- The designation is Cl (Chlorum);
- Period - III;
- Group - 17 (VIIa);
- Atomic mass - 35.4527;
- Atomic number - 17;
- Radius of an atom = 99 pm;
- Covalent radius = 102±4 pm;
- Rozpodil elektroniv - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5;
- melting point = 100.95 ° C;
- t boiling = -34.55 ° C;
- Electronegativity (according to Pauling/according to Alpred and Rochov) = 3.16/-;
- Oxidation level: +7, +6, +5, +4, +3, +1, 0, -1;
- Clearance (n.a.) \u003d 3.21 g / cm 3;
- Molar volume = 18.7 cm3/mol.
Chlorine in a clean look was first seen in the Swedish teachings of Karl Scheele in 1774. I named my own element element in 1811, when G. Devi uttered the name "chlorin", as it was not a problem, it was shortened to "chlorine" from the light hand of J. Gay-Lussac. The German doctrine of Johann Schweiger, having coined the name "halogen" for chlorine, used the term "halogen" to name the whole group of elements, up to which chlorine is included.
Chlorine is the widest halogen in earth's crust - part of chlorine is 0.025% of all atoms in earth's measles. Due to its high activity, chlorine does not appear in nature in a free way, but rather in a warehouse, with which chlorine "on the drum" with some element to enter into a reaction, modern science knows chlorine practically with the use of the periodic table.
The main mass of the Earth's chlorine is located near the salty waters of the Light Ocean (concentration 19 g/l). Of the minerals, chlorine is most repelled in galit, silvin, silvinit, bischofite, carnalite, kainite.
Chlorine plays an important role in the activity of nerve cells, as well as in the regulation of osmotic processes that occur in the body of humans and creatures. Also, chlorine enters the warehouse of the green speech of roslin - chlorophyll.
Natural chlorine is made up of the sum of two isotopes:
- 35Cl - 75.5%
- 37Cl - 24.5%
Mal. Budov atom to chlorine.
The electronic configuration of the chlorine atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 (div. The electronic structure of atoms). In the established chemical bonds with other elements, 5 electrons can take part, which are on the outer 3p-line + 2 electrons 3s equal (total 7 electrons), to which chlorine can take a step I am oxidized from +7 to -1. As bulo was designated higher, chlorine is a chemically active halogen.
Physical power of chlorine:
- for n.s. chlorine - bran gas of yellow-green color with a pungent odor;
- chlorine is 2.5 times more important per repeat;
- for n.s. 1 liter of water contains 2.5 volumes of chlorine - this difference is called chlorine water.
Chemical dominance of chlorine
Interactions with chlorine simple speeches(Cl acts as a strong oxidizing agent):
- with water (the reaction proceeds only because of the presence of light): Cl 2 + H 2 \u003d 2HCl
- with metals with solutions of chlorides: Cl 2 0 +2Na 0 \u003d 2Na +1 Cl -1 3Cl 2 0 +2Fe 0 \u003d 2Fe +3 Cl 3 -1
- with non-metals, less electronegative, lower chlorine: Cl 2 0 + S 0 \u003d S +2 Cl 2 -1 3Cl 2 0 + 2P 0 \u003d 2P +3 Cl 3 -1
- with nitrogen and oxidize chlorine does not react without a hitch.
Interactions with chlorine collapsible speeches:
One of the most common reactions to chlorine with collapsible speeches and the interaction of chlorine with water - who lives in the great city, singsongly, periodically sticks out of the situation, if, when you turn on the faucet with water, you see the persistent smell of chlorine y, after what is rich, someone is narcissing, talking, I’m chlorinating the water again . . Water chlorination is one of the main ways to prevent contamination from non-negligible micro-organisms that are not safe for healthy people. Why so vіdbuvaetsya? Let's consider the reaction of chlorine with water, as it proceeds in two stages:
- At the first stage, two acids are dissolved: hydrochloric and hypochlorous: Cl 2 0 + H 2 O ↔ HCl -1 + HCl + 1 O
- At another stage, chloric acid decomposes with the appearance of atomic sour, which oxidizes water (driving in microorganisms) + oxidizes tissue, stuffed with organic barnocks, so that they are immersed in chlorine water: HClO \u003d HCl + [O] - reaction I'm going to the light
W acids chlorine does not interact.
Interactions with chlorine understaffs:
- cold: Cl 2 0 + 2NaOH = NaCl -1 + NaCl +1 O + H 2 O
- when heated: 3Cl 2 0 +6KOH = 5KCl -1 +KCl +5 O 3 +3H 2 O
- with metal bromides: Cl 3 + 2KBr = 2KCl + Br 2 ↓
- with metal iodides: Cl 2 + 2KI \u003d 2KCl + I 2 ↓
- chlorine does not react with metal fluorides, due to its higher oxide build-up, lower in chlorine.
Chlorine "wanted" to enter the reaction with organic speech:
Cl 2 +CH 4 → CH 3 Cl+HCl Cl 2 + C 6 H 6 → C 6 H 5 Cl+HCl
As a result of the first reaction with methane, which flows through the light, methyl chloride and hydrochloric acid are dissolved. As a result of another reaction with benzene, as it proceeds in the presence of a catalyst (AlCl 3), chlorobenzene and hydrochloric acid are dissolved.
- Rivnyannia oxide-water reactions to chlorine (electron balance method).
- Equalization of oxide-water reactions to chlorine (method of napіvreaktsіy).
Obsession with chlorine
Let's use the method of chlorine to eliminate the water difference by electrolysis (chlorine is seen on the anode; on the cathode - water) or sodium chloride melt (chlorine is seen on the anode; on the cathode - sodium):
2NaCl + 2H 2 O → Cl 2 + H 2 + 2NaOH 2NaCl → Cl 2 + 2Na
In the laboratory, chlorine is removed from the concentrations of HCl of various oxidizing agents when heated. In the role of oxidizing agents, manganese oxide, potassium permanganate, bertholite strength can act:
4HCl -1 + Mn +4 O 2 \u003d Mn +2 Cl 2 + Cl 2 0 + 2H 2 O 2KMn +7 O 4 + 16HCl -1 \u003d 2KCl + 2Mn +2 Cl 2 + 5Cl 2 0 + 8H 2 O KCl + 5 O 3 + 6HCl -1 = KCl + 3Cl 2 0 + 3H 2 O
Chlorine infusion:
- vіdbіlyuvannya fabric and paper;
- water infection;
- plastic manufacturing;
- the production of chlorine vaping, chloroform, otrutochemicals, mild chemicals, rubbers;
- synthesis of chlorine water from hydrochloric acid.
(behind Pauling)
/cm³
Chlorine (χλωρός - Zeleny) - an element of the head subgroup of the somo group, the third period of the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendelev, with atomic number 17. It is denoted by the symbol Cl (lat. Chlorum). Chemically active non-metal. To enter the group of halogens (on the back I called the halogen Vikoristov in the German chemist Schweiger for chlorine [literally, the halogen is translated as a saline], but it did not take root, and it became a bad year for the VII group of elements, and chlorine was included in the yaku).
Simple speech chlorine (CAS-number: 7782-50-5) for normal urine is a brittle gas with a yellowish-green color, with a pungent odor. The chlorine molecule is diatomic (formula Cl2).
Chlorine atom diagram
First, chlorine was removed from 1772. Scheele, who described his vision of the interaction of pyrolusite with hydrochloric acid in his treatise on pyrolusite:
4HCl + MnO 2 \u003d Cl 2 + MnCl 2 + 2H 2 O
Scheele recognized the smell of chlorine, similar to the smell of the royal burner, this building is mutually modified with gold and cinnamon, as well as yogo influencing power.
Prote Scheele, apparently to the theory of phlogiston, that he was panuvala in chemistry at that time, admitting that chlorine is dephlogistic hydrochloric acid, that is hydrochloric acid oxide. Berthollet and Lavoisier admitted that chlorine was mixed with the oxide of the element muria, and the samples of his vision were unsuccessful right up to the work of the Virgin, which electrolyz was able to put the kitchen power on sodium and chlorine.
Widening in nature
In nature, there are two isotopes of chlorine 35 Cl and 37 Cl. In the earth's crust, chlorine is the widest halogen. Chlorine is even more active wine without intermediary zadnuetsya mayzhe z usima elements of the periodic system. Therefore, in nature, wines grow only in the sight of warehouses of minerals: halite NaCI, sylvite KCl, sylvite KCl NaCl, bischofite MgCl 2 6H2O, carnalite KCl MgCl 2 6H 2 O, caine KCl MgSO 4 · 3H 2 . The largest reserves of chlorine are located at the warehouses of salts in the waters of the seas and oceans.
Before chlorine falls 0.025% of the total number of atoms in the earth's measles, the Clarke number of chlorine is 0.19%, and the human body has 0.25% of ions in chlorine behind the mass. In the organism of humans and creatures, chlorine is located mainly in intercellular tissues (including in the blood) and plays an important role in the regulation of osmotic processes, as well as in processes associated with the work of nerve cells.
Isotope warehouse
In nature, there are 2 stable isotopes of chlorine: with a mass number of 35 and 37. Parts of them together are normally 75.78% and 24.22%.
| isotope | Visible mass, a. | The period of collapse | Decay type | nuclear spin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 35Cl | 34.968852721 | Stable | — | 3/2 |
| 36Cl | 35.9683069 | 301000 years | β decay at 36 Ar | 0 |
| 37Cl | 36.96590262 | Stable | — | 3/2 |
| 38Cl | 37.9680106 | 37.2 hwilini | β decay at 38 Ar | 2 |
| 39Cl | 38.968009 | 55.6 hwilini | β decay at 39 Ar | 3/2 |
| 40Cl | 39.97042 | 1.38 hwilini | β decay at 40 Ar | 2 |
| 41Cl | 40.9707 | 34 c | β decay at 41 Ar | |
| 42Cl | 41.9732 | 46.8 s | β decay at 42 Ar | |
| 43Cl | 42.9742 | 3.3 s | β decay at 43 Ar |
Physical and physical and chemical powers
For normal minds, chlorine is a yellow-green gas with a suffocating smell. Acts of physical power are presented in the tables.
Acts of physical power of chlorine
| power | Value |
|---|---|
| Boiling temperature | -34°C |
| Melting point | -101°C |
| Unfolding temperature (Dissociation into atoms) |
~1400°С |
| Power (gas, n.o.) | 3.214 g/l |
| Spority to the electron of the atom | 3.65 eV |
| First energy of ionization | 12.97 eV |
| Thermal capacity (298 K, gas) | 34.94 (J/mol K) |
| Critical temperature | 144°C |
| Critical Vice | 76 atm |
| Standard lighting enthalpy (298 K, gas) | 0 (kJ/mol) |
| Standard entropy of light (298 K, gas) | 222.9 (J/mol K) |
| Enthalpy of melting | 6.406 (kJ/mol) |
| Enthalpy of boiling | 20.41 (kJ/mol) |
When cooled, chlorine transforms to the motherland at temperatures close to 239 K, and then below 113 K, it crystallizes into an orthorhombic lattice with a space group cmca i parameters a = 6.29 b = 4.50 c = 8.21 . Below 100 K, the orthorhombic modification of crystalline chlorine passes from the tetragonal, as it can be spacious group P4 2/ncm and lattice parameters a = 8.56 and c = 6.12.
rozchinnist
| Retailer | Size g/100 g |
|---|---|
| Benzene | Rozchinimo |
| Water (0 °C) | 1,48 |
| Water (20°C) | 0,96 |
| Water (25°C) | 0,65 |
| Water (40°C) | 0,46 |
| Water (60°C) | 0,38 |
| Water (80°C) | 0,22 |
| Carbon tetrachloride (0 °C) | 31,4 |
| Carbon tetrachloride (19 °C) | 17,61 |
| Carbon tetrachloride (40 °C) | 11 |
| Chloroform | Dobre retail |
| TiCl 4 , SiCl 4 , SnCl 4 | Rozchinimo |
In the light or under an hour of heating, it actively reacts (with vibration) with water by a radical mechanism. Sumish chlorine with water, which can be washed from 5.8 to 88.3% water, swell when tested with chlorine water. Sumish chlorine with water at low concentrations to burn with barless or yellow-green half-lights. The maximum temperature of the water-chlorine half-moon is 2200 °C.
Cl 2 + H 2 → 2HCl 5Cl 2 + 2P → 2PCl 5 2S + Cl 2 → S 2 Cl 2 Cl 2 + 3F 2 (ex.) → 2ClF 3
Other powers
Cl 2 + CO → COCl 2In case of variability in water aboluges, chlorine dismutation, dissolving chlorinated (and when heated chlorine) and hydrochloric acid and or both salts:
Cl 2 + H 2 O → HCl + HClO 3Cl 2 + 6NaOH → 5NaCl + NaClO 3 + 3H 2 O Cl 2 + Ca(OH) 2 → CaCl(OCl) + H 2 O 4NH 3 + 3Cl 2 → NCl 3 + 3NH 4Cl
Oxidizing power of chlorine
Cl 2 + H 2 S → 2HCl + SReactions with organic speeches
CH 3 -CH 3 + Cl 2 → C 2 H 6-x Cl x + HClArrive until the last few days for multiple calls:
CH 2 \u003d CH 2 + Cl 2 → Cl-CH 2 -CH 2 -Cl
Aromatic halfs replace the atom of water with chlorine in the presence of catalysts (for example, AlCl 3 or FeCl 3):
C 6 H 6 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 Cl + HCl
Chlorine
Promislovi methods
A few words about the method of keeping chlorine primed on the Scheele method, so that the reaction of pyrolusite with hydrochloric acid:
MnO 2 + 4HCl → MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O 2NaCl + 2H 2 Pro → H 2 + Cl 2 + 2NaOH Anode: 2Cl - - 2e - → Cl 2 0 Cathode: 2H 2 O + 2e - → H 2 + 2OH-
Since, in parallel with the electrolysis of sodium chloride, the process of electrolysis of water is carried out, then in total it is possible to counter the attack with an offensive rank:
1.80 NaCl + 0.50 H 2 O → 1.00 Cl 2 + 1.10 NaOH + 0.03 H 2
There are three variants of the electrochemical method of chlorine retention. Two of them are electrolysis with a solid cathode: diaphragm and membrane methods, the third is electrolysis with a rare cathode (mercury vibrating method). In a number of electrochemical methods, the easiest and most manual way of vibrating is electrolysis with a mercury cathode, but the method is responsible for a significant error in the superfluous medium after evaporation of the coils of metal mercury.
Diaphragm method with solid cathode
The empty electric heater is divided by a porous asbestos partition - a diaphragm - into the cathode and anode space, deviantly arranging the cathode and the anode of the electric heater. Therefore, such an electrolyzer is often called diaphragm electrolysis, and the method is called diaphragm electrolysis. In the anode chamber of the diaphragm electrolyzer, there is a constant flow of rich anolyte (NaCl grade). Through the electrochemical process, chlorine is seen on the anode chamber of the chamber, and water is visible in the cathode of the chamber. In this case, the near-cathode zone is enriched with sodium hydroxide.
Membrane method with solid cathode
Membrane method in essence, similar to the diaphragm method, ale anode and cathode expanses of separation by a cation-exchange polymer membrane. Membrane method is efficient, lower diaphragmatic, and more foldable at zastosuvanni.
Mercury method with a rare cathode
The process is carried out in an electric bath, as it is built up from an electric heater, distribution and a mercury pump, interconnected by communications. In the electric bath under the mercury pump, mercury circulates, passing through the electric heater and outlet. The cathode of the electrolyzer is the mercury flow. Anode - graphite or low wear. Together with mercury through the electrolyzer, the anolyte, similar to sodium chloride, flows without interruption. As a result of the electrochemical expansion of chloride, chlorine molecules dissolve on the anode, and sodium, as seen, dissolves in mercury, dissolving an amalgam on the cathode.
Laboratory methods
In laboratories for the maintenance of chlorine, vicorist processes are used, based on the oxidation of chlorine water with strong oxidizing agents (for example, manganese (IV) oxide, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate):
2KMnO 4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 5Cl 2 +8H 2 O K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 14HCl → 3Cl 2 + 2KCl + 2CrCl 3 + 7H 2 O
Saving chlorine
Chlorine, which vibrates, is stored in special "tanks" or pumped into a steel cylinder of a high vise. Balonies with rare chlorine under the pressure can be specially infested - marsh colors. It should be noted that in the course of three-time operation of balloons with chlorine, they accumulate suprabolically vibukhovy trichloride nitrogen, and that hour, at the same time, the balloons with chlorine undergo planned washing and cleaning with nitrogen chloride.
Standards for chlorine
Zgіdno z GOST 6718-93 “Chlorine rare. Technіchnі umovi "viroblyayutsya such varieties of chlorine
Zastosuvannya
Chlorine zastosovuyut at rich galuzahs of industry, science and butovyh needs:
- In the production of polyvinyl chloride, plastics, synthetic rubber, for which they produce: insulation for wires, fiberglass profile, packaging materials, clothing and zuttya, linoleum and gramoplating, varnishes, equipment and foam plastics, toys, accessories details , Polyvinyl chloride is viable for polymerization of vinyl chloride, which is most common today remove the ethylene with the chlorine balance method through the intermediate 1,2-dichloroethane.
- Influencing the power of chlorine in the house from long ago, although not chlorine itself "reduces", but atomic acid, which is dissolved in the decay of hypochlorous acid: Cl 2 + H 2 O → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O .. paper , cardboard vikoristovuєtsya vzhe kіlka stolіt.
- Variety of organochlorine insecticides - rechovins, which are used to drive in seedlings for planting in clods, but safe for growing plants. On otrimannya zabiv zahistu roslyn stained significant part of the chlorine that vibrates. One of the most important insecticides is hexachlorocyclohexane (often called hexachlorane). The first speech was synthesized in 1825. Faraday, but practical zastosuvannya knew only after 100 years - in the 30s of our century.
- Vykoristovuvavsya like fighting bruise speech, and also for the production of other fighting bruise speeches: iprit, phosgene.
- For znezarazhennya drive - "chlorine bath". The largest expansion of the method of disinfection of drinking water; bases on the building of free chlorine and yogo can ignite the enzyme systems of microorganism that catalyze the oxide-water processes. For drinking water disinfection, use: chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and chlorine-free. SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 establishes such a boundary (corridor) of 0.3 - 0.5 mg/l of allowable excess chlorine in the drinking water of a centralized water supply. A number of scholars and politicians in Russia criticize the very concept of chlorination of tap water, but they cannot propagate alternatives to disinfectant aftershocks to chlorine. Materials, from which the plumbing pipes are made, interact differently with chlorinated plumbing water. Free chlorine in tap water is a very fast term for the service of pipelines based on polyolefins: polyethylene pipes of various types, including cross-linked polyethylene, great known as PEX (PEX, PE-X). In the United States, to control the admission of pipelines made of polymeric materials to vikoristannya in water pipes with chlorinated water, 3 standards were adopted: ASTM F2023 for pipes of membranes and skeletal m'yazyv. Qi channels perform important functions in the regulation of rіdini, transepithelial transport of ions and stabilization of membrane potentials, take part in the improvement of pH clitin. Chlorine accumulates in visceral tissues, skins and skeletal mucus. Chlorine is soaked up, most importantly, in the large intestine. Excretion and excretion of chlorine is closely associated with sodium ions and bicarbonates, less with mineralocorticoids and the activity of Na+/K+-ATP-ase. In clitins, 10-15% of total chlorine is accumulated, 1/3 to 1/2 - in erythrocytes. Close to 85% chlorine is taken from the outside space. Chlorine is excreted from the body mainly through the main section (90-95%), feces (4-8%) and through the skin (up to 2%). Excretion to chlorine is associated with sodium ions and potassium, and reciprocally with HCO 3 - (acid-lun balance).
Lyudina saves 5-10 g of NaCl per doba. The minimum human requirement for chlorine is about 800 mg per doba. It is impossible to remove the necessary amount of chlorine through mother's milk, in which 11 mmol / l of chlorine is removed. NaCl is necessary for the conversion of hydrochloric acid into the tube, as it will etch and reduce the pathogenic bacteria. In the present hour, the fate of chlorine in people who have fallen ill has been insufficiently good, with a head rank after a small amount of time. Dose to say that it is not possible to develop recommendations for the norms of supplementary chlorine. M'yazova tissue on people should be 0.20-0.52% chlorine, brush - 0.09%; in blood - 2.89 g / l. In the body of an average person (body weight 70 kg) 95 g of chlorine. Every day a person takes 3-6 g of chlorine, which exceeds the need for this element.
They are necessary for the life of the roslins. Chlorine takes part in the energy exchange in roslin, activating phosphorylation oxide. Vіn necessary to light the acid in the process of photosynthesis by isolating chloroplasts, stimulating additional processes of photosynthesis, let's think about it, as a result of accumulating energy. Chlorine positively adds sourness to roots, sour potassium, calcium, magnesium. Nadmirna concentration of ions in chlorine in roslins can cause a negative impact, for example, reduce instead of chlorophyll, change the activity of photosynthesis, trim the growth of roslins (baskunchak chlorine). Chlorine is one of the first chemical blasting speeches, vicarious
- For the help of analytical laboratory equipment, laboratory and industrial electrodes, zocrema: electrodes of ECr-10101, which are analyzed together with Cl- and K +.
Drink chlorine, we are known for chlorine drinks
Interaction, poisoning, water, reactions and obsession with chlorine
- oxide
- rozchin
- acids
- z'ednannya
- authority
- appointment
- dioxide
- formula
- masa
- active
- rare
- speech
- zastosuvannya
- diya
- oxidation stage
- hydroxide
Kuzbass State Technical University
course work
BJD subject
Characteristics of chlorine as an emergency-chemically unsafe speech
Kemerovo-2009
Entry
1. Characteristics of AHOV (before we see the heads)
2. Ways to prevent an accident, defend against AHOV
3. Manager
4. Rozrahunok khіmіchnoї conditions
Visnovok
Literature
Entry
In total, there are 3,300 economic facilities in Russia, which may have significant reserves of unsafe chemical speeches. Over 35% mayut stock chorus.
Chlorine (lat. Chlorum), Cl - chemical element of the VII group of the periodic system of Mendeliev, atomic number 17, atomic mass 35.453; be included in the halogen family.
Chlorine is also used for chlorine bath So oto rich ores with a method and a pull of titanium, niobіyu, zirconium and others.
Outbreak chlorine can be used in chemical, cellulose-paper, textile, pharmaceutical industries. Chlorine dries the mucous membranes of the eyes and wild ways. Before the first ignition changes, a secondary infection will come. Gostro otruєnnya develops mayzhe negainno. In case of inhalation of medium and low concentrations of chlorine, litter and pain in the chest, dry cough, accelerated breathlessness, diarrhea in the eyes, tearing, increased leukocytes in the blood, body temperature is thin. Possible bronchopneumonia, toxic swelling of the leg. In the legenias, the clothes rise in 3 - 7 deb. As in the future, there are signs of catarrh of the upper dychal paths, bronchitis, which recurs, pneumosclerosis; activization of tuberculosis is possible. With trivial inhalation of small concentrations of chlorine, analogous ones are observed, but forms of illness develop more and more. Prevention of germs, sealing of vibrations, possession, effective ventilation, if necessary, protection against gas. The maximum allowable concentration of chlorine according to the concentrations, application is 1 mg/m 3 . The elimination of chlorine, chlorine vaping and other conditions, which avenge chlorine, should be carried out to the viability of zі shkіdlivimi minds pracі.
The main industrial method is the maintenance of chlorine - electrolysis of concentrated NaCl (Fig. 96). At the same time, chlorine is seen on the anode (2Сl' - 2e - = Сl 2), and water is seen in the cathode space (2Н + 2e - = H 2) and dissolves NaOH.
With laboratory possession of chlorine, the sound is pitted with MnO 2 or KMnO 4 for hydrochloric acid:
MnO 2 + 4HCl = MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O
2KMnO 4 + 16HCl = 2KSl + 2MnCl 2 + 5Cl 2 + 8H 2 O
For its characteristic chemical function, chlorine is similar to fluorine - vin is also an active monovalent metaloid. However, the activity of yogo is less than that of fluorine. Therefore, the remaining building vitіsnyati chlorine іz spoluk.
Interaction of chlorine with water reaction H 2 + Cl 2 \u003d 2HCl + 44 kcal
in case of extreme minds, it flows in the right place, but when heated, the sum of gases or strong light (direct sleepy light, magnesium, which burns, etc.) the reaction is accompanied by vibration.
NaCl + H 2 SO 4 \u003d NaHSO 4 + HCl
NaCl + NaHSO 4 = Na 2 SO 4 + HCl
The first one often leaks even after normal minds and may be natsilo - with weak heating; another zdіysnyuєtsya less for more high temperatures. For carrying out the process of mechanical furnaces of great productivity.
Cl 2 + H 2 O \u003d Hcl + HOCl
Being unstoppable, HOCl is arbitrarily laid out to be born in such a wide variety. Salts of hypochlorous acid are called hypochlorous, or hypochlorites. HOCl itself and її salts are even strong oxidizers.
Domogtisya the simplest way to add to the reactionary sumish meadow. Shards in the world of the adoption of ions H are bound by ions of BIN "in the non-dissociated water molecule, equal to the right. Zastosovuyuchi, for example, NaOH may:
Cl 2 + H 2 Pro<–––>HOCl + HCl
HOCl + HCl + 2NaOH –––> NaOCl + NaCl + 2H 2 O
or in a flash:
Cl 2 + 2NaOH –––> NaOCl + NaCl + H 2 O
As a result of the interaction of chlorine with a rose meadow, the sum of salts of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acids comes out. Rozchin, which settles down (“zhav'yaleva water”) has a strong oxidizing power and is widely zastosovuetsya for the production of fabrics and paper.
1) HOCl \u003d HCl + O
2) 2HOCl \u003d H 2 O + Cl 2 O
3) 3HOCl \u003d 2HCl + HClO 3
All these processes of building work at once, and even if they are worthy, they lie in obvious minds. By changing the rest, you can achieve that which the transformation is practically aimed at one and the same straight.
Under the direction of direct sleepy light, the distribution of hypochlorous acid along the first of them. So it just flows out of the presence of speeches, which are easy to add sour, and such catalysts (for example, cobalt salts).
In case of decay of another type, chlorine oxide (Cl 2 Pro) is released. Tsya reaction goes in the presence of water-borne speeches (for example CaCl 2). Chlorine oxide is a vibukhovy brown-yellow gas (m.p. -121 ° C, bp. +2 ° C) with an odor similar to the smell of chlorine. With di Cl 2, HCl is dissolved in water, i.e. chlorine oxide is chloric anhydride.
The breakdown of HCl after the third type is especially easy when heated. To that diya chlorine on a hot spring meadow is expressed by total equals:
ZCl 2 + 6KOH \u003d KClO 3 + 5KCl + 3H 2 O
2KSlO 3 + H 2 C 2 O 4 \u003d K 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O + 2ClO 2
greenish-yellow dioxide is dissolved in chlorine (m. pl. - 59 ° C, bp. + 10 ° C). Vіlna ClO 2
Chlorine(Latin chlorum), cl, chemical element of group VII of Mendeliev's periodic system, atomic number 17, atomic mass 35.453; be brought to the family halogens. For normal drains (0°C, 0.1 MN/m 2 or 1 kgf/cm 2) yellow-green gas with a sharp, drastic smell. Natural H. is composed of two stable isotopes: 35 cl (75.77%) and 37 cl (24.23%). Individually taking away radioactive isotopes with mass numbers 32, 33, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40 and periods reversely ( t1/2) apparently 0.31; 2.5; 1.56 sik; 3 , 1? 10 5 years; 37.3, 55.5 and 1.4 hv. 36 cl and 38 cl vicorist yak isotope indicators.
Historical proof. H. taken forward in 1774 Before. Sheele interplay of hydrochloric acid with pyrolusite mno 2. However, less at 1810 p. Devi having established that chlorine is an element and calling it yogo chlorine (from the Greek chlor o s - yellow-green). In 1813 J. L. Gay Lussac uttering the name of X at which element.
The expansion of nature. Kh. The average amount of H. in the earth's crust (clarke) 1.7? 10 -2% for the mass, for acid rocks - granites and in. 2.4? 10-2 , in basic and ultrabasic 5 ? 10-3. The main role of the history of Kh. in the earth's crust is played by water migration. At the sight of the ion of cl wines, it is located near the Holy Ocean (1.93%), underground rossols and salt lakes. The number of high minerals (important natural chlorides) 97 . There are also great genera of chlorides in potassium and magnesium and mixed chlorides: sylvin kcl, sylvinite(na, k) ci, carnalite kci? mgcl 2? 6h2o, kainіt kci? mgso 4? 3h 2 o, bischofite mgci 2? 6h2o. In the history of the Earth, it is of great importance that there is little need to escape from the volcanic gases hcl near the upper part of the earth's crust.
Physical and chemical powers. H. maє t kip -34.05 ° С, t nl - 101°C. The density of gas-like H. for normal minds 3.214 g/l; wagered at 0°C 12.21 g/l; rare H. at boiling temperature 1.557 g/cm 3 ; solid cold at - 102°C 1.9 g/cm 3 . Tick of the calculated bet H. at 0°C 0.369; at 25°C 0.772; at 100°c 3.814 MN/m 2 otherwise 3.69; 7.72; 38.14 kgf/cm 2 . Heat of fusion 90.3 kJ/kg (21,5 cal/g); warmth of viparovuvannya 288 kJ/kg (68,8 cal/g); heat capacity of gas at constant pressure 0.48 kJ/(kg? Before) . Critical constant H.: temperature 144 ° c, vice 7.72 Mn/m 2 (77,2 kgf/cm 2) , strength 573 g/l, pitomy obsyag 1,745? 10-3 l/g. Razchinnist (in g/l) X. at a partial pressure of 0.1 Mn/m 2 , or 1 kgf/cm 2 , in water 14.8 (0°C), 5.8 (30°c), 2.8 (70°c); retail 300 g/l naci 1.42 (30°c), 0.64 (70°c). Below 9.6 ° C, in water distributions, hydrates of H. change warehouse cl? n h 2 o (de n = 6? 8); there are crystals of cubic syngonia, which are laid out when the temperature is raised to X. and water. X. is good in ticl 4, sic1 4, sncl 4 and other organic retailers (especially in hexane c 6 h 14 and chotirichloride coal ccl 4). The X. molecule is diatomic (cl 2). Thermal dissociation stage cl 2 + 243 kj u 2cl at 1000 Up to 2.07? 10 -40%, at 2500 K 0.909%. Outstanding electronic configuration of the atom cl 3 s 2 3 p 5 . Vіdpovіdno up to tsgogo H. at polukah shows the degree of oxidation -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 and +7. The covalent radius of the atom is 0.99 ?, the ionic radius cl is 1.82 ?, the sporidity of the X. atom to the electron is 3.65 ev, ionization energy 12.97 ev.
Chemically H. even active, without intermediary zadnuєtsya mayzhe z usima metals (with such things only in the presence of water or when heated) and with non-metals (crym coal, nitrogen, sour, inert gases), quenching vіdpovіdnі chloride, enters into a reaction with the bagatma from the floor, replacing the water at the boundary in the carbohydrates, it comes to the non-existent half the time. X. vitisnyaє bromine and iodine with spoluk s water and metals; іz spoluk Kh. z tsimi vіn vytіsnyaєtsya fluorine. The puddles of metal in the presence of traces of water interact with colds from fires, most of the metals react with dry colds when heated. Steel, as well as deaks, threw racks in an atmosphere of dry cold in low temperatures, so they vicorist for the preparation of equipment and treasures for dry cold. sirka s X. when heated, give s 2 cl 2, scl 2 and in. n cl m. Mish'yak, surma, bismuth, strontium, telurium interact energetically with Kh. Sumish Kh. water chloride(Ze Lanzug reaction),
The maximum temperature of the water-chlorine half-light is 2200°C. Sumish H. with water, which can be removed from 5.8 to 88.5% h 2 vibro-unsafe.
With sour X. quench oxydi: cl 2 o, clo 2, cl 2 o 6, cl 2 o 7, cl 2 o 8 , as well as hypochlority (salts hypochlorous acid) , chlority, chlorati and perchlorate. All acidic compounds with chlorine are made vibro-unsafe with speech, which are easily oxidized. Chlorine oxides are low-resistant and can spontaneously vibrate, hypochlorites, when saved, are abundantly laid out, chlorate and perchlorate can vibrate under the influx of initiators.
H. hydrolyzes in water, quenching hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid: cl 2 + h 2 o u hclo + hcl. When chlorinated water changes in meadows in the cold, hypochlorite and chloride are dissolved: 2naoh + cl 2 \u003d nacio + naci + h 2 o, and when heated - chlorate. Chlorine bath of dry calcium hydroxide is removed chlorine vape.
When ammonia interacts with Ch., nitrogen trichloride is dissolved . In case of chlorination of organic slugs, H. either replaces water: r-h + ci 2 = rcl + hci, or it comes in multiple links to satisfy different organic slugs to avenge chlorine. .
H. approve s in. halogens interhalogen z'ednannya. Fluoride clf, clf 3 clf 5 are more reactive; for example, in the atmosphere of clp 3 glass wool self-engages. Vіdomi spoluki chlorine with acid and fluorine - oxyfluoride Ch.: clo 3 f, clo 2 f 3 , clof, clof 3 і fluorine perchlorate fclo 4 .
Otrimannya. H. began to virolyat in trade in 1785 with the interaction of hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide or pyrolusite. In 1867 p. English chemist G. Deacon has developed a method for removing H. oxidizing hcl by oxidizing it in the presence of a catalyst. Z kintsa 19 - on the cob 20 tbsp. H. possess electrolysis of aqueous solutions of chlorides of puddle metals. For tsimi methods in the 70s. 20 st. 90-95% H. in the world viroblyaetsya. Small quantities of Chloride are found along the way during the production of magnesium, calcium, sodium and lithium by electrofusion of chlorides. Have 1975 p. light production H. became close to 25 million dollars. T. There are two main methods of electrolysis of water naci: 1) in electrolyzers with a solid cathode and a porous filtering diaphragm; 2) in electrolyzers with a mercury cathode. For both methods, on the graphite or oxide titanium-ruthenium anode, gaseous X is observed. For the first method, water is observed on the cathode and the differences of naoh and nacl are observed, with some further processing, commercial caustic soda is seen. After another method, a sodium amalgam is dissolved on the cathode, when it is placed with clean water, Naoh, water and pure mercury come out into the okremy apparatus, as a new way in the fertilization. Obidva methods and give for 1 T X. 1.125 T naoh.
Electrolysis with a diaphragm makes less capital investment in the organization of the production of H., giving more cheap naoh. The method with a mercury cathode allows you to take even pure naoh, but if you use mercury, you can make dowkillya. In 1970, 62.2% of the light vibration of X. was vibrated with a mercury cathode method, and 33.6% with a solid cathode. ways 4.2%. After 1970, the fate of electroplating with a solid cathode and an ion-exchange membrane began, which made it possible to remove pure naoh without mercury distillation.
Zastosuvannya. One of the most important fields of chemical industry is chlorine industry. The main quantities of Ch. are recycled in the field of yoga production in the field to avenge chlorine. Save and transport X. to a rare sight in balloons, barrels, railroad. tanks or in specially owned ships. For іndustrialnyh kraїn is characterized by the onset of zrazkovo spozhivannja Kh.: on the production of organic pollutants, which avenue chlorine - 60-75%; inorganic sprouts to avenge H. - 10-20%; for the use of cellulose and fabrics - 5-15%; for sanitary consumption and chlorine water - 2-6% of total consumption.
H. zastosovuєtsya also for the chlorination of certain ores with the method of extraction of titanium, niobium, zirconium and other.
L. M. Yakimenko.
H. in the body. H. - one of biogenic elements, post_yny component of tissue roslin and creatures. Zmist H. in roslins (bagato H. in halophytes) - in thousand-thousand chasts from one hundred to two hundred, in creatures - ten and one hundred parts of a hundred. Additional needs of grown-up people in X. (2-4 G) the shells of grub products are covered. If X. should sound too much, look for sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Especially rich in Khlib, meat and dairy products. In the organism of H. creatures, the main osmotically active speech is blood plasma, lymph, spinal cord and other tissues. Played a role water-salt exchange, spriyayuchi utrimannyu tkaninami water. Regulation of acid-puddle fluid in tissues is observed in order of magnitude. by the processes of the way, change in the roses of X. between blood and tissues. H. take part in the energy exchange with Roslyn, activating phosphorylation oxide, so is photophosphorylation. Kh. X. is necessary for the elimination of sour in the process of photosynthesis by isolation chloroplasts. Do not enter the warehouse of large living mediums for piece cultivation of roslin H.. Possibly, in the development of roslin, rather small concentrations of X are sufficient.
M. Ya. Shkolyar.
Outrage X . can be used in chemical, cellulose-paper, textile, pharmaceutical industries and others. H. dratuє mucous membranes of the eyes and wild ways. Before the first ignition changes, a secondary infection will come. Gostro otruєnnya develops mayzhe negainno. In case of inhalation of medium and low concentrations of Ch., there are litter and pain in the chest, dry cough, shortness of breath, diarrhea in the eyes, tearing, increased leukocytes in the blood, body temperature is thin. Possibly bronchopneumonia, toxic swelling of the leg, depressive states, sudomi. In legenia, the clothes are infused after 3-7 doba. As far as the consequences are concerned, catarrhs of the upper dychal paths, recurrent bronchitis, pneumosclerosis and others; activization of tuberculosis is possible. With a trivial inhalation of small concentrations of Ch., analogous ones are observed, but forms of illness develop more and more. Prevention of germs: sealing of the virobnicheskogo obladnannya, effective ventilation, if necessary, the use of protigas. The maximum allowable concentration of Chlorine in the other samples 1 mg/m 3 . Virobnitstvo H., chlorine vapn and іn. hlorvmіsnyh spoluk vodnositsya to vyrobnitstv zі shkіdlivimi minds pracі, de according to owls. legislation obmezheno zastosuvannya pratsі zhіnok and nepovnіlіtnіh.
A. A. Kasparov.
Lit.: Yakimenko L. M., Virobnistvo to chlorine, caustic soda and inorganic chlorine products, M., 1974; Nekrasov B. St., Fundamentals of Global Chemistry, 3 publications, [vol.] 1, M., 1973; Shkіdlіvі chovini v promyslovostі, pіd ed. N. St., Lazareva, 6th edition, vol. 2, L., 1971; friendly to organic chemistry, ed. j. c. Bailar, v. 1-5, oxf. - , 1973.
abstract