electrical installations for companions”, approved by Derzhenergonaglyad 21 Breasts, 1984 r.

Addendum 1

Table A1.1

Terms defined in the Instructions

Term	Document that establishes the term	Viznachennya
Electrical device	GOST 18311-80*	A device at which time its operation must be carried out, transformed, transmitted, distributed or accumulated electrical energy.
Contact information	GOST 14312-79	Contact vuzol, which makes contact and does not separate
Diversified contact not connected	Those same ones	Contact connection, which can be disconnected without any damage. For example, screw, bolt, etc.
Non-contact connection	Those same ones	The contact connection cannot be disconnected without its destruction. For example, welded, soldered, riveted, etc.
Linear contact not connected	Those same ones	Contact connection of two or more conductors, power lines, cables, overhead power lines, external circuit breakers, alarms, protection, etc.
Cob electrical support of contact connection	Those same ones	Operation of contact connection, changes immediately after selection (before testing)
Hard aluminum alloy	Those same ones	Aluminum alloy with a time-bearing support with a strength of not less than 130 MPa (13 kgf/mm2)
Adapter plate	GOST 19357-81*	A jet-conducting part is intended for connecting jet-conducting busbars from different materials and connecting jet-carrying busbars from one material to the installation of electrical devices made from a different material.
Copper-aluminum plate	Those same ones	An adapter plate that is made up of copper and aluminum parts
Aluminum alloy plate	Those same ones	Adapter plate made of hard aluminum alloy
Grounding conductor	PUE-86	Conductor that connects the parts that are grounded, with grounding
Zero dry conductor	Those same ones	A conductor that connects the parts that are zeroed to the neutral of the electrical installation.
Abrasive pit	GOST 17325-79*	A method for one-hour removal of oxide melt from a metal surface by rubbing with solid metal or non-metal particles
Ludinnya zanurennyam molten solder	Those same ones	-
Piece electrode (coated electrode)	GOST 2601-84 *	An electrode coated with a mixture of resins deposited on the electrode to enhance ionization, to protect against the wasteful infusion of middle material and metallurgical processing of the welding bath.
Same materials	Those same ones	Materials with nominal electrochemical potentials that are close to the values
Various materials	Those same ones	Materials with different values of nominal electrochemical potentials

Addendum 2

Chemical processing of welding blast for aluminum and other alloys

For skimming and removal of oxide spit, place the slide on 0.5-1 minutes for etching in a bath with a 5% dose of sodium hydroxide of technical grade A according to GOST 2263-79*. The temperature is 60-70 °C.
After etching, the product must be rinsed in hot running water for 30-40 s. The product is lightened by 30-40 degrees of 15% nitric acid according to GOST 701-89E at room temperature (16-25°C).
Rinse the lightening in running water for 30-40 seconds and dry in a cabinet at a temperature of 100-150°C.
The waste must be stored in a hermetically sealed container in a dry place.
It is made from a chemically treated surface and wound onto bobbins mechanically in rows without kinks or gaps.
The coils with the shot are then placed in a polyethylene bag together with a control package of water-watered silica gel-indicator powder (GOST 8984-75*), which is sealed in water-bearing moisture in excess of less than 20% stretch 30 minutes after processing.
Facilities in which chemical processing of welding blast furnace is regularly prepared must comply with the requirements of the “Union Union Standards for the Technological Design of Machinery, Equipment and Metalworking. Shops of metal-pocrete", ONTP 05-86, approved by the Ministry of Automotive Industry on 03/05/86 in accordance with the DKNT SRSR and Derzhbud SRSR dated 12/30/85, 45-1246.

Addendum 3

Electrodotrimach for bulge electrode

carbon electrode;
dry screen;
dielectric handle;
welding cable.

Addendum 4

Electrodes made of graphite carbon fiber

Addendum 5

Brewing fluxes

Note.
Place the flux in glass containers that are hermetically sealed.

Addendum 6

Kantuvach of three-phase sections of jet ducts

different opinions;
rollers;
roller axes;
stands;
falling asleep;
police from undercovers.