The norm of radiation for a person, or the permissible dose of alcohol abuse is an averaged value in μR / year, taken by the path of clinical treatment of patients, the body of which has recognized the influx of ionizing drug abuse. As a result of scientific investigations, it was determined that, for example, a single dose of radiation can change the mental norms or damage, the levels of ionization, the intensity of that capacity of clay, equivalence, is covered for special assistants. The riven of normal radiation for a human being is no longer acceptable between changes in microcirculation / year, on the basis of which changes in the body begin.

Instruction from AES

Chi all see radiation is unsafe

For the purpose of ionizing the promotion, a sprinkling of special terms is zastosovuetsya, shards of it can be different. This term means whether or not streams are made up of photons, elementary particles or clusters of atoms, which can ionize speech. It is necessary to set the following:

1. Ionization is the process of ionization (positively and negatively charged) from molecules and atoms. The result of this interaction is the loss of heat and electricity of electronics.
2. The stench ionize the speech, they sip it in the yak. Penetrating into the clitin structures, they destroy and destabilize them. The unsafe result of this infusion is the strengthening of immunity, the application of primary chemical exchanges, which ensures the life of the cells and the ranks of natural metabolism.
3. Viklykayuchi vikid vіlnіh elektronіv, such a disintegration establishes vіlnі radicals. The intensity of the reaction and the provocation of greater or lesser intensity and those that are accepted to signify as the equal of radiation.
4. Not everyone sees a promise for people who are not safe. Deyakі can become such for singing minds, but sing the stench of insufficient energy, sob call to ionization.
5. Ultraviolet and infrared changes, apparently light and radio bands, cannot in a normal (basic) state vibrate ionization.
6. Studies have shown that electromagnet and X-ray flows of particles of a different type (for example, neutrons, protons, alpha particles or ions, as a result of a nuclear explosion) can become a source of influence on radiation.

If you talk about radiation, you can think about the very ionizing vibration.

It starts the destruction of proteins, becomes the cause of the destruction of cells of a living organism and its rebirth. In nature, there are natural sources of such streams, but in a significant world, a person took a part in the guilty potential reservoirs, the stars may appear unsafe particles.

The measurement of the level of the radiation background is carried out in µSv/year (microsievert per year) or µR/year (microroentgen per year). 1 μR/year for biological activity is approximately 0.01 μSv/year.

Naturally averaged radiation smolder sound to lie at the boundary of 0.10-0.16 μSv / year.

The norm of the radiation background It is assumed to take into account the value that does not exceed 0.20 µSv/year.

A safe equal for a person the threshold is 0.30 µSv/year, so. with a dose of 0.30 μSv for a year. In case of overdose, the hour of change, which is recommended, in the zone of the change falls in proportion to the dose.

Now try to explain it on the fingers. For example, an absolutely safe hour of stay in the zone of measurement equal to 0.60 μSv / year is not guilty of overexposing 30 hvilin (0.60 is 2 times more than the norm of 0.30, which means the hour of stay may be less than 2 times, or in other words: the limiting annual dose is about 0 .30 when prompted equal to 0.60 to accumulate in the body of a person already for the first year). Another butt by analogy, if a person is in the zone of 1.2 µSv/year, an hour is not guilty of exceeding 15 minutes, etc.

In life, it is often consumed under the influence of ionizing radiation, even though it often transcends mental thresholds.

For example, the hour of passage fluorography A person takes approximately 50 to 1000 μSv of a single dose of a fallow dose in the apparatus (for a few seconds), so doctors do not recommend performing fluorography more often than not once a day.

At letaku Rіven prominennya at a height of 10 km may be equal to one µSv/year, then. people, who often fly, take an appropriate dose of prominence (pilots, stewardesses). Particularly high rіven promіnennya in lіtakіlyuminatora.

Read also how to choose a radiation dosimeter.

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Simulation of tension and doses of vipromination, taken away from the radiography of the teeth.

Prevention of radioactive poisoning.

Certificate of approval of x-ray changes setting up to їх victories and vzagalі іsnuvannya our people, but not ours changed polarly - from radio to radiophobia.

On the back of radiology The madness among the less literate inhabitants of the planet should be made wider. In laboratory minds, a primitive tube is a cathode exchange, which is not so coherent, and on the cob of the past century, X-ray exchanges, on a modern thought, began to win not only doctors, but also types of healers, magicians and charlatans.

Zvichainno, without any kind of zahistu, that rozuminnya of the nature of this being. The results were not long-lived. When I heard about the fluctuation of the shkіri, brushes, it became clear that the use of primitive X-ray generators was the reason for their appearance. People began to look at the right side of the guardianship and the guardianship.

Let's start the war, the Japanese and the Americans with their bombs. Zagal, in the eyes of the enormity of Hiroshima, we found the image of the body deflated. The period of radiophobia has begun.

However, due to the development of science, high technologies and on the face of the wildly lucid, people calmly calmed down.

On the way, so call theory of chromosome variation. On the right, as high doses are prescribed for living organisms - ingibing rozpodil clitin, growth and development, low doses, at the same time, stimulate practically all physiological processes.

Did you get a sound? Nasampered, it’s not a secret for anyone that it’s natural vibrance and it’s purely a part of nature, as it turns out, that water is somnolently light.

Unsafe radiation norm

It is impossible to live without it. Natomiste is possible, ale mice, isolated in the background, feel richly warmer, lower than their free colleagues. Tse means that for the body the effect of natural vibrancy in the background regime is somewhat similar to "no-knit" energetic make-up. For a short time, that one-time scaling of the background is associated with a number of processes, as if they are responsible for the immune function of that updated clitin.

I also have a version, as if it was in a kilka razіv vishchoy for old hours, and a lot of things on the Earth were created through mutagenic effects. That background has changed significantly, having not created a new birch rabbit for the rest of ten thousand years.

Approximately so.

Є tsya theory and baked opponents, yakі richer more, lower shanuvalniks. Qi opponents dorimuyutsya concept linear irrevocable effect of viprominuvannya(LBE), for which there are no small doses, no small doses, but in a different way.

Іsnuє boundary, as it is signified by nature, and everything that ends, is already supernatural and that shoddily. The concept was broken down by a Swedish physicist Zivert Vіn takozh priyshov s effective equivalent dose, for yаkoї vіn vіp vpuscheniya yak yogo pіdrozdil.

Sounds is there a probe?

Nasampered, the glowing background of the following is divided on natural and non-natural technogenics.

Technological, intelligent factory, factory, electrification of the entire staff and television at the skin booth. Well, well, medicine. In the past, at the gallery, health care, up to a quarter of a deep river infusion.

At my heart, є dzherela viprominyuvannya, like they signify natural ashes, shards of stench are not grandmothers - heaven and earth. From outer space, all and irreplaceable forms of vitality are lethal, buildings are sparing all life on the go. Tim is no less, with a path of filtration through the atmosphere (especially through the long-lasting ozone ball), it penetrates into the earth, it enters and does not feel the same inflow. From the terrestrial form of radon gas, the decay product of radioactive elements is insane.

Numerous elements in different quantities linger on all the surface of the earth, and radon emissions are everywhere and all the time - in Antarctica with penguins and Africa under the pygmies, and now we see it from the pendulum. To that, in the glancing under the hill, the rive of viprominuvance is the highest, lower on the mountains. A lot of people, perhaps, remembered that in bourgeois films, if a bastard came out of the cold, they would definitely have great terrible fans, then the fight against radon.

With us, in this plan, it’s simpler: radon is not ammonia, the eye doesn’t burn, it doesn’t b'є in nіs, tse means that tse nі. I live.

Oskіlki viprominyuvannya do not smell, but the presence of traces signifies and overcomes the various dosimetric devices.

Some people seem to think that they should change their mind for minimal and short-term changes in radiation, for example, after orthopangiography. With confidence, one can say that it is not a kind of hypersensitivity, but rather hysteria or nonsense. At Hiroshima there, obviously, for me, everything is very warm, but then it’s not like that.

To reduce the severity of alcohol withdrawal and the withdrawal of the dose we have a lot of different loneliness, but, as a rule, none of the loneliness do not separate our loneliness, and we respect everything that is related to the "X-ray changes"

X-ray prominnya we syaєmo, otrimuєmo, zahoplyuєmo, litaєmo, form it cumulatively. At the same time, it was necessary to say that we are being called at once as if the system was calling and we officially victorious "Pidviska per pound" - Cl/kg. prote, pendant, Due to the curvature gap, the block is also not handy, and therefore, in a different way, one X-ray mark can be obtained for different roses. Vzagali seeming, x-ray viprominuvannya є kіlkіstyu vipromіnuvannya, yak opromіnyuєє tim, scho to be found in 1 cubic centimeter of ionic pairs again 2.08 × 109.

I all. Other than X-ray changes.

At x-ray changes, consider the amount of change in doses in the injection. It means that you have a lot of energy, as you can say, to fly straight ahead and may fall, so you don’t protect yourself. Those who fell and cannot be turned on are called a clayey dose and die in Grays.

Syria- Price 1 joule of energy per 1 kg of live water.

The old one has 1 Gy of wine 100 robots (a dose that has been clayed to viprominuvannyam) and it is taken away, delivering a dose of 100 reagents. prote, satisfied, as well as rem(Biological equivalent of X-ray changes) are also single-system units and do not vicorate at this time. Victorious Sievert.

What is Sivert?

Now, as if on a human being there is only one bright energy (well, don’t give it to God), then it penetrates the fabric, weakened by the clay fabric.

At the result, roughly seeming, in the fall to the top of the "joules per kilogram", with the improvement of the coefficient of speed of the fabric, 0.85 is lost. Ale in the middle, at the fabrics - tse Sіvert. Vymiryuvannya, Vymiryan Sievert, is called the equivalent, tobto. Tse vіdpovіdaє sing type vipromіuvannya (a, b, y, X-R).

For x-ray treatment, like clay, and equivalent doses are the same. The energy that comes from the fabric works and can have an effect in the body.

In order to evaluate the possible consequences, bezmediate, imovirno, in the distance (stochastic), vikoristovuetsya understand - an effective equivalent dose. It is based on a dose for the whole body based on the average number of equivalent doses, taking away the twelve most problematic parts of the body. qi "in some places" є: shlunkovo-intestinal tract, milk and thyroid slough, scarlet cystic slough, legens, nadirkovі sloughs, the area of ​​the nearest cystic tissue and 5 other critical areas for this type of examination.

Our mind has a tsemov, an eye, a hall of the foot, a crystal and a hypophysis.

Father, what is Zivert?

Is it such an effective equivalent dose that it can be reached by a clayed dose of lavage 1. And what is it like 1 Syria - great or small? If you place 100 normally healthy farmers and share them all at once, then it is likely that half of them will be sick with radiation.

In other words, a dose of 1 Gy was lost in 50% of cases of early development of radiation sickness in її different manifestations. The dose of these drugs appears spontaneously. An absolutely lethal dose per person is 6 Gy. Axis why Syria or the same Sіvert is already a large dose. If you don’t take part in the liquidation of radiation accidents, don’t punish yourself for promenev therapy of chubby and don’t try to create an atomic bomb in a school - it’s practically impossible to take such a dose, like that.

That's why the little loners wink more widely.

Razdіl 1 Sievert per 1000 Milli Sievert. Tse means that 1 mSv is a thousand siverts.

Skіlki koshtuє 1 mіlіsec

If you see the piece of ashes in the most ecologically clean area, the x-rays of the chest do not stink the boiler room and do not launch uranium - the natural background becomes close to 0.5-1.0 mSv per river (1 mSv).

The maximum allowable body of human life is 5 mSv per river. If we take the planet as a fire, then the average natural ash is 2 mSv. Tim is not less, "average temperature in the liquor" - does not mean that all the houses are cool.

Near the Chornobyl zone, in one of the rich Bolivian Sao Paulo and in some places on the background of Africa, all the cordons come out and nothing, people live. Shorter seeming - 1 millisevert per river - this is such a dose that it is considered absolutely safe when added to the average natural ash and we see it so richly for one river for X-ray changes, according to SanPiN and NUS.

Ale, milisivert, I know it, I’ll do a great rozmir. For example, a typical fluorography of a bath will provide a safe dose of approximately 0.5-0.8 milliseconds. In this rank, we add a thousand more millionsievert. Mi otrimuemo - microsievert.

Microsievert - 1 µSv

Thousands of millions of siverts and millions of Siverts.

Tse means that the photofluorogram should be 500-800 mSv and 60 mSv. CT, which is better Tomograph 1000-15000 mSv, for the current spiral - 400-500 mSv and slit-facial tomography, flat type PICASSO or ACCUITOMO sensor - 45-60 mSv.

Check out the difference.

Where can I take a dose of 1 microsevert

As you see "Taschenatlas der Zahnarztlichen Radiology" by Friedrich Pasler and Heike Wisser, more in our Russian translation as "X-ray diagnostics in dental practice" Here in the middle of the book you can find information, series z 20 intra-oral photographs taken from X-ray diagnostics with a round tube are safe effective equivalent dose 21.7 mSv.

Data were officially published in Nіmechchinі in 2000 years. Tse means that, with the help of German roses, one intra-oral image of the tooth corresponds to exactly one micro-severt. Axis, give up, and that's it. Ale, yakscho є tsіkavy rozum, the ruinous character of that іstorіya, covered with Chornobil, you can try to doubt it.

wimir standard effective equivalent dose for the help of anthropomorphic phantoms. This is a mannequin, made from a material with a coefficient of claying, such as soft tissue on a person (for example, high or low).

In quiet places, decontaminated organs are more important, dosimeters are installed, stinks imitate the area, such observations are read and displayed in the average. Come on, it's easier. But, as it turned out, our country has great problems with the boy. There are a lot of different people, but you won’t know them in the day with fire.

Therefore, it is not easy to calculate the ideal equivalent equivalent dose for skin type intravenous radiography. Zvichayno, you can try to get home from the morgues ... Ale better than the theory.

Based on the knowledge that 75% of the energy goes directly into the exchange, especially in the close-up of the generator object, it is possible to confirm that the upper and lower gaps of the teeth of a person are twisted .

When radiographing the teeth of the lower fissure, Promin straightening mayzhe parallel to the ground or wind it uphill from below, then on the tilny side of the head, on the crown, on the faces, and in the eyes, the most important organs and other genitals are left far away.

I navpak, with extended teeth of the upper fissure Promin the main animal down, which is known exactly behind the neck of the neck, where all these words sound to be known.

At qi far away, if prophylactic dentistry was downtime and downtime, like a warrior’s clothes, Stavitsky R.V. vykonav razrahunok doses for stomatological imaging to take for help X-ray diagnostic devices Aktobe 5D-1 and 5D-2. For this reason, the patient denies the appearance of these generators (and in some cases of vins still occupies) those radio films of 29-47 mSv in one frame on the X-ray image of the teeth at the upper and lower 13-28 mSv.

Tse means that at a glance the teeth of the upper slit may be more vdvіchі, lower the hour of work with the lower slit. The same proportion is observed in the current recommendations for daily climate control according to the temperature to a highly sensitive slab - 8-12 mSv of the upper slit and the lower 4-7 mSv. Vrahovyuchi, sho vantagenja in digital radiography in the middle 3 times less, lower in swimmers, then, roughly seeming, roboche vantagennya with the largest amount of radioactivity to become 4 mSv for the upper slit and the lower 2 mSv.

Vzagali seeming, nіmtsі, schob zvіlniti us vіd prominennja 1 mіlіtsіoner, can put thаn thousand іntraoralnyh zubіv (vіsno, vrakhovuyuchi the fact that the patient in the inflow roci will not be transferred to the radiograph of the chest and nshe doslіdzhennya radiatsionny vipromіnyuvannya), that zgіdno z our approximate estimates are 250-300. Do you need insoles? No great!

It is necessary to remember about the need

Until tsikh pіr bula zroblena effective equivalent dose, based on the whole organism, but through the specifics of the following equivalent dose of state warts and sloughing hundreds of times!

Mova, burrowing and liver burrows vibirkovo gain the greatest pressure under the hour of radiography of teeth. The preference for organs that are left out, more expensive or less effective equivalent dose, prescribed more. The equivalent dose for movi is 8 times greater, the lower active ingredient, the 4th lens is 1.25 times.

At that very hour, without a dose of 1 μSv or 5 μSv, this dose is insignificant. After three years of sitting in front of the great TV broadcast, five people take microseconds and say not a "couple" about it. Concepts "Low Dosy" to be repaired by zy 100,000 μSv, a pile of pershi minimalni rukhi tіla that negative reacts to Viprominyvannya, Yaki is a good viyavleni in laboratory, to be in the doses 100 milіsekunds.

In a cliché, these terms are not guilty of victorious for your quiet stomatological installation, as if victorious at a nuclear test site. Everything is richly simpler and simpler. I realized that through the Chernobyl tragedy, radiophobia can become a national character for our people, but it’s not like that here. Obviously, you can remake any haircut - navit the smallest generator to keep the hounds alive, and as soon as I put my head in a twisted turn, you can move in the air of your legs.

І schodo nutrition of the patient "What dose did I take?" - You can say in a friendly voice: "Maliy. Even small!", And you will not deceive anyone at once! So, read the instructions for safety, read the instructions and everything will be fine!

D.V.Rogatskin, Radiologist,
Journal of Preventive Medicine no. 3-2008

— — — — —

Orthopantography

OPTG or so-called panoramic X-ray exchanges.

With a stretch of kіlkoh hvilin prystrіy gives a look around the empty company. This X-ray gives information about the teeth, upper and lower fissure, sinuses and other hard and soft tissues of the head and neck.

Orthopantomography, photo medpulse.ru

Panoramic X-ray is important for a second look at the teeth. Tse bazhano once in five or five years.

Although in the richness of other exchanges of wines it does not reveal rich details, as from the images of the teeth it is clear, wines, as before, avoiding more possible illnesses.

Liliana Lokatska

— — — — —

For finalization

Mіlіseverti vchenih-yadernikіv i likvіdatorіv

• 50 millisivertiv is the maximum allowed dose for operators at nuclear facilities at a “quiet hour”.
• 250 milliseconds - the maximum allowable emergency dose for experts with a request. Having taken such a dose, її ring out the following lukewarm. You are in no way guilty of working at nuclear power plants, or at other facilities, as they threaten radiation.
• 300 mSv - this rhubarb calls out the symptoms of radiation sickness.
• 4000 mSv - promeneva ailment with a fatal result, tobto.
• 6000 mSv - the death of a man condemned for a few days.

1 millisevert (mSv) = 1000 microselectives (µSv).

updated to

X-ray and zіverti: why is it different

RіzneOdinitsі vimіru Dovіdnyk

In news releases - on the websites of news agencies and on the air of TV channels - in the most tragic episodes in Japan, the term "zivert" is victorious - the only one in the world of radiation background in the international System CІ.

For Russians, it is more understandable “microroentgen” - it is possible, the word “sivert” could alert someone to confuse, that it can lead to physical meanings - what does the sivert in x-ray look like?

Zivert- Tse accumulated radiation for the year, earlier there were micro-roentgens for the year.

100 R \u003d 1 Sv, then 100 μR \u003d 1 μSv.

With a one-time equal assessment of the entire body and no special medical assistance, death occurs in 50% of cases:

• at a dose of about 3-5 stars through the brushing of the cystic brain with a stretch of 30-60 dB;
• 10 ± 5 Sv through the passage of the mucosal-intestinal tract and leg with a pull of 10-20 dB;
• 15 Sv through the passage of the nervous system with a pull of 1-5 dB.

Zivert(sign: Sv, Sv) - unit of vimir CІ effective and equivalent doses of ionizing drug abuse (tested since 1979).

1 zіvert - the amount of energy, clayed with a kilogram of biological tissue, which is more expensive for the clayed dose of 1 Gy.

Through іnshі odinі vіmіru СІ zіvert is expressed as follows:

1 Sv = 1 J/kg = 1 m²/s²

The equivalence of a sever and gray shows that an effective dose and a clayed dose may have the same stability, but does not mean that an effective dose is numerically more expensive than a clayed dose.

Sievert, milisivert and microsievert

When the effective dose is determined, biological radiation radiation is eliminated, the most expensive clay dose, multiplied by the coefficient of hardness, which should be deposited in the type of viprominuvannya and characterize the biological activity of that kind of viprom іnyuvannya. May be of great importance for radioobiology.

Odinitsa is named after a Swedish scientist Rolf Sievert(De: Rolf Sievert).

Previously (and sometimes at the same time) loneliness was victorious ber(Biological equivalent of X-ray), English.

rem(roentgen equivalent man)

Use 5 basic single doses. If the deacons from them run for peace, the stink of a different zmist.

x-ray- pozasistemna single exposure dose of radioactive exposure to X-ray or gamma-vitrochemicals, which is attributed to their ionizing effect on dry atmospheric conditions.

• Translator system CІ, 1 P approximately 0.0098 Sv
• 1 P = 1 BER

Biological equivalent to x-ray- The pozasistemna odiniya vimiru equivalent dose viprominuvannya has become obsolete.

• 1 BER \u003d dose of any kind of ionizing vitamin production, which vibrates the same biological effect, like the dose of X-ray or gamma-promenіv in 1 X-ray.
• 1 BER = 0.01 Sv.
• 100 BER cost 1 Zvert.

Gray- unit clayed dose viprominuvannya in system CI.

• 1 Gy = with a clay dose of vibration, with a 1 kg mass of speech, the energy of ionizing vibration is transferred 1 J.
• 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad.

Zivert- unit of equivalent dose of vipromination in system CI.

• 1 Sv \u003d equivalent dose of vipromination, when yakіy:
  • - The dose of viprominyuvannya is more than 1 gray; i
  • - Coefficient of vigor viprominyuvan dorivnyu 1.
• 1 Sv \u003d 1 J / kg \u003d 100 berm.

Radium- Pozasistemna unity of the dose viprominuvannya, clayed speech.

• 1 rad = dose of radiation per 1 kg of body weight, equivalent to an energy of 0.01 joules.
• 1 rad = 0.01 Gy

RIVNI ROZVITKA

The rіven viprominuvannya was assigned, which corresponds to the natural background of 0.1-0.2 µSv/year (10-20 µR/year). NORMAL.

Radiation situation 0.2 - 0.6 µSv/year (20-60 µR/year) Enough.

Rivne viprominyuvannya 0.6-1.2 μSv / year (60-120 μR / year) VIROS.

Notes: first

Estimation of equal dose in the field is calculated at a height of 1 m from the surface of the earth and at a height of not less than 30 m from the surface.

2. When searching for local businesses, the waste of resources, as well as in the case of safe security, it was found that the situation in the village is reduced by 10 times, the dose intensity decreases by about 100 times.

3. Transfer to the equivalent dose (dose) of the equal dose (dose) should be brought to a factor that is equal to 100, tobto.

1 µSv/year = 100 µR/year or 1 µSv = 100 µR.

radon All natural radioactive isotope, odourless, odorless aroma, but 7.5 times more important for repetition. Vіn born in radioactive sіm'yakh, uranium and thorії, and qi important metal є skrіz — in the rocks near the water.

Under the hour of laying out wines, alpha particles are sent. The storage period is 3.8 days. Radon gives approximately 75% of a single-time effective equivalent dose of radon taken by a human being from the earth's ears. If we take the total dose of the earth's germs and space changes, then radon becomes approximately 50%.

Radon and its decay products enter the body of a person mainly through inhalation, especially as stinks are found in closed and unformed rooms, the concentration is 8 times higher, lower on the street. For a few minutes, a million atoms of radioactive radon enter the legend at once from every breath. In unfriendly minds, the number can be increased by hundreds and thousands of times.

Riven radiation in Ufi online

The axis of which is raptly tightened down, the poises become important, they give respect ... Radon penetrates through the ground, the foundation, the ground and the beam, as a rule, on the first one over the stone, under the ground.

Strengthening through heating only increases the concentration of radon: there is simply no way to go. It is rich to lay a lot of budіvelny material and pіdlog, on which to stand budіvlі.

Shchodo is not enough for radon - wood, cegli, concrete. Significantly larger - granite and fins. Phosphate phosphate (which is established during the processing of phosphate ore) and vicoration in the preparation of budding blocks, dry gypsum boards are reduced by 30% more intensively in the production of people.

Even higher radioactivity can be pure zeglin clay, as it is an input in the production of aluminum. NRB establishes radio safety standards for radon:

— at the design budіvel that sporud he is responsible for safety, so that the volume of radionuclide isotope and tone activity did not exceed 100 Bq/m3;

at ceramic radon it is not guilty to overestimate 200 Bq/m3.

The intensity of gamma-vibration in this period cannot exceed the tension in the upper limit of the interval by 0.3 µSv/year (30 µR/year);

—so the volume of activity of radon isotopes is reduced to 400 Bq/m3 that speed of vipromination of gamma-vitamination to become less than 0.6 µSv/year (60 µR/year), then the bagmen of such budіvel may be relocated.

Radiation is the name given to the expansion of energy as elementary particles and quantum flows. They see light (we see it with an invisible eye), infrared, ultraviolet and ionizing vibration.

For the safety of life of a person, the greatest interest is ionizing radiation, which destroys the dead radicals in cells of a living organism, which starts the process of destruction of proteins, death and rebirth of cells.

Qi processes can cause the death of a living organism. To this very understanding, "radiation" is most likely to be affected by exposure to ionizing vibration.

Chi all see radiation unsafe?

Radiation prominence do not zavzhd mortally and perniciously, as it is customary to respect. In some species, the instability of the isotopes of various elements of vikoristovuetsya for the benefit of, zokrema, in the selection of growing and creatures, medicine, energy and the people's state.

Radiation and radioactivity - one and the same?

Radiation and radioactivity - the concepts are similar, but not the same. Radiation is called the free flow of energy, which is found in the expanse of dots, the docks do not sag, be it an object. Radioactivity - the purpose of the building of the object, or the speech of the clay, viprominuvannya, stayuchi dzherelom radiation.

See viprominyuvannya that penetrating building

Distinguish a few types of radiation exposure, among the most significant are seen:

1. Alpha-vipromonition - the flow of positive particles with a great mass, the stench may have an intense ionization and become a serious problem when it enters the body through the SCT, but when it enters the body, it is covered with small shifts and does not penetrate the skin.
2. Beta-viprominyuvannya - the most important part of a large penetrating building. Protect from such a viprominuvannya a thin ball of aluminum or a sprat of centimeters of wood.
3. Gamma-vibration and similar to the new X-ray - the flow of neutrally charged particles, which can make a high penetrating building, become the greatest inconvenience for a person. Materials with important cores can protect the type of prominence, and for which you need a ball of sprat meters.

Natural that piece radiation

Vyprom_nyuvannya can be like natural, and they are due to activity. In nature, by straining dzherelami radiation, the Sun and the process of decay of certain elements in the warehouse of the earth's measles. Navit in the body of people in the norm є speech, like they create personal radiation decay.

Piece radiation is due to the long life of nuclear power plants, research and development of any kind of technology, in which nuclear reactors are used, as well as the selection of radioactive isotopes in medicine, the production of elements with unstable atomic nuclei, carried out in testing, burial of unsafe exits and a round of nuclear fire.

Zovnіshnє that vnutrіshnє promіnennya

Naturally, radiation is smoldering with the presence of external and internal radiation cells. The main ways of penetration of radiation into the human body:

• through the grassy path, which is enchanted by the minds of life and the nature of the activity of a person;
• through the mucous membranes of the skin, which is also signified by the miraculous and may be related to the peculiarities of the miraculous living (to add the proximity of the piece radiation, the geographic latitude and height above the sea level) and the vital materials, u about revenge on radioactive speech, for which objects were prompted housing fund and infrastructure.

Admissible and lethal doses of radiation

Natural rіven radiatsії lie in the territory of the minds of life. The value is measured in doses taken by the body for a song interval of an hour (sound, for a year chi r_k):

• Exposure, which improves the ionization steps in gamma or X-ray exposure, the main unit of the virus is X-ray.
• Clayed with speech, the subject of which the body is able to control the dose in the "greys".
• The effective (permissible) dose is determined individually for the skin per organ.
• The equivalent dose of radiation exposure is determined by the coefficients and deposited depending on the type of exposure.

Norms of radiation background

In the average, in normal and not unsafe for the population, the value of the increase in production is close to twenty micro-roentgens per year, but the indicator can be significantly affected by the fallowness of the features of the dosledzhuvana territory.

The boundary between radiation (GDK - marginally permissible concentration) is an indicator that becomes approximately 0.5 μSv / year (or 50 μR / year). However, with a change in the terms of the injection of radioactive drug abuse to a decade, a person can be blamed for such doses of prominence, like 10 μSv / year (or 1 μR per year).

Perebuvayuchi near the zone of radiation pollution chi infusion of radiation, for example, in case of medical expenses, the maximum allowable rate of change is the maximum allowable rate of change to become a sprat of millions per year.

Penetrating radiation accumulates in the body. The norms indicate that, due to the overall functioning of the body and the preservation of health, a certain amount of radiation has been accumulated by the protyazh of the whole life, it is possible to exceed the range between 100 and 700 mSv.

If so, in the field the upper values ​​of the allowable doses will be for the citizens of the high-mountain regions and the territory from the increased radioactivity.

Totally check the injection of radiation on the river to help the table of common doses for different types of activity. For example, with fluorography, the dose is taken to be 0.06 mSv, and X-ray promining gives 30% and 3% of the estimated dose for X-rays (explosive and digital imaging) of the chest.

Radiation contaminated

Radiation (radioactive) infected people are concerned about the situation, as it is unsafe for the health and life of people, as they live on the territories of the fall of radioactive rivers, as well as in areas close to the epicenter of man-made accidents. Normally, the radiation is destroyed during the turns of the transport and the saving of radioactive outputs, accidents at nuclear power plants, or after the accidents or after the accidents of the radiogerel.

The main brittle minerals are iodine-131, strontium, cesium, cobalt and americium. The minimum period for the fall of radioactive speeches is about eight decibels, the maximum period is over a hundred years. In case of man-made accidents, the doses are reduced to an acceptable level in the average for 30-50 years, in order to keep everything in the water.

So, for example, rebuking in the zone of familiarity with the Chornobyl nuclear power plant for 10 years is equivalent to a flight, and in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as if they recognized the infusion of a nuclear bomb, people can currently live.

Unsafe doses

1. 50% mortality occurs at 3-4 Gy of penetrating radiation, and at 7 Gy and more, death occurs in 99% of cases;
2. Overdosing over 10 Gy can still be fatal for a person, changing the ailment into the same vapadka driving in for 2-3 days.
3. The lethal dose of radiation in humans is 15 Gy (death occurs in 1-5 dB);

Symptoms and degree of severity of infection

In the clinical picture of the promeneutic ailment, one can see several degrees of severity:

• lesion of the first stage of guilt in case of prominence not more than 2 Gy;
• middle vaga is typical for doses up to 4 Gy;
• at a severe (third) stage, the drop is in the range of 4-6 Gy;
• the dose of radiation in case of promenevy ailments of extreme severity should be over 6 hryvnia.

In addition, doctors talk about promenade trauma, as it proceeds without any characteristic symptoms, as if the patient had taken less than 1 Gy.

• The symptoms of the first stage of promenitis ailment are manifested in headaches, changes in appetite, drativity and sleep disturbances. In the victims, as a rule, there are teasing of the mucous membranes, derangement of the PCT and increased fluidity. The dressing up comes in one or two months, as if the radiation had stuck.
• The disease of the middle degree of severity is characterized by worsening of the main symptoms, pathological changes in the internal organs and the central nervous system, the appearance of trophic diseases, as well as numerical complications, associated with a weakened immune system. Illnesses often do not heal like this, and doctors are less likely to reach remissions with periodic ailments.
• Promeneva ailments of the third stage are affected by irreversible changes in the robotic system of organs and systems, tissue degradation and partial bleeding. Began to become a significant problem for the life of the patient, slowly progressing and ending with a lethal end.
• Signs of a radiation injury of extreme severity are few in medical practice, tk. the floorings are a serious form of a promenade ailment, it is very rare. Modern methods of diagnostics and likuvannya make it possible to reveal such an ailment at these stages, if the help is given to the victim generously. With this change, the patient will recover, as a rule, after two or three years after the application of radiation to the body.

Radiation is constantly pouring into the people, not only on the streets, but also near the apartment. So the name "natural radiation decay", created by the sun and cosmic changes, is considered safe for human health. And all the same, the radiation should be afraid, even if you don’t start shkodi only in that flurry, as if you didn’t overwhelm the singing between.

Safe doses of radiation: what do you know?

As having established the Swedish teachings of R. Zivert in 1950, there is no threshold equal - a specific value, for which, in the sufferer, there is no obvious prihovani ushkodzhennia. Navit minimum doses of radiation of health effects and genetic and somatic changes in humans, as they may not be known for their health, and they will be deprived of unremarkable stretching of the song for an hour. Therefore, there are no absolutely harmless indications of radiation exposure, we can only talk about the yogo admissible boundary.

Who will establish the norms of radiation?

In Russia, the Derzhkomsanepidnaglyad is engaged in the regulation and control of the radiation testing of the population. The organization itself will establish the boundary values ​​​​of radiation and, if possible, allow for the fringing, pursuant to official legislation and upcoming documents:

• NRB-99 - "Norms of radiation safety";
• OSPOR-99 - "Basic sanitary rules for the treatment of radioactive speeches and viprominuvans".

The resolutions of the SanPiN guarantee the recommendations of international organizations, which are engaged in the nutrition of radiation safety of the population: WHO, UN, UNSCEAR, IAEA, MOP, AYAE, OECD. The introduced standards do not protect the natural viprominyuvannya, the rіven of which in the fallow land in the region can fluctuate in the amount of 0.05 μSv / year and up to 0.2 μSv / year, as well as on the internal promіnennya people, which is blamed for the rahunok of natural potassium, which vengeance in the cells of the body .

How to normalize radiation exposure?

The main meta standardization of natural and technogenic changes is the protection of the health of the entire population of people, who, by virtue of their profession, constantly work out of radiation. Come in, you get used to it, take care of the safety of people, and reduce to a minimum the possibility of taking away by her, as obvious denials in the sight of opiums, promeneu ailments and swells, and the attachment of inherited traits - mutation of chromosomes and the appearance of genetic diseases in the offspring yuvan.

What are the norms for radiation?

Radiation is not blamed on the outside, and internal contamination of the body with radionuclides. Acting at the same time, swipe it with water, the stench from the blood is spread all over the body at once, accumulates in the tissues and other organs, calling for their ushkodzhennya. A new understanding was introduced at the link with the cym - the dose was clayed, so that the average number of radionuclides, clayed by the body of a person, is reduced. For the main population, the won is not guilty of revisiting:

• for one river - 1 mSv;
• for all life (70 years) - 70 mSv.

How to increase the intensity of the forecast for a year, dividing the river norm for the number of years per river, weide 0.57 μSv / year. Ale tse upper boundary, for a person the most safe rіven can be even smaller - up to 0.2 µSv / year.

SanPiN: what are the standards set?

Over 70% of the radiation should reach the body of a person through the organs of the respiratory system and poisoning, indicating serious health problems. At zv'azku z tsim, zaprovadzhenno norms of SanPіN, yakі zamezhuyut together with radionuclides at їzhі, vіdі poіtrі. Let's take a look at their report:

1. Admission.

Zhitlovy budinok vvazhayutsya carefree, as in the case of yoga, the following signs are recorded:

• intensity of gamma-viation production - 0.25-0.4 μSv/year with the improvement of natural radiation smolder, taman this mass;
• the total dose to thoron and radon is not more than 200 Bq/m3. on river

At the time of the resettlement, the values ​​​​are carried out and whenever the reduction of the radiation test is carried out. As if the stink did not give a result, the meshkans are resettled, and the confused ones are re-profiled, at the extreme decline, they are moving forward.

Normatives of SanPiN are intermixed with uranium, thorium and potassium-40 in budmaterials, which are vicorous for living. The total dose of radiation modification of wall and other materials, prepared from the pollution of natural mountain rocks, is not responsible for overestimating 370 Bq/kg.

As a rule, a dilyanka is selected for Zhitlov's forgetfulness, the gamma-vibration rhyme is charged from the surface soil to be no more than 0.3 μSv / year, and the flow of radon is no more than 80 mBq / (sq. m * s).

2. Drinking water.

In drinking water, it is normalized to include alpha-and beta-parts of both man-made and natural pollution. If the total concentration is lower than 2.2 Bq / kg, then the water is taken careless and further hygiene is not carried out. Otherwise, the activity of specific radionuclides is mitigated - these changes have been established by the sanitary legislation. Okremo looked at instead of radon near the water - no more than 60 Bq / year.

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1 microroentgen/year [µR/year] = 0.01 microsievert/year [µSv/year]

Output value

Value Revamped

gray per second exagray per second petagray per second teragray per second gigagry per second megagray per second kilogray per second hectogray per second decagray per second decigray per second centigray per second miligray per second microgray per second nanogray per second gry second radium per second joule per kilogram per second vat per kilogram sievert per second milisiverti per rіk milisiverti per year microsiverti per year take per second roentgen per year milroroentgen per year microroentgen per year

Details about the tension of the clay dose and the total tension of the dose of ionizing alcohol abuse

Zagalni vіdomostі

Vibration is a natural phenomenon, as it manifests itself in the fact that electro-magnetic fibers or elementary particles with high kinetic energy collapse in the middle of the medium. And here the middle can be either matter or vacuum. Vypromіnyuvannya - like us, and our life without a new one is unacceptable, to that the living of people and other creatures without vіpromіnyuvannya is impossible. Without viprominyuvannya the Earth does not have such necessary life of natural phenomena as light and warmth. These stats have a negotiable special type of viprominuvannya, ionizuyuche viprominyuvannya or radiation, as if we were pierced. Nadali at this statistic for viprominuvannya mi may be on the vase itself ionizuyuche viprominuvannya.

Dzherela viprominyuvannya ta yoga vikoristannya

Ionіzuyuche vipromіnyuvannya middle can viniknut zavdyakov either natural or piece processes. Natural sources of industrialization include sony and space industrialization, as well as the industrialization of some radioactive materials, such as uranium. Such radioactive syrovine is obtained from the depths of the earth's surface and vicorist in medicine and industry. Some radioactive materials are used up in the midst of accidents in the production and galuzy, de-wiping the radioactive syrovina. Most often, it depends on the lack of rules for the safety of the storage of radioactive materials and work with them, or through the existence of such rules.

Varto respect that until recently radioactive materials were not considered unsafe for health, and instilled, they were victorious as healthy preparations, and also valued for their garne of candles. Uranium slope- A butt of radioactive material, which is victorious for decorative purposes. It is worth glowing with a fluorescent green light, like a light that, before the new additions, uranium oxide. The amount of uranium in place in this area is low and the amount of radiation that he sees is small, so uranium can be considered harmless for health at the moment. From a new beginning, flasks, plates and other utensils are prepared. Uranus tends to be valued for this unimaginable luminosity. The sun is prone to ultraviolet light, so uranium can shine even in a sony light, although the glow is more pronounced under the lamps of an ultraviolet light.

Radiation has an impersonal stagnation - in the form of electricity generation to the exaltation of cancer patients. In these articles, it is negotiable, as radiation flows into the fabrics and fabrics of people, creatures and biomaterial, attaching special respect to the fact that, as quickly and as little as possible, the damage to the fabrics and fabrics is strongly affected.

Appointment

On the back we can look at the deeds of the appointment. Use impersonal ways to control radiation, depending on what we want to know. For example, you can reduce the amount of radiation in the middle; you can know the amount of radiation that destroys the work of biological tissues and cells; chi kіlkіst radiаtsії, clayed body chi organism, skinny. Here we will look at two ways to control radiation.

A large amount of radiation in the middle, which dies for one hour, is called total intensity of the dose of ionizing alcohol. The amount of radiation, clayed by the body in one hour, is called hardening of the clayed dose. It is easy to know the total tension of the dose of ionizing vibrational therapy for the help of wider vibrational devices, such as dosimetry, the main part of which sounds є geiger lichniks. The work of these devices is more reportedly described in the article about the exposure dose of radiation. The tension of the clayed dose is known, vicorist information about the total tension of the dose and the parameters of the object, the body, or parts of the body, as a way of vibrating. Qi parameters include mass, width and volume.

Radiation and biological materials

Ionizuyuche viprominyuvannya may even have a high energy, and to that it ionizes particles of biological material, including atoms and molecules. As a result, the electrons are crystallized in the form of particles, which lead to a change in their structure. Tsі zm_ni vyklikanі tim, scho ionizatsija will weaken chi ruinuє khіm_chnі zv'yazki between particles. Tse poshkodzhuє molecules in the middle of clitin and tissue and disrupting the work of the robot. In certain moods, ionization will spawn new connections.

Damaged robots and cells lie in the fact that radiation has damaged their structure. In such cases, destruction is not to be poured into the work of kіtin. Sometimes the robot cells are damaged, but the damage is small and the body progressively restores the cells at the working camp. In the process of normal robotic cells, similar injuries often trap, and the cells themselves turn to normal. That is why the radiation level is low and the damage is small, it is possible to fully encourage the cells to become a worker. Even though the rіven of radiation is high, then the clitinah will experience irrevocable changes.

In case of irreversible changes, the cells either work differently, as if they were guilty, or they cease to work together and die. Ushkodzhennya radiation of the life of important and irreplaceable cells and molecules, for example, DNA and RNA molecules, proteins and enzymes that cause promenevu ailments. Poshkodzhennya clitin can also cause mutations, in the past such in children of patients, whose clitin lesions can develop genetic disease. Mutations can also lead to supra-worldly shvidka rozpodil clitin in the organisms of patients - which, in its own way, makes it easier to get sick with cancer.

Wash, yakі polyuyut vplyuyut radiation on the body

Varto signify that the deacons carried out the injection of radiation on the body, as it was carried out in the 50s - 70s. the last century were unethical and navit unhuman. Zocrema, tse doslіdzhennya, scho carried out by the military in the United States and the Radian Union. Most of these experiments were carried out at test sites and in specially designed areas for testing nuclear weapons, for example, at a test site in Nevada, USA, at a nuclear test site in Novaya Zemlya on the lower territory of Russia, and at the Semipalatinsk testing site and in the lower territory of Kazakhstan. In some areas, experiments were carried out on the first hour of the military days, as, for example, on the first hour of the Totsk military days (SRSR, on the lower territory of Russia) and the first hour of the military days of Desert Rock near the state of Nevada, USA.

Radioactive wikidia for hours of these experiments led to the health of the Viysk people, as well as to civilians and creatures in such areas, the shards come in whenever possible to protect the people of the city, if they are not enough, or if they are full during the day. Under the hour, the last ones, as they can be called that, blew radiation into the human body after the atomic vibrations.

From 1946 to the 1960s, experiments were also carried out on the injection of radiation into the body in some American lichens without the knowledge of those who were ill. In some cases, such experiments were carried out on vaginal women and children. Most often, radioactive speech was injected into the body of a sick person for an hour or more through an injection. Basically, the main method of these experiments was to prostegize, as radiation flows into the life and processes that occur in the body. In some cases, the organs (for example, the brain) of dead ailments were taken, for example, they took a dose of prominence for life. Such investigations were carried out without the help of other ailments. Most often, they were ill, they were experimented on, they were aggravated, terminally ill patients, disabled people and people from the lower social classes.

Dose of radiation

We know that the dose of radiation is large, as it is called a dose of harsh prominennya, calling a threat to health, and the higher the dose, the greater the risk to health. We also know that radiation infuses different cells into the body in different ways. The most suffering from radiation are the cells, as they know the frequent occasion, as well as those who are not specialized. So, for example, germ cells, blood cells, and cells of the reproductive system are the most likely to have a negative injection of radiation. Skin, brushes, and m'yazovі fabrics are less skhilnі to spitting, and the smallest splinter of radiation is on the nerve cells. Therefore, in some vipadkas, a hot ruinous influx of radiation on the cells, less shy to the infusion of radiation is less, to instill on them a greater amount of radiation, lower on the clitin, more schile to the influx of radiation ї.

Vidpovidno to theory radiation hormesis small doses of radiation, however, stimulate the mechanisms in the body, and as a result, the body becomes weak, and less sick to get sick. It is necessary to take into account that it is still at the present moment at the bud stage, and it is not yet possible to take such results beyond the boundaries of the laboratory. Narazі qі eksperimenti carried out on creatures and it is not known that these processes occur in the human organism. It is important to take into account ethical mirkuvan on such investigations for the fate of people, the shards of this experiment can be unsafe for health.

Fatigue

Too many vchenih vvazhayut, scho zagalna kіlkіst radiatsії, yak zaznіv organіzm - nіny pokaznіl that naskolki strongly opіnennya vplyvaє on organіzm. Vіdpovidno up to one theory, tension- it is also an important indicator of a promise and that the more the tension of the veil, the higher the hint and the ruin of the body. Deyakі vchenі, yakі dolіdzhuyut straining vipromenuvannya, vvayut that with low strain vibrіvіvannya induce trival diya radiation on the body does not cause harm to health, but shkoda for health is insignificant and does not damage life solidity. Therefore, in certain situations, after accidents due to a round of radioactive materials, the evacuation of the resettlement of the meshkants should not be carried out. This theory explains the slight flaw in the body, because the body adapts to low tension, and in DNA and other molecules, the processes are carried out. Tobto, zgіdno zієyu theory, having injected radiation into the body is not ruinous, nibi prominennya was due to such a most savage amount of radiation, but with more high tension, more short pro little time. Tsya theory is not mistaken for a work place - when a mistake is made for a work place, radiation is considered unsafe for low tension. Varto also vrahuvaty, that the results of this galusi began to appear recently, and that the future results can give other results.

Varto is also significant, which is good for smaller achievements, as if the creatures have feathers, then instill small doses of prominence to spriyat її development. This information is even more important, shards, as it will be revealed in the future, that such processes occur in human organisms, then it’s equally important, that we, who already have a fluff, refute the factory for small strain . From the other side, for the moment, mi, navpak, victoriously oprominenya high tension for the jubilation of feathers, but at the same time, they omit the litter of the body, in those є shell cells.

In the safety rules for an hour of work with radioactive speeches, it is not uncommon to indicate the maximum allowable total dose of radiation and the intensity of the clayed dose of viprominuvannya. For example, the exchange of fees can be approved, issued by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US Nuclear Regulatory Commission), indemnified for river indicators, and the limitation of some other similar agencies in other countries is insured on a monthly basis or on a monthly basis. Deyakі z tsikh obmezhenі and rules razroblenі for the type of accidents from a round of radioactive speeches in the middle, but often the main method is the creation of the rules of safety in the workplace. Їх vikoristovuyut, schobzhite promіnennya pracіvnіvnіv іn sledіnіkіv аn atomic power plants аnd іnshіh enterprises, deprаciuyut s radioactive speeches, pilots and crews of airlines, medical practitioners, including doctors of radiologists, and others. For more detailed information about ionizing vibrations, see the statistics on clayed radiation doses.

Nebezpeka for health, caused by radiation

unitconversion.org.

Intensity of the dose of viprominuvannya, µSv/year	Not safe for health
>10 000 000	Deadly unsafe: organ failure and death for a long time
1 000 000	It’s even more unsafe for health: vomiting
100 000	Even more unsafe for health: radioactive poisoning
1 000	It’s even more unsafe: negoly fill the infected zone!
100	It’s even more unsafe: the rise of the rizik is healthy!
20	It’s even more unsafe: the need for a change of ailment!
10	Nebezpeka: Negay leave this zone!
5	Not safe: yaknaishvidshe fill in this zone!
2	Rizik movement: it is necessary to get used to entering safely, for example, near a flyer at cruising heights