Budov bacteriophage t4. An overview of the literature. Prevention and healing

The virus was created a long time ago
About the different forms of the virus that brought death, it is told in the ancient Voynich Manuscript.

The virus until 2020 is programmed like a plague epidemic, because there are no signs.

But I respect that faces and stinks are accessible to the skin,
faces are costless and even more effective.

Bacteriophage T4 (Escherichia virus T4, formerly Enterobacteria phage T4) is one of the most common viruses, bacteriophage that attacks enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli. The genomic DNA contains approximately 169-170 thousand base pairs, packed in an icosahedral head.

Virion is also maє stovbur, the basis of stovbur and stovbur vіdrostka - six long and six short.

Bacteriophage T4 vicorist DNA polymerase of the ring type; This cuff has a trimer, similar to PCNA, but it does not have homology with PCNA, nor with polymerase β.

T4 is a prominent large phage, its diameter is close to 90 nm and its length is close to 200 nm. The T4 phage has a less lytic developmental cycle, but not a lysogenic one.

The English bacteriologist Frederick Twort in his article of 1915 described the infectious disease of staphylococci, the infectious agent passing through the filter, and it could be transferred from one colony to the other.

Nobel Prize winners Max Delbrück, Salvador Luria, Alfred Hershey, James Watson and Frank Crick, as well as other scientists - Michael Rossmann, Vadim Mesyanzhinov, Fumio Arisaka, Fumio Arisaka, Fum io Arisaka.

The French-Canadian microbiologist Felix D'Herelle on 3 April 1917 spoke about the discovery of bacteriophages directly in front of Frederick Twort. In a row, it seems that the Russian microbiologist Mikola Fedorovich Gamaleya, in 1897, for the first time, had discovered the lysis of bacteria (Siberian sticks) under the influence of an agent that is being transplanted.

In 2016, roci, yak and other bacteriophages, were renamed to Escherichia virus T4.

So Felix d'Herelle, hanging down, that bacteriophages are mumbling the corpuscular nature. However, only after the passage of the electron microscope, the ultrastructure of the phages was far away. For a long time, the findings about the morphology and the main features of the phages were based on the results of the breeding of phages of the T-group - T1, T2, ..., T7, which multiply on E. coli strain B. various phages, which suggested the need for their morphological classification.

Bacteriophages are the most numerous, widely expanded in the biosphere and, more or less, the most evolutionarily ancient group of viruses. The approximate total of the phage population is over 1030 phage particles.

Budova bacteriophages

Bacteriophage structure.png

1 - head, 2 - tail, 3 - nucleic acid, 4 - capsid, 5 - "komiret", 6 - tail sheath, 7 - tail fibril, 8 - spines, 9 - basal plate

Bacteriophages are distinguished by their chemical structure, type of nucleic acid, morphology, and nature of interaction with bacteria. For the spread of bacterial viruses in hundreds and thousands of times less for microbial cells.

A typical phage portion (virion) is formed from the head and tail. The length of the tail is 2-4 times larger than the diameter of the head.

In the head, there is a genetic material - single-lane or double RNA or DNA with the enzyme transcriptase in an inactive state, honed with a protein or lipoprotein shell - capsid, which saves the gene posture clitin.

In natural minds, phages grow in quiet places, where bacteria are sensitive to them. The richest substrate (soil, sightings of people and creatures, water, etc.) is rich in microorganisms, while in a larger number, phages are trapped in a new one. So, phages, which lyze cells of all species of soil microorganisms, are found in soils. Chornozem and grunti are especially rich in phages, to which organic fertilizers were added.

Nucleic acid and capsid together form a nucleocapsid. Bacteriophages can have an icosahedral capsid, selected from anonymous copies of one or two specific proteins. The sound of kuti is made up of pentamers of the protein, and the support of the skin side of the hexamers of the same or similar protein. Moreover, phages can be spherical, citric or pleomorphic by shape.

A tail, or a windrow, with a protein tube - a continuation of the protein shell of the head, at the base of the tail - ATPase, as it regenerates energy for the injection of genetic material. It is also possible to find bacteriophages with a short stem, so that the stem and filamentous stems cannot be washed.

The head is round, hexagonal or rod-shaped, 45-140 nm in diameter. Vіdrostok zavtovshki 10-40 and long 100-200 nm. Some of the bacteriophages are round, others are filamentous, measuring 8×800 nm. The length of the strand of nucleic acid in a richly overhanging head size, in a twisted steel, it reaches 60-70 microns. The vine looked like an empty pipe, sharpened with a sheath, to avenge the short-lived squirrels, similar to m'yazovykh. In a number of viruses, the building cover is short, exposing a part of the haircut. There is a basal plate at the end of the growth in bugs of bacteriophages; The total amount of protein in phage particles is 50-60%, nucleic acids - 40-50%.

Some phages have 1,000 base pairs in their genomes, while the G phage, the largest of the sequenced phages, has 480,000 base pairs, which is twice as large as the average for bacteria, although the number of genes is still insufficient for such the most important bacterial organoid, like the ribosome.

Bacteriophages play the role of controlling the number of microbial populations, in the autolysis of old cells, in transferred bacterial genes, acting as vector "systems".

Indeed, bacteriophages are one of the main decaying genetic elements. For additional transduction, they bring new genes to the bacterial genome. It was supervised that 1024 bacteria could be infected in 1 second. Tse means that the genetic material is gradually transferred between bacteria, which linger in such minds.

A high level of specialization, a long-term use, building can be easily reproduced in the environment of a wide range of species of bacteria in a natural ecosystem.

If the coming master of the day, a lot of phages can save the building until the infection stretches for ten years, they will not be extreme speeches, but the minds of the golden middle ground.

Great phages T2 and T4 are close. The stench may be identical to the organization of the genome, and the greater number of genes in them is wild. Radioautography of the T4 phage chromosome (Fig. 7.13) indicates the linearity of the DNA molecule. Її movlyav. the weight is 120-10 6 daltons, and the length is 182,000 base pairs. The T4 phage was the subject of intensive genetic

214

chesh doslіdzhen (guess rII-mutants per goal 6), and I also found mutations in rich cistrons. The analysis of recombination with three chotifactorial crossbreedings showed that the genetic map of the T4 phage has a ring shape (Fig. 7.14). The crossover between the linearity of the DNA molecule of the phage and the ring-shaped form of its genetic map was found to be viable as a result of genetic and physical experiments, as it was shown that the sighting of the linear DNA molecule from the T2 phage is possible in both cases. ilyanki with the same nucleotide sequences. (Kintsev's supremacy), and the order of genes in a molecule is allowed cyclic permutations. Physical data about end-to-end superficiality (duplication) of sequences were taken from experiments, in some T2 DNA, exonuclease III was added. This enzyme sequentially splits nucleotides from 3-OH-kints in DNA, as a result of which, at the ends of the double-stranded molecule, mono-lances with 5 "-PO 4-terms are settled (Fig. 7.15). Yuzhkov successively

7. Virus genome215

Mal. 7.15. Scheme demonstrating the termination of the T2 phage genome and the closed DNA molecule. The skin of three molecules can be remade on a different path of cyclic permutation, and insulting the last of the skin molecules to revenge the last repeat. Exonuclease III extends to 5"-terminals (the space for the enzyme is indicated by an arrow), and complementary ligaments that have settled, “glue together”, fixing the ring molecules. the left molecule of the duplex segment is visible) segment (i th warehouse) zbіgaєtsya z dozhinoy іntsevyh repetitions (div. fig. 7.16).

them, lead to the establishment of ring molecules (Fig. 7.16). The loop in the ring can only be in that case, as the double DNA molecule of the T2 phage avenges the identical sequence of bases on both ends, as shown schematically in Fig. 7.15. The first lower molecules become sdatnymi tvoryuvat kіltsya, the enzyme is responsible for the consumption of about 2% of T2 DNA. Tse means that the amount of duplication (superfluous) ends of the molecule becomes close to 1% of the amount of the genome. Genetic data about end-to-end overworld of the genomes of T2 and T4 phages are obtained from the basis of heterozygous phage particles. Phage heterozygotes are due to recombination between phages with different genotypes. The stench is easily identified, the shards of the skin such a phage establishes a negative colony, so as to avenge phages of both genotypes (div. Fig. 6.1). The genome of a single phage can be

216Organization and transfer of genetic material

heterozygous for less closely coupled genes. In the population of phages, protees, heterozygotes for all genes appear, without a trace to the station on the map. In addition, the expansion of the village, for which the phage is superworldly and heterozygous, is more abundant in mutants that carry deletions, in connection with a special packaging mechanism, which we will briefly look at below. (In the presence of phage λ in T2 and T4 phages, deletions do not change the amount of DNA in the head of the phage.) From this point of view, only one logical pattern can be added: there is not a single unique order of genes in the reduction of all molecules and DNA, in other words, in specific phages in a population superfluous mozhe buti be a gene.

7. Virus genome217

The next experiment confirms all the razyuchy vysnovok. The T2 phage DNA preparation was denatured by heating to separate the complementary lances of the skin molecule. The sum of solitary lancers was then seen in the minds, which allow the recognition of water links between the complementary sequences of the bases. The greater number of single lancets in sumishi appeared to be a natural addition to the double lance structure with a partner, which apparently overlapped the other native DNA molecule (Fig. 7.17). In the electron microscopic analysis, such a summation reveals richly ringed double molecules (Fig. 7.18). Detament of the Dvobolatsyugovich structures of the lichen of the vipad, the yaksho vikhіdny drug is the same by the population of molecules, in the Yaki post-eating genyv, the moleculry is able for the pretext of the cycle of the permutation (permutatsky) INSHIY MOLOLOLI. The very cyclical permutations and terminal superficiality of the individual DNA molecules of T2 and T4 phages reflect the circular structure of their genetic map, mimicking the blue chaining between genes in the population of individual molecules.

218 Organization and transfer of genetic material

A special method of DNA replication and packing of daughter DNA molecules at the head of T2 and T4 phages ensures the possibility of removing single phage particles of progeny with a cyclic rearrangement and end-to-end overworld. At the early stages of the infection, the linear Batkiv DNA molecule recognizes a number of subsequent replications, establishing the same linear daughter molecule, which avenges the entire genome of the phage, plus the Kintsevu overworld. Then, as a result of recombination between the supra-world daughter molecules, concatemers are established (tandem repetition of sequences of phage genomes (small 7.19), then they replicate and recombine, making further concatemers. In conclusion th stage of infection, DNA molecules begin to pack into heads (capsi) guess fig. 7.2) Expansion of the DNA molecule, what to avenge-

7. Virus genome 219

my capsid of the skin phage, is determined by the size of the capsid itself. The capsid avenges a little more than DNA, the lower її vengeance in the genome of the T4 phage, the flooring itself, so that there is no room for superfluous plots on the genome ends. Such a mechanism of DNA packaging for the help of insertion into the second concatemer of shmatkiv, which, for a long time, outweighs the length of the phage genome, leads to a cyclic permutation (permutation) of the sequence of genes in the other daughter phages,

220Organization and transfer of genetic material

as shown schematically in fig. 7.19. The same mechanism of encapsulation of the T4 phage genomes leads to the vinification of heterozygotes with superworldly kinks in dovoras-infected cells (Fig. 7.19). This type of genome organization is observed in bacteriophages. Vіn manifestations are the same, for example, in the so-called “virus 3 toads” - a virus that has been infected with cells of rich types of ridges, including humans, at temperatures below 32 ° C.

7. Virus genome 221

On the genetic map of the T4 phage (Fig. 7.20) it is clear that genes are grouped at once, which are indicative of sporadne physiological functions. Is the same organization of the genome already familiar to us in the phage? This type of organization functioning of the genome plays a role in its regulation (chapter 15).

222Organization and transfer of genetic material

Bacteriophage T4 is a richly folded virus, lower TMV. Yogo double-stranded DNA revenge approximately 165 genes paired

Mal. 30.7. Dealing with TMV RNA, which ensures the initiation of the selection of the viral part of TMV.

Mal. 30.8. Electron microphotography of partially reconstructed parts of the TMV. Two tails of RNA are visible, which enter the dermal growing virion.

Mal. 30.9. Scheme of folding TTM. A - RNA initiation area establishes a loop and passes into the central opening of the white disc. the disk is transformed into a spiral shape of a “locking washer”. B - to the end of the RNA, the loop has been unstitched, new disks are attached. one of the ends of the RNA is constantly stretched through the central opening and interacting with the new disks. Schematic representation of an RNA molecule in a frequently selected virus. Directly Rukh RNA is marked with an arrow. (Butler P. J. G., Klug A., Sci.Amer., 1978)

of 6 TMV genes. However, the structure, multiplication and folding process of the T4 phage has been carried out well, shards of wine having been recognized for intensive genetic and biochemical analysis. Virion T4 is composed of heads. a sprout and six threads (fibril) of a sprout (Fig. 30.10). This DNA molecule is tightly packed in the middle of the icosahedral protein shell and forms the head of the virus. The windrower is made up of two convoluted tubes connected with a short neck. In a teenager, a short-haired hood has a central shear, through which DNA is introduced into the master bacterium. Vіdrostok carried on the end of the basal plate of six short teeth, through which six long thin threads enter.

The ends of the threads of the vine are connected with the song vines on the E. coli worms. As a result of the ATP-fallow shortness of the sheath, the phage head is pulled up to the basal dressing and the threads of the growth, and as a result, the central shear penetrates through the clitin wall, but not through the clitin membrane. Then the exposed phage DNA penetrates across the cellular membrane. Through the sprat of fibers, all reactions to the synthesis of cellular DNA, RNA and protein start and begin the synthesis of viral macromolecules. In other words, a virus that infects the clitina, opines with synthetic mechanisms of the bacterial clitina and replaces its genes with its own.

The T4 phage DNA has three groups of genes that are transcribed at different stages of infection: anterior, early and

Mal. 30.10. Electron micrograph of T4 phage. (Williams R. C., Fisher H. W., An electron micrographic atlas of viruses, C. C. Thomas, Springfield,

1974. Friendship with the kind permission of seeing.)

Table 30.2. (div. scan) Geni phage T4

piznі. Anterior and early genes are transcribed and translated before T4 phage DNA is synthesized. Active proteins, which are encoded by these genes, are responsible for switching on the synthesis of cellular macromolecules. Unexpectedly, after infection, the DNA of the host clitinium decomposes under the deoxyribonuclease deoxyribonuclease, which is encoded by one of the early genes of the T4 phage. The DNA of the T4 phage itself is not hydrolyzed by the injection of this enzyme, there are no clusters (grouped excesses) of cytosine. In the DNA of the T4 phage, the substitution for cytosine contains hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC). Before that, there is an excess of HMC in T4 DNA glucosylation.

Cytosine-like cytosine is switched on to the DNA of the bacteriophage T4 zavdyaki and many phage-specific enzymes that are synthesized at an early stage of infection. One of them hydrolyzes dCTP into dCMP digestion to override the incorporation of dCTP into T4 phage DNA. Then another enzyme is introduced into the dCMP hydroxymethyl group, and

Hydroxymethylcytidylate. The third enzyme converts hydroxymethylcytidylate to triphosphate, which serves as a substrate for DNA polymerases. Nareshti, the fourth glycosylation enzyme acts as an excess of hydroxymethylcytosine, which is stored in DNA.

Synthesis of novel proteins of bindings from T4 phage DNA replication. At this stage, capsid proteins and lysozyme are utvoryuyutsya. If the folding of virion offspring is completed, lysozyme hydrolyzes the cell wall of the bacterium and the ruin. Approximately 20 minutes after infection, about two hundred new virus particles are produced.

The vcheni was installed, as a bacteriophage is fighting the clitin - the master of the bacterium Escherichia Coli.

The investigators established that the bacteriophage T4 attacked the master clitin - Escherichia Coli.

At the spring issue of "Nature", 2002. It is described as a vicorist virus, a bare-like biochemical puncture for infecting the lord E. Coli. “We have shown how foldable a biochemical machine is, which allows the virus to effectively penetrate into the lord-clitina. Planting a stovbur virus plays a major role in this process, says Michael Rossman of Purdue University.

Bacteriophage T4 is a reference "Tyrannosaurus Rex" of the middle viruses, which is the best object for research (the size of it should be close to 100 nm and its width should be about 100 nm). T4 is also a “stem virus”, shards of stovbur with germs, which attach themselves to the new one, to bury the bacteria. In 1 mm3 of the splendid water, the sound of a billon of phages is heard.

Virus T4 (div. Fig. 1) is composed of an icosahedral head, which avenges the virus DNA, stovbur, stovbur base and stovbur stems - six long and six short. For a long time, children first know E.Coli, and then shortly stick to the clitin. The basis at this time transmits an impulse to the stovbur, which rushes, like a m'yaz, seeing the virus DNA from itself in the clitin-host. The basis of the virus is controlled as a piercing attachment, stowing white stovbur, and an enzyme, less often the cell membrane of E. Coli.

This enzyme works to open up nanometer-sized expansions in the clitin membrane, through some kind of viral DNA to reach the clitin-lord. E. Coli, in this way, infects, and the biochemical machine of the cell produces new phage particles, and, apparently, the worm is genie. “For the cob, our study shows the structure of the proteins that enter the basement warehouse near the stowbur (the so-called biochemical annex that punctures), that role in the penetration of viral DNA through the cell membrane,” Rossman said.

On fig. 2 shows the basic building blocks, modeled with the help of the "SPIDER" software. The data of the model were removed after 418 microphotographs of frozen virus particles were obtained. Area designated (gp27-gp5*-gp5c)3 - biochemical attachment, which is pierced. The greatest activity of the enzyme, which is pierced, is in the middle of the “head”. Mal. a - stereo photograph of the base, fig. b - yoga molecular structure. 1 angstrom = 1/div.

It was also established that when approaching the clitin membrane, the base deforms - it becomes similar to a flat star. This facilitates contact with the membrane and assists in the promotion of her “heads”.

Similar studies are related to studies in nanotechnological molecular manufacturing. With the help of these knowledge, it is possible to predict the emergence of antibiotics with high efficiency infusion.

Virus t4 what is it

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Comments to scientific work: 13

Bacteriophages, or phages (from the old Greek - "devouring bacteria"), are the viruses that attack clitin bacteria. The stench was already on the cob of the past century, and already at the same time it was already a whisker that this virus could become an important way to fight against unsafe infections. The very zavdyaki cym microorganism began to exult such a heavy illness, like bubonic plague and tuberculosis. Unexpectedly, antibiotics were introduced, and the basis of phages was forgotten. And now, the interest in these microorganism is turning again.

Bacteriophages are the largest and most widespread, and possibly the most recent group of viruses. The stench was revealed for most bacteria, pathogenic, as well as saprotrophic. In nature, phages also grow there, where bacteria are sensitive to them: in the soil and water, in the intestines of humans and creatures, in the roslins it is thin. bud.

The model object – bacteriophage is also widely used for scientific studies. A lot of fundamental clues in molecular biology were found in itself behind the help of bacteriophage, such as: genetic code, recombination and replication of nucleic acids. It is even easier to cultivate it with the most primitive biological methods and take it away from already great cultures.

Bacteriophage T4 is a very useful model object for the development of methods in molecular biology and the identification of structural ambush infectivity to the virus. Enterobacteriaphage T4 is one of the largest viruses, a bacteriophage that attacks E. coli bacteria. The genomic DNA contains approximately 169-170 thousand base pairs, packed in an icosahedral head. Virion is also maє stovbur, the basis of stovbur and stovbur vіdrostka - six long and six short. Enterobacteriaphage T4 is a great phage that has a diameter of about 90 nm and a length of about 200 nm. The T4 phage has a less lytic developmental cycle, but not a lysogenic one. Looking at the life of a bacteriophage, we found out that all types of bacteriophages are composed of two main components: proteins and nucleic acids. According to the type of nucleic acid, stinks are subdivided into DNA-and RNA-revenge.

The basal lamina of the bacteriophage is a complex molecular structure that can contain at least 15 different proteins, as it allows the entry of receptors on the surface of clitins, which contributes to the structural transformation of the tail of the virus, which is necessary for infection of clitins. For the help of cryoelectron microscopy, it was possible to reconstruct the trivimic structure of the basal layer of the phage.

Otriman's structure has the shape of a mark, which has a sixth-order symmetry like the late axis of the tail of the virus, in the center of which there is a molecular head, as it penetrates the clitin wall of the host in the process of infection. To the upper part of the basal plate, the caudal shear is attached, which has the shape of an empty tube, which results in the delivery of DNA to the virus in the clitina. Bacteria infection is caused by adsorption of the phage, that is. attachment of the bacteriophage tail sprout to the surface of the cell Adsorption is caused by the fibers of the tail sprout, as they attach to the structures of the bacterial cell, as they are called phagoreceptors. After adsorption, the basal plate of the bacteriophage tail enters close contact from the clitin wall, as a result, the short sheath of the tail sags, and the central yogo shear pierces the clitin membrane and, perhaps, the rib of the short phage DNA head penetrates into the middle of the bacterium ii. The bacteriophage is negligible after the penetration of DNA into the bacterium, the genetic information is stored in the DNA of the phage. In different T-paired bacteriophages, clitins synthesize enzymes that break down the DNA of the bacterium, those enzymes that are necessary for the reproduction of the phage DNA. After the first stage, called the synthesis of early proteins, the bacteria are synthesized into the life proteins, which make up the shell of the bacteriophage. New parts of the bacteriophage are blamed on the result, the bacterium lyzes, and the bacteriophage, having multiplied in it, comes out of the medium. If you apply okremi bacteriophages on the surface of a solid life-giving medium with bacteria, as they grow, then bacteriophages, which multiply in bacteria, destroy bacteria, establishing the so-called "sterile spit" in this area.

Bacteriophages that start reproducing in the bacterium, destroy them and come out when they look like complete particles in the middle, are called virulent phages.

A number of such phages are known and others are dead phages. The DNA of such phages, after infection of the clitin, is introduced into the DNA of the bacteria themselves, without disturbing their life. It will be conquered and inherited and passed on to offspring. A bacterium, in its DNA, which is the DNA of a deadly phage, is called lysogenic, and phage DNA, combined with bacterial DNA, is called a prophage. If the lysogenic bacterium is treated with ultraviolet light and treated with chemical mutagens, it is possible to convert the prophage into a phage, i.e., destroy the bacterial cells by destroying the full particles of the phage, and as a result, the cells of the gene. Also, in lysogenic bacteria, in the warehouse of the single bacterial chromosome, the genetic apparatus of the bacterium with the genome of the virus is spawned, which is transmitted from the father's cell to offspring and can be activated (inducted).

Why is it possible to develop a nevtishny visnovka, that phages still harbor anti-bacteria, and the main one is a helper. The bacteriophages themselves help change bacteria by producing their own genetic material in their DNA. The development of new antibiotics is an extremely expensive and tedious process. But the emergence of new faces does not guarantee that microbes do not vibrate in the new zakhist. Tsі think zmushuyut fahivtsіv shukati koshti, yakі at the current stage can help with the treatment of bacterial infections and increase its effectiveness. Bacteriophages are called such preparations.

List of victorious literature:

1. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference “Bacteriophages: Theo-

rhetic and practical aspects of congestion in medicine, veterinary medicine and food production

myslennya / - Ulyanovsk: UDSGA im. P.A. Stolipina, 2013, vol. ІІс.

2. Rautenshtein Ya.I., Bacteriophagia, M., 1955

Virus T4. What is a virus? what are the causes of illness?

Haven't you had mercy? Maybe it's not a virus after all? - More fate than that

The T4 bacteriophage is one of the most widespread viruses in the world. Vіn vrahaє enterobakterії, including intestinal stick, salmonella and plague stick.

This virus can become an effective way to fight against unsafe infections. Also bacteriophage T4 does not call for any ailments, but it helps to fight against them. For additional threads, the virus attaches itself to the cells of a disease-causing bacterium, the DNA of the virus is consumed in the cell, after which it collapses.

So that people did not drink antibiotics, they synthesized drugs from natural bacteriophages for human immunity.

Bacteriophages - devouring microbes in organisms, cleaners.

In this case, the T4 bacteriophage devours coli when infected and people wear clothes without antibiotics.

The T4 virus is no longer harmless, the shards showed all the peculiarities of the development in the human body. At the same time, this virus vikoristovuetsya, like a helper, which can kill bacteria.

Terrible in appearance, but scary for humans, the T-4 virus is a bacteriophage that attacks enterobacteria. Vіn є vіdnosno great phage, yogo vvchali Nobel laureates, such as Salvador Luria, Alfred Hershey, Max Delbrück and others.

Zhodnoї nesbezpeka for zdorov'ya people do not carry the virus, but rather help, devouring bacteria, nibi vismoktuyuchi їх.

The T4 virus is the most common bacteriophage that devours bacteria. Everyday people do not get sick of this virus, but instill it, helping you to fight bacteria. Identity turbuvatisya z drive tsgogo virus not varto.

The axis looks like the T4 virus in the photo, crushed for the help of an electron microscope.

And such a long time ago, a bacteriophage or a T4 phage - tse true virus and vn vrahaє, in a word, it devours bacteria and changes it, creating its own genetic material in the DNA of a cієї bacterium. Bacteriophages have been known for a long time, since the beginning of the last century, for the help of these micro-organisms, they have known faces of bubonic plague, tuberculosis. If antibiotics were administered, they forgot about it even for microorganism. Narazi vcheni znovu z tsikavistyu took up the culturing of bacteriophages.

This virus is called bacteriophage T4. The bateriophage is transferred like a devourer of bacteria, so that you live with the bacteria that is your master, for whose account you live. For example, T4 is Escherichia coli.

That this virus is not less likely to call out the everyday illnesses, but it also helps people to fight with unsafe ailments. T4 drive in intestinal stick, other bacteriophages eat tuberculosis sticks or infect bubonic plague bacteria.

Virus T4, otherwise known as a bacteriophage, is rightfully similar to a human virus and with all the good vibes. This virus will help to heal the body of people who have infections: salmonella, colibacilli, etc. Even more widely zastosovuєtsya in medicine. This virus devours small bacteria and helps to manage without antibiotics.

Virus T4 or the correct name is Bacteriophage. What is it? Bacteriophages (phages) - ce virus or as if they are accurate for bacteria, as they devour shkidliv bacteria. The stench has replaced antibiotics, which can be injected into the human body, and the bacteriophages of the stink are not harmful to the human body. There is one more development in the field of medicine, to allow people to be healthy, and also to treat cancer, shards of bacteriophages to drive in (vismoktuyut) bacteria, as they are found in cancer cells. History of vindication of bacteriophage (T4 virus)

Comments

With the help of its tail threads, the phage attaches itself to the membrane of the bacterial cell, penetrating it with its “tail” and similarly to a microscopic syringe in the middle of the cell, which moves into its DNA head.

Dramatic interplay between the virus and the "master clitin" represent in fragmented forms that mechanism for the synthesis of proteins, which sounds like a process in living clitins. Tse preparing an "experimental tool", okremi elements of which can be varied in that chi іnshiy way. The І axis was broken up, try piece by piece to implement the stages of the process, to understand, how to see.

The T4 phage has a size of 3,000 angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-million part of a millimeter), the prote structure of its particles is remarkably foldable, and its DNA contains up to 100 genes. For creatures, the quantity is scanty; for a virus, it’s already suttvo. But let's learn more about a simpler organism - let's talk about one of the first viruses - the tyutyun mosaic virus (TMV). Vіn is the same size, like T4, but still simple form. Vin similar to a cylinder, the width of which is only 150 angstroms. A string of RNA passes along the axis of the cylinder. Tsya RNA to revenge less than 5 or 6 genes. The protein, which is called a cylinder, is made up of the same molecules. The protein molecule is made up of 5 or 6 lances, the skin of which contains approximately 150 amino acids. The numbers of the lances are ruffled by a ball of 23 angstroms - such a rank that the sequence of molecules, investing one in one at the looking spirals, creates the body of the cylinder.

The deadly beauty of viruses

Uyava can sometimes be a little bit barvisty, lower reality. But scary. І viral images, images of which we often write on the sides of books, magazines and newspapers, at the same time.

Deadly pathogens are illustrated in bright-red, toxic-green and aggressive-yellow-hot colors. Conducive, scary, mayzhe zbroya, stench only and check, attack our body. At the end of the world, everything comes down to one thing - get stuck and get stuck, at that hour it’s true that all viruses are transparent.

This fact, having had such a great hostility towards the artist from the UK, Luke Jerram, who wins yoga as the main idea of his new art project - three-dimensional sculptures from the Glass Microbiology warehouse.

Luke Jerram was born in 1974 as a graduate and graduated from the University of Wales in 1997 as a first-degree student in the art of imagery. Vіn є vinakhіdnik, doslidnik, vchenim-amateur. The main idea of all yoga robots is the expanse of that space. The artist's special look at the virus reveals a different image, lower than the traditional manifestation that was formed in the light. Yogo viruses were more and more clear, tendencies and cold, but not terrible. Taєmnichі that great and, at the same time, more human, lower be-if.

In the midst of the exhibits in glass are copies of the most deadly diseases for humans: VIL, Ebola virus, bird flu, E. Coli virus, enterovirus type EV71, malaria, papilloma, swine flu, T4 bacteriophage.

Skin detail, disassembled with the help of the virologist Andrew Devidson from the University of Bristol, to help him infecting the virus. If you want sculptures, you can build them with a lot of teeth, motor swellings, really stench created with marvelous accuracy. Obviously, the stench is much greater, lower than the first sight: curse the viruses to reverse the originals in dimensions a million times.

For the help of their creations, Jerram develops a mutual relationship between the beauty of the creations of the art of that time, like the stink of pouring into the people. So it is, like Susan Sontag to say in her book "Illness and its metaphors" (Sickness and metaphors), that mysticism, like words, pours into those, like we can tolerate sickness. Tse means that it is possible to overcome fantasies without being ill, as sometimes they are more unsafe and important, less biological reality.

The axis of why Luke Jerram's robot can be of great importance: he propagates an alternative disease, as he can lead to another path of yoga.

Virus E. coli (Intestinal stick)

The reactions to the robots were even more amazing, - Jerram told his BBC interview, - the sculptures are incredibly beautiful, and they attract people, but if the stench comes to mind, what, really, tse, it’s a kind of element in idshtovhuvannya. Somebody knows that stinks can get infected, as if they hit them.

Enterovirus type EV71

The work of Luke is a wake-up call to our own manifestations of those ideas. The stench demonstrates that the reality is that її priynyattya - it is entirely subjective. In one of the sheets, published on the artist's website, the anonymous author confided:

Your sculpture made it look more real to me, even if it's a photograph or an illustration, if I'm a bachelor. It’s even more wonderful to feel, batchit your enemy, which, I’m afraid, cause my death, and you know that Yogo is so beautiful.

Phage T4

Bacteriophage T4 is one of the largest viruses, a bacteriophage that attacks bacteria. E.

Bacteriophage T4 vicorist DNA polymerase of the ring type; This cuff has a trimer, similar to PCNA, but it does not have homology with PCNA, nor with polymerase β.

T4 is a prominent large phage, its diameter is close to 90 nm and its length is close to 200 nm. The T4 phage has a less lytic developmental cycle, but not a lysogenic one.

Virus t4 what is it

Growth and development. Viruses

There are only a few representatives in the scheme presented in the diagram. All images are given for the same size. Viruses that reproduce only in bacteria are called bacteriophages (shortly: phages). The most common phage M13(1). Vin is made up of one single-stranded DNA molecule [ssDNA] that covers approximately 7000 bp. (n.d. - nucleic base), sharpened with a protein shell of 2700 subunits, packed in a spiral. The shell of the virus has a name capsid, and the structure zahalom - nucleocapsid. M13 wins in genetic engineering as a vector (div. p. 256).

Phage T4 (1), one of the largest viruses, can be more foldable. In the "golovtsa" virus, double-stranded DNA [dsDNA (dsDNA)] is hidden, which is n.d.

Tyutyun mosaic virus (2) pathogenic for roslin, similar to M13, DNA replaces ssRNA. The poliomyelitis virus (poliovirus), which causes infantile paralysis, is also mentioned before RNA viruses. Nucleocapsid to influenza virus maj dodatkovu shell, positioned at the plasma membrane of the host cell (B). On the lipidic membranes, the viral proteins are fixed, which take the fate of that infection of the lord.

B. rhinovirus capsid

Rinovirus є zbudniks about "colds". The capsid of which virus has a form icosahedron, geometric figure, inspired by 20 equal-sided knitwear. The hull is formed from three different whites, milled to form pentamers and hexamers.

B. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle

Human immunodeficiency virus(ВІL) vidomy as a sick person, as a name stuffed immunodeficiency syndrome(SNID). Structural VIL is similar to the influenza virus (A).

VIL genome and two single-stranded RNA molecules [ssRNA], skin molecule 9200 bp). The virus has a two-spherical capsid and exudates with a membrane to avenge proteins. VІL іnfіkuє head rank T-helper cells (div. p. 286), which can lead to the exit from the fret of the immune system.

In case of infection (1), the virus membrane is fused with the plasma membrane of the target cell, and the nucleocapsid nucleus is engulfed to the cytoplasm (2). There, the viral RNA (RNA) on the cob digests the RNA/DNA fusion (3), then it is transcribed into the mutated dsDNA (4). Offensive reactions are catalyzed by the viral transcriptase. dsDNA is integrated into the genome of the clitin (5), where it can be lost in an inactive state. When the cob is activated, a DNA fragment is transcribed behind the help of enzymes in the host cell, which is consistent with the viral genome (6). In this case, replication is like a viral sRNA, i mRNA (mRNA), which encodes the precursors of viral proteins (7). Then the proteins are introduced into the plasma membrane of the cell (8, 9), and there they undergo proteolytic modifications (10). The cycle ends with the bubbling of newly formed virus particles (11).

The group of RNA viruses, to which they belong and VIL, bear the name of retroviruses, the traces of their life cycle originate from the synthesis of DNA on the RNA template, then from the process of normal transcription, if DNA serves as a matrix.

Virus t4 what is it

Bacteriophage T4 is a richly folded virus, lower TMV. Yogo double-stranded DNA revenge approximately 165 genes paired

Mal. 30.7. Dealing with TMV RNA, which ensures the initiation of the selection of the viral part of TMV.

Mal. 30.8. Electron microphotography of partially reconstructed parts of the TMV. Two tails of RNA are visible, which enter the dermal growing virion.

The T4 phage DNA has three groups of genes that are transcribed at different stages of infection: anterior, early and

Mal. 30.10. Electron micrograph of T4 phage. (Williams R. C., Fisher H. W., An electron micrographic atlas of viruses, C. C. Thomas, Springfield,

1974. Friendship with the kind permission of seeing.)

Table 30.2. (div. scan) Geni phage T4

Active infections are asymptomatic and latent. With latent infection, viral RNA or DNA is found in the cells, but does not cause illness, so trigger factors do not appear. The latency is easier to spread to the virus from person to person. Herpesviruses show the power of latency.

Hundreds of viruses can infect people. Viruses that infect people are spreading more importantly by the people themselves, mainly through vision from the deep channels and intestines, and through sexual contact and through blood transfusions. Widespread among people are surrounded by innate hostility, we will fill with natural or piece immunity, sanitary and hygienic and other social approaches, as well as chemoprophylaxis.

Creatures serve as a rich virus as the main master, and people - only as a secondary chi vipadkov. Zonoziv Zbudniki, on the Vidmin of the Specifical Ludskiy Virusv, in his scattering geographically Timi Famovs, in the Yaki PIDRIME Cycle Cycles without the district people (the vita -navigable of the abyss Shih).

Oncogenic powers are low in viruses of good creatures. Human T-lymphotropic viruses, type 1, are associated with certain leukemias and lymphomas, the Epstein-Barr virus caused a malignant neoplasm, for example, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Burkitt's African lymphoma, and lymphomas were immune depression Hepatitis B and C progress to development of hepatocarcinoma. The herpes virus of the 8th type of people reduces to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary vypotna lymphoma (lymphoma of the empty body) and Castleman's disease (lymphoproliferative disorders).

A trivalent incubation period, characteristic of some viral infections, gave the basis for the term "common viruses". Low chronic degenerative illnesses, previously unknown etiology, are now being brought to major viral infections. Among them are notably mild sclerosing panencephalitis (cortex virus), progressive rubella panencephalitis and progressive bagato-median leukoencephalopathy (JC virus). Creutzfeldt-Jakob ailment and spongiform encephalopathy may have signs similar to common viral infections, but are also called prions.

Diagnostics

Less than a little viral infection, for example, kіr, rubella, roseola of newborns, infectious erythema, influenza and chickenpox, can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical pictures and epidemiological data.

Keep in mind that accurate diagnosis is necessary if specific treatment is needed, or if an infectious agent becomes a potential threat to the patient (for example, atypical pneumonia, SARS).

Shvidka diagnostics is possible in specially equipped virological laboratories with a path of cultivation, PCR, and the designation of viral antigens. You can help with electron microscopy (not light). For some rare illnesses (for example, a tale, a similar encephalitis and others.), there is a special laboratory (center).

Prevention and healing

The progress of the selection of viral preparations is rather rapid. Antiviral chemotherapy is directed to different phases of viral replication. The stench can infuse on the attached particles to the membrane of the clitin-lord or transcend the nucleic acid viability of the virus, suppress the clitin receptor or factor in viral replication, block specific viral enzymes and proteins necessary for replication katsії virus, but do not add to the metabolism of clitin. Most antiviral drugs are used in therapeutic and prophylactic purposes against herpes viruses (including cytomegalovirus), respiratory viruses and VIL. Proteocream drugs and effective against various types of viruses, for example, drugs against VIL are vicarious in treating hepatitis B.

Interferons thrive in infected viruses with other antigens. There are a lot of different interferons, which show multiple effects, which include the suppression of translation and transcription of viral RNA, the attachment of viral replication without disrupting the function of the host. Interferons are sometimes given in forms coated with polyethylene glycol (pegylated interferons), which allows for a prolonged effect.

Interferon therapy is used to treat hepatitis B and C and human papillomavirus. Interferon is indicated for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B, C, with impaired liver function, severe viral infections, and the presence of an obvious histological picture. Interferon-2v is victorious for the treatment of hepatitis B at a dose of 5 million OD subsidized 1 time per day or 10 million OD subsidized 3 times per day for a total of 16 days. The treatment improves DNA clearance to hepatitis B virus and nBeAg in plasma, improving liver function and histological picture.

Hepatitis C is treated with ribavirin in combination with pegylated interferons-2 at a dose of 1.5 mcg/kg po once a day or with pegylated interferon-2a 180 µg once a day. Likuvannya allows you to reduce the rate of viral RNA, improve the function of the liver and the histological picture. Interferon-p3 internally or without any intermediary in the affected area is victorious during the exaltation of gostrilomas of the genitals and shkiri. Optimal schemes and trivality to the effect are unknown. Efficiency of inoculation of recombinant forms of endogenous interferon alfa in hairy cell leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma, human papilloma virus and respiratory viruses is being shown.

Side effects include propasnitsa, chills, myalgia, weakness, begin in 7-12 years after the first injection and last up to 12 years. Also, there can be depression, hepatitis, and with high doses of the cystic brain.

Vaccines and immunoglobulins.

Vaccines stimulate natural immunity. There are virus vaccines against influenza, bark, mumps, poliomyelitis, tale, rubella, hepatitis B and A, which I operate on and deprive the stomach of fever. Available vaccines against adenoviruses and chickenpox, and vicarious are less common in high risk groups (for example, in conscripts).

Immunoglobulins are used for passive immunization in a subset of cases, for example for post-exposure prophylaxis (hepatitis, skaz). Others can be brown in case of a likuvanni ill.

Respiratory viruses

Viral infections often affect the upper and lower branches of the dichal tract. Respiratory infections can be classiﬁed as viruses, which are called (e.g., influenza), but can also be called a clinical syndrome classiﬁcation (e.g., colds, bronchiolitis, croup). If we want to treat pathogens with specific clinical symptoms (for example, rhinovirus and colds, respiratory syncytial virus and bronchiolitis), we can reduce the skin virus to a practical symptom.

The severity of the viral infection varies in wide ranges, moreover, it is more important in children of that age people. Mortality is attributed to direct causes (belonging to the nature of the viral infection), as well as indirect ones (as a result of acute concomitant cardiovascular pathology, bacterial superinfection of the leg, paranasal sinuses, middle ear).

Laboratory investigations of pathogens (PLR, culture investigations, serological tests) take a lot of time to be correct for a particular disease, but it is also necessary to analyze the epidemic situation. Since laboratory exposure is possible for influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus, the significance of these methods in routine practice is unreasonable. Diagnosis is based on clinical and epidemiological data.

Celebration

The treatment of viral respiratory infections is more symptomatic. Antibacterial control is not effective against viruses, and prevention of secondary bacterial infection is not recommended: antibiotics are prescribed only for bacterial infection, which has already arrived. In patients with chronic legenous pathology, antibiotics are prescribed at lower doses. In children, aspirin is not to blame due to the high risk of developing Reye's syndrome. In some patients with viral infections of the upper dychalny ways, cough is saved by stretching the bagatioh tizhniv after dressing. Symptoms may include both bronchodilators and glucocorticoids.

In some cases, important antiviral preparations. Amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamavir and zanavir are effective against influenza. Ribavirin, a guanosine analog, inhibits RNA and DNA replication of various viruses and may be immunocompromised in rhinosynchial tract infections.

cold

The disease is a viral infection of the dycal passages, which is self-permitting and proceeds without fever, from the inflamed upper ventricles of the dichal tract, including rhinorrhea, cough, perine in the throat. The diagnosis is clinical. Prevention helps to keep the mitt of the hands. Likuvannya is more symptomatic.

Most HIV infections (30-50%) have one of the most under 100 serotypes of the rhinovirus group. The cold is also caused by viruses from the group of coronary viruses, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, especially in ailments, like to endure reinfection.

Zbudniki zastudi mayut zv'yazok z plinom rock, often it's spring and autumn, more often it's winter. Rhinoviruses are most commonly spread by direct contact with an infected person, but they can also be transmitted by a red-mottled route.

For the development of infection, the most important is the presence of specific antibodies in secrets, which neutralize, which allow for excessive contact with this alarm and protect the immune system. On spriyyatlivost to colds do not add the trivality of cold exposure, the state of health and eating people, the pathology of the upper dichal tract (for example, increased tonsils and adenoids).

Symptoms and diagnosis

Illness begins after a short incubation period (24-72 years) from unacceptable sensations at the nose and throat, after which phishing, undead and sickness appear. The temperature sounds normal, especially if the cause is rhino-coronavirus. In the first days, I see watery and blotchy from the nose, then become thick and rotten; mucosal-purulent nature of their vision of the presence of leukocytes (most importantly granulocytes) and not obov'yazkovo secondary bacterial infection. Coughing up with miserable sputum often lasts 2 days. Even though there is no complication, the symptoms of a cold subside after 4-10 days. In case of chronic illnesses of the dyhal paths (asthma and bronchitis), after a cold, it sounds like a cold. Purulent sputum and symptoms from the side of the lower dichal passages are not typical for rhinovirus infection. Festering sinusitis and inflammation of the middle ear sound like bacterial complications, and sometimes stinks are associated with a primary viral infection of the mucous membranes.

Diagnosis is clinical without diagnostic tests. For differential diagnosis, the most important is allergic rhinitis.

Jubilation and prevention

There is no specific jubilation. Call to stop antipyretics and analgesics, as they reduce fever and change the tickle at the throat. With nasal congestion, stop decongestant. The most effective are nasal decogestants, but if they stay longer than 3-5 days, they can lead to stronger nasal vision. For the treatment of rhinorrhea, it is possible to inject first-generation antihistamine preparations (for example, chlorpheniramide) or ipratropium bromide (intranasal 0.03% of doses 2-3 times a day). These preparations, however, are guilty of being excluded in those with a frail age and those with benign prostatic hyperplasia and those with glaucoma. Antihistamine preparations of the first generation induce drowsiness, those of another generation (without sedative effect) are not effective for relieving colds.

Zinc, echinacea, vitamin C are everywhere vicarious for the exhilaration of colds, but their effects are not brought.

There are no vaccines. Polyvalent bacterial vaccines, citrus fruits, vitamins, ultraviolet, glycol aerosols and other folk diseases do not prevent colds. The hands and the use of surface disinfectants reduce the spread of infection.

Antibiotics are prescribed less in case of secondary bacterial infection, vines become ill with chronic diseases of the leg.

parainfluenza

Respiratory infections that are caused by a number of related viruses, that vary from colds to flu-like symptoms or pneumonia, and in severe forms at high temperatures, they are most often seen as influenza. Clinical diagnosis. Likuvannya is more symptomatic.

Parainfluenza viruses are RNA-fighting paramyxoviruses of various serologically different types, which are designated as 1,2,3 and 4. Numbers of serotypes of serotypes call for infection of varying severity, but also for severe antigens. Serotype 4 cross-reacts with antigenic determinants of mumps virus and may cause respiratory illness.

There are schools, nurseries, nurseries, nurseries, liquoreries and other mortgages. Serotypes 1 and 2 call out osіn_ spalah ill. Illness associated with serotype 3 is endemic and highly contagious for children under the age of 1. It is possible to re-infect, the severity of the onset of infections is reduced and their expansion is intermingled. Thus, in immunocompetent patients, the infection is most often asymptomatic.

Most often in children, the upper dycal tract is affected, but without a slight fever.

When infected with parainfluenza virus type 1, croup develops (hostria laryngo-tracheobronchitis), most importantly in children aged 6-36 months. Croup starts with symptoms of a cold, then comes fever and cough, barking, hoarseness, stridor. Dihal insufficiency develops rarely, but it can be a fatal result.

Type 3 parainfluenza virus can cause pneumonia and bronchiolitis in young children. Illness will require differential diagnosis with respiratory syncytial infection, but often weak.

Specific laboratory diagnosis is not needed. Likuvannya is more symptomatic.

Respiratory syncytial and metapneumovirus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMV) cause seasonal damage to the lower respiratory tract, especially in young children. The severity of the disease varies from asymptomatic to severe, and clinical manifestations include bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Diagnosis is clinical, although laboratory testing is possible. Likuvannya is more symptomatic.

RSV - RNA virus, which is classified as a pneumovirus, may subgroup A and B. Human metapneumovirus (HMV), similar, but not yet known. RSV expansions are widespread, many children are infected up to 4 years of life. Spalakhs zahvoryuvannya vіdbuvayutsya zvimku chi navesnі. Immunity in sick people is not stable, so the contagiousness is 40%. Still, the presence of antibodies against RSV reduces the severity of the disease. The epidemiological features of the spread of CMV are similar to RSV, but the severity of spalahs is exactly lower. RSV is the most common cause of disease of the lower respiratory tract in young children.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The most characteristic symptoms are bronchiolitis and pneumonia. In typical illnesses, illness begins with fever, respiratory symptoms, which seem to progress: for a few days, back pain, cough, wheezing come on. In children under 6 months of age, the first symptom may be apnea. In healthy grown-ups and older children, the illness sounds asymptomatic, or in a non-temperature cold. Severe ailments develop in years, immunocompromised diseases, as they suffer from concomitant legenev and heart pathology.

RSV (possibly, PMV) is suspected in young children for symptoms of bronchiolitis and pneumonia during the season characteristic of RSV. Shards of anti-virus protection are not recommended in the blink of an eye, it is not recommended to use laboratory diagnostics. It remains important for internal control, which allows you to see a group of children infected with one virus. For children, it is highly sensitive to testing for the designation of RSV antigens; some grown-ups are insensitive to the stench.

Jubilation and prevention

Treatment is symptomatic, including acid inhalation and hydration therapy as needed. Glucocorticoids and bronchodilators sound ineffective. Antibiotics are reserved for patients with febrile illness that continues and is confirmed by radiological follow-up pneumonia. Palivizumab for treatment is not effective. Ribaverin, which may have antiviral activity, is not effective against RSV or has little effect, may be toxic and is not recommended for routine use, due to immunocompromising effects.

Passive prophylaxis with monoclonal antibodies to RSV (palivizumab) reduces the frequency of hospitalizations in high risk groups. Cost-effective vaccination is true for young children, which may require hospitalization (there are less than 2 years of age) with congenital heart diseases or chronic illnesses of the leg, as a result of medical treatment for the remaining 6 months c, preterm infants (less than 29 years of age) in women less than 1 year, or people in the period of 29-32 years of gestation and the RSV-season was observed in women less than 6 months). The dose becomes 15 mg/kg internally. The first dose is prescribed less before the next season of zagostreni. The next doses are given with an interval of 1 month during the epidemiological season, call 5 doses.

Severe hostile respiratory syndrome

Predictors of lethal outcomes over 60 years of age, severe accompanying pathology, increased LDH level and increased absolute number of neutrophils. Treatment of SARS is more symptomatic, if necessary - mechanical ventilation of the leg. Oseltamivir, ribavirin, and glucocorticoids may be vicarious, but data on their daily efficacy may be given.

Illnesses with a suspected SARS may be hospitalized before boxing with a negative internal box grip. Blame buti vikonanі all come in to prevent the transmission of respiratory infections and contact routes. Staff may wear N-95 masks, wear eyepieces, gloves, and gowns.

People who have been in contact with patients with SARS (for example, family members, flight attendants, medical personnel) should be aware of the symptoms of the disease. For the presence of symptoms, you can treat, see the school just fine. With the appearance of fever or respiratory symptoms, the stench is guilty of keeping your activity under medical supervision. Even if the symptoms do not progress in a bik torso aged 72 years, the stench can be tolerated.