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Course of revenge 5 great topics, 2.5 years each. The skin topic is presented from scratch, it is simple and understandable.
Hundreds of orders ЄДІ. Textual knowledge and theory of figurativeness. The algorithms for solving problems are simple and easy to remember. Geometry. Theory, preliminary material, analysis of all types of tasks. Stereometry. Tricky methods of untying, brown cribs, developments of spacious reality. Trigonometry from scratch to mastery 13. Intensive learning. Understand the explanation of the folding ones clearly. Algebra. Corinth, step and logarithms, function and similarity. Base for the highest folding order 2 parts ЄДІ.
the flightiness of the winged seed. Know which tier is included in the rows. Explain how much of the brain is necessary for reproduction and expansion of growth. Learn about the relevance of the yalinka (pine) to the minds of the forest biogeocenosis. Please help me please.
What is the specificity of the activity of biological catalysts – enzymes? what is the mechanism of action of cellular receptorson the surface?
How do monosaccharides combine into polymers?
What monosaccharides are included in the warehouse of polysaccharides?
What is the biological significance of lipoids?
8. What is the level of organization of living nature and the totality of all ecosystems of the earth’s culture in their interconnection9. Which of these organs are homologous
10. The appearance of any signs in people leads to atavism
11. A pair of aquatic ridge creatures confirms the possibility of evolution based on convergent similarity
12. The similarity of the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria lies in what they contain
13. Name the form of natural selection, which is why the number of eyes and the number of fingers on the ends of the spinal cords of creatures becomes permanent during the last three hours
14. The creative nature of natural selection in evolution is manifested in
15. Name the form of natural selection that results in the loss of eggs from some birds and mosquitoes
16. The storage of some molecules includes phosphorus, which is necessary for all living organisms
17 Palaeontological evidence of evolution goes back to
18. The highest concentration of living speech is avoided
19. What are the daily structures in the cutins of the skin of the cibul luck?
20. Founder of scientific systematics (classifications)
21. In a DNA molecule, the number of nucleotides with thymine becomes ...% like the number of nucleotides. What number of nucleotides with cytosine does this molecule have?
22. In the process of photosynthesis in plants
23. The surplus of the third century at the corner of the human eye - butt
24. In some cell organoids there is a great diversity of enzymes that take part in the breakdown of biopolymers to monomers
25. The area of expansion of wild reindeer in the tundra zone is a criterion
26. Mollusk small rates є intermediate hospodar
27. The highest concentration of waste streams in an ecologically polluted ground-surface medium can be found in
28. Which organoid ensures the transport of chelates in the cell?
29. To reach non-clinical forms of life
30. The intermediate nature of the decline signs appears when
31 The greenhouse effect on Earth is a legacy of shifts in atmospheric concentrations
32. The most extreme form of struggle for sleep
33. Genetic heterogeneity of individuals in a population increases
34. The development of rich cell organisms from zygote is proof
35. Until atavism people appear
36. Know the organizations that enter into competition with each other
37. What happens during photosynthesis
38. The similarity of the life and vitality of cells in organisms of various kingdoms of living nature is one of the provisions
39. The functions of the plasma membrane are determined by the molecules that enter its warehouse.
40. Establish similarity between the form of natural selection and its characteristics
Viddill Golosonasinny (Pinophyta or Gymnospermae)
Nasinnevy rosliny
followed the line of further development of the sporophyte and reduction of the gametophyte. For modern growths, the most important evolutionary additives include internal sealing. The gametophytes of these plants are sharply reduced. The female gametophyte and the gametes (ovules) that are created by it do not lose the megasporangium and are lost in the maternal lineage (sporophytes). At the end of the reduction, the human gametophyte is located in saw grain. It is very important that the thickening process not be left behind due to the presence of a droplet-rare aqueous medium. .
The only thing that is reproduced in our plants is ours, as the name suggests. Nowadays, for the sake of argument, it is not only the entire formation of the embryo of the future sporophyte that is needed, but also the spare living words needed at the first stages of its development. Thick membranes protect the earth from unfriendly natural agents that are destructive to most spores.
Thus, the successful conquest of dry land plants will significantly contribute to two aromorphoses (morphophysiological progressive changes in organisms) - the wine plant and the saw tube, which signified the reduction a state generation (haploid gametophyte) with a further advanced non-state generation.
1. Structure of the branch: There are approximately 700 species of currently hungry birds. Includes: , two of them died out, and of those that lost the largest numerical group - conifers (Pinopsida) - 50 canopies, 550 species.
The flowering of conifers begins with the Jurassic period. Conifers are evergreens, followed by modrinia and metasequoias. There are 90 types of pine trees, perhaps the most common ones.
2. Roseeveryday : The voices have been growing for a long time. Residues of their copalinas are found in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era (350 million years ago). At this time, despite the apparently small number of species, the expansion of the honos, especially in the summer forest, creates great tracts of coniferous forests, called taiga. In the great expanses of Northern Eurasia and Northern America, the stink is created by foxes, which are often represented by the dominance of one species. The greatest number of species of pine, yalitsa, smereka and moderna are found near the Pacific Ocean, especially in China. Modern conifers have the greatest growth in the western regions of New Zealand, Australia and Western America.
3. Living forms : The sporophyte dominates, and the entire generation is leafy. Nina are bare-naked – especially for trees, chagarniks, tree-like lianas and epiphytes with monopodial plantings. The grasses are represented by only one reliably known species - Williamsoniiella (with bennetaceae). Among the conifers, the giants of the alpine world are being hunted. For example, evergreen sequoia (California USA) reaches 117 m in height with a trunk thickness of 11 m; mammoth tree - trunk thickness up to 12 m and up to 4000 years; swamp cypress - trunk thickness up to 16 m. The longevity record was set by the pine, found in Northern Nevada (USA), about 4900 years ago.
4. Root system : The embryonic primary transforms, as a rule, into a strong strizhnevy and functions throughout life. Two forms of the root often develop: long-lasting and very shortened. The rest is mycorrhiza. Root hairs are localized in a narrow zone. The adnexal root is even rarer (in primitive representatives).
5. Leaves: among the naked ones there is a great variation in size, size and size. The leaf shape can be golk-like (yalivets, yalina, pine, modrina), luscate (thuja, cypress). The leaf parts can be spread out in whorls one at a time (yalin) or two at a time (pine trees), on the stem they can be spread out in a spiral, luster-like - in the opposite direction. Those that are similar to a pine tree, have the appearance of a bunch of needles, sharpened by lustrous leaves, - shortened and (brachyblasts). The leaf has a number of properties to change the vaporization: the shape of the leaf, the thickness of the cuticle, the sealed openings, which are sealed with resin in the cold season. Most of the bare plants are evergreen plants. Pine needles change after 3-4 years (the culprit is deciduous modrina). Ale in bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) can save photosynthetic activity for up to 45 years! In conifers, the secondary xylem (wood) is tightly twisted, which consists of 90-95% tracheids. The bark and core are slightly unscrewed. Many conifers have bark, wood and leaves and resin ducts, which contain essential oil, resins, and balsams.
6. Sporangia : The specialized organs on which sporangia develop are the cones that form from the axes and weeds. There are woman's bumps on the bushes beast(photo 1) megasporangia are ovules, and they contain eggs. On the buds of the human cone (microsporophylls - reduced spore-bearing leaves, which can be seen as homologues of the larvae of the larvae) below(photo 2) – microsporangia - saw blades, and they contain saw grains. Conifers are monoecious plants (sometimes dioecious). For example, pine is a monoecious tree, and both male and female cones grow on the same tree. At its peak, it reaches a height of 50 m and lives up to 400 meters. Sporulation occurs at 30-40 years of life, and it happens even earlier. Sporophiles are collected in cones of two types, which differ sharply from each other: humans are represented by hairy “sweets”, females are solitary.
A human cone, which has an ellipse-like shape with a length of 4-5 cm, a diameter of 3-4 cm, is located in the sinus of the bulb in the place of the shortened one and is a well-twisted weight (cut), on which it is spirally expanded Icrosporophylls - reduced spore-bearing leaves. They can be seen as homologs of the larvae. On microsporophylls, microsporangia (piles) are formed from the lower side.
Women's cones appear on the tops of young trees, the smell is larger in size and smoothly dampened. On the head axis in the sinuses there is a lump that opens, creating a lump with two ovules on the upper side. These lures are called real. The female cone is a group of metamorphosed shortened barrels that are located on the lateral axis.
a) In the middle of the microsporangium on the human cone, a large number of microsporocytes - the mother cells of microspores - are established until autumn (2). In the spring, they reduce and create haploid microspores (from the skin diploid mother cell, several haploid microspores are created). The skin microspore is coated with a shell - sporoderm, which is composed of an external exine, which is a special stable high-molecular molecule. sporopoline It is possible to withstand extreme temperatures and chemical influxes, and thereby save millions of risks in geological deposits. Even often, this shell carries special strengths and sculptural enhancements. The inner shell of the intin is a thin paste of cellulose and pectin, which forms microspores instead. The membranes come in one type and form incl. two blown bags. The number of microspores that develop on one plant is very large.
b) A young pine ovum is formed from a nucellus and one integument. Nucellus is actually an ovule. At the middle part of the ovum (nucellus) one large maternal cell of megaspores is formed, which (I guess) divides meiotically and creates haploid megaspores; three of them degenerate, and one, which is lost, divides mitotically, without cytokinesis. The kernels are rendered in a constant bowl, and then the cells are fully formed. So pretend rich female gametophyte(In gonads it is called the primary endosperm). That. Light from the megaspores of the female gametophyte is obtained on the sporophyte itself.
9. Antheridia:
Germination of microspores occurs in microsporangium with further development of a reduced gametophyte. The integument of microspores is stripped of its integument file - human gametophyte. The kidney is reinforced by 2 prothallic cells. After the first cut, the protal cells are pressed to the wall of the saw grain and become ruffled. The cell that is lost is divided into vegetative and anteridial. After the file is ripe, the microsporangia open and the file begins to droop. The wet bags will be easier to handle when the file is blown by the wind. Further development of the human gametophyte begins after cutting on the female cones in the middle of the ovum. Thus, human gametophytes of pine trees are already completely reduced antherids.
10. Archegonia
In the female cone in the middle of the ovum, the rich female gametophyte with two external cells (near the pilus entrance) develops two strongly reduced archegonia, those who are good are deprived of eggs. Above them, the fragments of the cervix and the vernal tubular tissue grow, as soon as they collapse.
11. Zaplіdnennya.
Impregnation may cease 20 months after the release of the seed. The file is transferred to the ovules and carried by the wind. Enclosed by a pine tree not associated with a varicose vein- sperm are delivered to the egg for help saw tube. When sawing the files, it sinks into the ovums, openly spread on the woman’s cone, and sticks to the file inlet of the sticky part that can be seen by it, and then through the file inlet (micropiles) when vaporized Not a single one is drawn into the sawing chamber. The cone is green, the buds are growing, woody. The plant is deprived of peace until the coming summer, when it begins to sprout. The exina bursts, and the intina oozes the saw tube, which is formed from the vegetative cell of the saw grain, which carries sperm to the archegonia, where one of them is released from the egg. It turns out this way: after cutting down the bulbs, the female cones become chairs, turn green, grow, become woody, and the human gametophyte continues its development on the megasporangium. When the human gametophyte grows directly from the archegonia, the vegetative cell develops into a pilus tube, and the antiridial cell creates two cells: the lower cell and the spermatogenic cell. The stench moves into the saw tube and reaches the archegonia. From the nuclei of the spermatogenic cell, human gametes are created, containing flagella, immediately before the fertilization. When the egg reaches the egg, the saw tube collapses, and one of the sperm merges with the egg, and the other, from the excess vegetative tissue and lower cells, dies.
12. Germ: From the fertilized egg - zygote (2n) an embryo develops, from the vein haploid tissue of the female gametophyte (n) (endosperm), oozing with the curvature of the ovum (2 n) - NASINNA.
The pine embryo is composed of a pendant (which helps the embryo attach to the membrane of the embryonic sac), corticon, hypocotyl, 3-15 cotyledons and apical meristems (root and oval).
13. Reproduction
Roslins have two main methods of reproduction - stately and non-stately. One of the types of non-state reproduction is spore formation. When spores are formed in the mother's body, a specialized cell appears - the spore, which serves for the reproduction and dissemination of plants. The spore germinates without further anger from any other plant. In all the tallest growths, superchids are created as a result of meiosis, then. haploid set of chromosomes is present. There are micro- and megaspores that develop uniformly in micro- and megasporangia. In current growths, microspores have lost the function of dispersal, and their creation is lost at a necessary stage in the creation cycle. One of the hidden patterns that power the multiplication of growth is the change in the life cycle of the unstatted and the established generation, then. Cherguvannya generation.
As we have said, it should be noted once again that pine cones are laid on the beginning of winter, sawing occurs in the spring, and weeding occurs in the coming river. The ripening of female cones and the fall of this season ends in the coming autumn. Well, the life cycle of a female pine cone grows over three growing seasons. The sprouting of this day is for the sake of friendly minds at the onset of spring in a zone of peaceful climate.
14. Significance
1) Conifers shape natural landscapes - taiga on the majestic expanses of the continents. Their importance in living nature and in the ruler’s activity of people is great.
2) Being the most important component of biogeocenoses, stench is of great water protection and antiseptic significance.
3) Coniferous trees provide the bulk of the future wood and the output material for the rich timber industry.
4) Conifers contain viscose, cord, cellulose, staples, balsams and resins, pine and camphor, alcohol and octic acid, rosin and turpentine, tanning extracts, etc., as well as grub products and vitamins.
5) Mix the mixture of active araucarias, cedar, and Siberian pine with up to 79% oil, close to Provençal and algae.
6) For the medical industry, pine is used as a raw material for the extraction of not only vitamins, but also the drug pinobin (an antispasmodic drug). Pine extracts are used for medicinal baths.
7) There are many types of conifers used in folk medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis, nerve disorders, ailments, septic fever, hemorrhoids, deafness and anti-leprosy diseases.
8) Needles and young conifers are an indispensable winter food for elk, wood grouse eat pine, and Siberian cedar plants feed a lot of critters and birds (as well as other conifers). Cone berries are used as food for black grouse. The yew tree is harvested for the preparation of expensive beans and in the furniture industry, and may not be suitable for any purpose.
Before naked There are approximately 700 species of trees and tea leaves that reproduce today. The golosophytes emerged in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic era as the first heterosporous ferns, which died out at the beginning of the Kamiano-Coal period. Holonasal science reached its greatest flowering during the Paleozoic era and during the Mesozoic era. By the end of the Mesozoic, many groups of hunger-bearing animals died out. Voices- the trees are tossing in the present, not stolen by the fruit, but only covered until the hour with the blessing of the present.
The process of condensation in gonads depends on the presence of water. Sporangia develop two types of superechecae. microspores(human super-cheeks) and megaspori(Women of superechka). Microspores sprout human gametophyte, which consists of many cells. The megaspore is located in the middle of the sporangium, which creates wifely gametophyte A megasporangium with a lot of curves is called ovum or else with my little Japanese. After the egg is fertilized, the seed develops from the seed. The transfer of the file by the wind and the formation of the saw tube, through which the sperm penetrates into the egg, will ensure the independence of the formation of stains due to the presence of spotting-rare hair.
The stem has a thin bark, a well-twisted tree and a poorly twisted core. In old Stovburs, the core of the ice is stained. The wood of the holonasal trees is simpler than that of the butterfly trees, and is composed mainly of tracheids. There are very few parenchyma in the tree, because it is just a day old. In many species, the tree bark has resin canals filled with resin, essential oils and other substances.
The leaves of most conifers are stiff, bare (needles) and do not fall off at an unfavorable time. The stench is covered with a thick cuticle ball, the breath is encased in leaf tissue, which reduces the evaporation of water.
The appearance of the present is an important aromorphosis in the evolution of bare-nascent plants. The supply of living substances in the living species ensures the life and development of the embryo in the most important period - the cob period of ontogenesis. Mysterious natural coverings steal the embryo from the unfriendly officials of the middle world. These evolutionary additions and the independency of damming due to the presence of water caused a wide expansion of the population on land.
Holonasal plants play an important role in the government activity of people. So many of them are wonderful awakening material. The core of some tropical forms (for example, cycads) grows into the hedgehog.
The zagalny characteristic of nasnnevikh roslins
Ninny Roslins are a noble group in the kingdom of Roslins. Their wide spread is due to the guilt of the present day and the independence of the state process in the speckled-rare vology.
In current growths, further reduction of the gametophyte and compaction of the sporophyte are avoided. The gametophyte loses its independence and develops not on the ground, but rather from a superspot on the sporophyte in the middle of the sporangia. All these plants are diverse. Megaspores are created in modified megasporangia - simultaneous ovaries. Here the female gametophyte is established, condensation occurs, and the sporophyte embryo develops during zygote. The present germ is transformed into the present. The present day: the germ of a new growth - sporophyte with all the main organs - the germinal root, stem, stem and germinal leaves (plant); stock of living rivers; captured by the skin. Today allows the Roslins to preserve the germ of unfriendly minds by holding out until the end of the day.
Another important feature of the plant growths is the presence in the process of evolution of the saw tube, which delivers the human cells to the archegonium and oocytes. The fertilization is transferred to the seed grains (human gametophytes), in which spermatozoa and sperm develop, to the ovules, in which eggs are formed.
The present growths appeared approximately 360 million years ago in the Paleozoic (late Devonian). They are divided into two sections: Voices - Pinophyta, or else Gymnospermae and Pokritonasinny – Magnoliophyta, or else Angiospermae.
From the embryonic root, the capicial root of the sporophyte develops in the present day. The root has a folding anatomical structure and is built until the second addition. The stem is primarily woody, untidy, monopodial. The wood is uniform, mostly composed of tracheids, judging by the day. The rich people develop their periderm and pickaxe.
The shape of the leaves varies greatly: from whole, lustrous (thuja, cypress), glabrous (pine, yalina) to dichotomous, dichotomous, voluptuous (ginkgo), pinnate and double pinnate.
They reproduce in plants, rarely vegetatively - live bait (cypress) or species (yace, sequoia).
We will look at the current reproduction from the butt of pine (primary) ( Pinus sylvestris) (Fig. 12. 1).
Small 12.1. The cycle of creation of the pine tree: A - A pine tree with human (1) and female cones: 2 - the first fate of life; 3 – another fate of life after sawing; 4 – matured with the seeds that were hanging; B - human cone: 5 - dark appearance; 6 – microsporophyll with two microsporangia; B – pilkova grain (human gametophyte): 7 – budova; 8 - germination (f - exina, i - intina, c - sacs, a - anteridial cell, c - siphonogenic cell tube, b - nucleus of the basal cell, SP - nucleus of the spermogenic cell, PT - pilus tube); G – woman’s cone: 9 – dark appearance; 10 – blue weed with two ovules; D – ovule: 11 – after the creation of megaspores (IN – integument, M – micropyle, NC – nucellus, MGS – megaspores); 12 – after the development of the female gametophyte (EN – endosperm, ARX – archegonium); E – nasinnya (SKD – nasinya skin of a woodworker, SKP – nasineva skin of a floater, ZAR – germ); F – nasneva lushka with nasinnyam.
Pine begins to bear fruit after 20 - 40 years. Tse - monoecious riznospora Roslina. Micro- and megasporangia are created on the same tree in nearby cones (strobils). Cones appear in the spring on young shoots. At the base of some pagons, human cones are collected in groups, while on others, one or two women are created.
On the axis of the human cones are spread out microsporophylls, which bear two microsporangia on the lower side. The middle of the microsporangiums are established as a result of meiosis microspores. The skin microspore begins to grow in the middle of the microsporangium. In this case, two separate protalial cells are created (single vegetative cells of the human appendix, until they collapse) and one anteridial cell. The remainder is divisible by two sperm and cage saw tube. At this stage, the human germ (saw grain) is deprived of microsporangia. Pilkov grain contains two shells: outer – exina and internal - intina. Exina creates two fur bags to hide the transferred file in the wind.
The female cone also carries everything, from which there are two types of lice: external - curly and internal - real. The cutting edges are barren. On the skin's skin, on the inner side, two ovum. The cutaneous ovum bears a megasporangium ( Nucelus), swelling with a curve ( integument). The remaining one at the top is pilkovkhid ( micropyle). In the nucellus from the mother cell (namely one), 4 haploid megaspores are created during the process of meiosis. Three megaspori die out, and the female gametophyte develops from one of them ( haploid endosperm). In the upper part of the endosperm, two simple archegonia are formed, where large eggs mature.
In late spring or at the beginning of summer, the lures in the woman's cones open up. The files are transported by the wind to the seed and through a microfilter it is transferred to the nucelus and germination begins. From the cell of the pilus tube grows a long pilus tube, which is pushed through the nucellus and endosperm to the archegonium. When the egg reaches the tip of the saw tube, it ruptures and releases two sperm. In archegonia, one of them is angry with the egg, and the other with the gyne. The process from sawing to finishing is close to fate.
The fertilized egg is created every year germ, which is made up of coriander, stalks, several cotyledons and nirka. The embryo of oozing endosperm, which is attached to a thin layer - an excess of nucellus. In general, the ovum, after being covered, transforms into today. Cover the spring with a hard skin that comes from the integument. The pine tree is protected by the clear wing that the wind will blow away the pinkness of the spring. The plant ripens through repeated cycles after sawing. Green cones turn brown. On sunny days, at the end of winter, their meadows are opening up, and the rain is drying up. In the spring, the plant sprouts and produces new pine trees - sporophytes.
The Voice section includes six classes: Nasinnye ferns. (Pteridospermatopsida), Sagovnikov ( Cycadopsida), Bennettov ( Bennettitopsida), Ginkgovi ( Ginkoopsida), Khvoyny ( Pinopsida), Gnitov ( Gnetopsida).
Class Sim'yani ferns (Lyginopteridopsida or elsePteridospermatopsida )
Tse vimerli (kopalini) roslini. The smells were represented by upright trees and vines with heavily dissected large leaves, along the edges of which there was dirt. Corinna appendage. It is believed by a number of people that green ferns are the ancestors of current hunger-bearing and ever-growing growths. (Fig. 12. 2).
Small 12.2. Our Ferns .
Klas Sagovnikov ( Cycadopsida )
Currently, these are from the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia and America. Typical representatives are cycads, which grow in the tropics and subtropics. These are dioecious plants: human and female cones grow on different plants. Human cones are single, up to 2 to 80 cm long. On the lower side of the microsporophiles there are groups of microsporangia. Files without dusting bags. The spermatozoa are large and richly flagellar. Women's cones are large (up to 1 meter). The number of ovules on megasporophylls may vary. Nowadays there is no period of calm. In Australia, the macroplant grows, the stem is either non-glossus or weakly gelatinous and sometimes reaches a height of 20 meters. Its core accumulates a lot of starch (Fig. 12. 3).
Small 12.3. Cycad.
Klas Bennettov ( Bennettitopsida )
To this class are copalina plants-Bennettites, similar in appearance to cycads, or, in addition to them, Bennettites, small cones (strobilus) of both articles.
Klas Ginkgovi (Ginkoopsida )
6 vertical rows and one daily row are brought to the classroom. Currently, this class of representations is represented by a single species - ginkgo dillopate ( Ginkgo biloba), which grows in China and is widely cultivated in Japan, Crimea, and the Caucasus. These tall (up to 30-40 m) trees are very gloomy. Leaves on a long petiole, with dichotomous veins, which fall in the winter (Fig. 12. 4).
Figure 12. 4. Ginkgo dillopate .
These are dioecious plants. Microsporophylls are collected in earring-like strobiles, in the leaf axils of short shoots. The ovules are spread out in groups of 2 at the ends of the shortened sections at the leaf axil. They, like cycads and ferns, have loose spermatozoa.
Today, ginkgo lives among hedgehogs and is used in Chinese medicine, and is also widely planted in Europe, Asia, and Northern America as an ornamental tree. Resistant to smoke, fungal and viral diseases, rarely attacked by mosquitoes.
Klas Khvoyny ( Pinopsida )
Includes two subclasses: the Kordaiti subclass ( Cordaitidae) and subclass Khvoyny ( Pinidae).
Subclass Kordayitov (Cordaitidae)
This subclass comes from the roots of growth. During the Kamyanovugil period, tall (up to 30 meters) trees with simple narrow long (up to 1 meter) leaves created great swamps. Behind the anatomical stems, the stinks are even more varied - some are similar to cycads (prevailing bark and pith), others are similar to conifers (smelling well-twisted wood). Separate sections were collected, looking at the spikelets emerging from the leaf axils. Kordaiti gave the cob to ginkgo and conifers.
Subclass Khvoyny (Pinidae )
There are approximately 700 species (55 canopies, 8 families). This is the top rank of the tree, especially the chagarniks. The leaves are glabrous and lustrous. The goblet-like leaves (needles) grow in a spiral, sometimes whorled, singly on long branches or collected in bunches on short branches. Lusk-like leaves are crushed oppositely.
The growths are monoecious, sometimes dioecious, micro- and megasporophylls of reinforced one type and selected from compact strobe or cones. Human strobiles are composed of numerous microsporophylls. The actual buds are grown singly on the top of the shortened sections, or one to a few lie openly on the actual buds of the female cones.
Representatives of this class are found in diverse minds, but mainly in the middle of a peaceful and peacefully cold climate, where foxes live on large areas. In Russia, representatives of three families grow wildly: Pine, Cypress and Yew.
The Sosnov family (Pinaceae )
There are 250 species, 10 canopies. This is the most important and great motherland. Until now, the main forest-forming species are: modrina, pine, yalin. Over 30% of our forests become forests and about 20% become pine and yalinniks.
Read Modrina (Larix). There are about 15 species. Large deciduous trees with a wide crown. Stovburi with a thick, red-brown, deeply cracked pick. The needles are light green, grow on short branches in bunches of 30-50 needles (on short, single branches they are single). Human and female cones spread throughout the crown. Files without dusting bags. The flesh is egg-shaped with a small, densely grown wing. On the territory of Russia and the region, the SND is wider: Modrina Evropeyska (L. decidu) - creates light conifers and mixed forests in the Carpathians; modrina sibirska (L. sibiriha) - creates light conifers and mixed foxes in Western Siberia and Altai; Modrina Daurska (L. dahurica) - creates light coniferous forests on the majestic areas of Skhidnoye Siberia and Far Skhod; modrina Sukachova (L. sukaczewii) - It cultivates light conifers and mixed forests in the European part of the country, in the Urals. Modrina is used: in green areas, for making sleepers, telegraph stations, in everyday life.
Read Pine (Pinus) - Includes nearly 70 species. This is a tree with an ovoid-rounded crown and strictly patterned branches. On the lower branches of the leaves there appear to be reduced buds. The needles grow even more on shortened sections, 2-5 needles per bunch. The needles are hard, prickly, of different ages: saved for 2 to 6 days. It’s not just a single needle that falls off, but the entire needle is shortened. The cones still ripen on the second or third river after sawing. In some types of pine trees, after being torn, the cones open and the trees fly, and in others they completely fall from the tree. The Sosna series includes species that strongly compete for morphological and ecological control. There are 12 species of pine in the borders of the SRSR. The widest of them is: zvichaina pine(P. sylvestris) - creates light conifers and mixed forests in the European part of Russia and Siberia; Siberian cedar pine (P. sibiriha) - creates dark coniferous forests of the European part of Russia, Siberia and Altai; European cedar pine (P. cembra) – growing in Europe; dwarf cedar (P. pumila) - clears up the thickets of overgrowth in Skhidny Siberia, the Okhotsk shores of the Far Skhod, on the Kuril Islands; pine krimska, pallasova (P. pallasiana) - growth in Crimea and Western Transcaucasia.
Primary pine and Siberian cedar pine are stagnated in the rich weeds of the people's rule: vikory wood is used in everyday life and olive trees, vikory resin is widely used and is a valuable raw material for chemicals. ichnoy industry, this place contains valuable oil, pine needles, vitamins (B and C) and essential oils, planting plays a great sanitary and hygienic role.
The official medicinal weed is the native pine ( P. sylvestris), what to remove: nirka (go to the warehouse of sechoginous and cough preparations), pine needles (from it, remove pine extract, essential oil, vitamin C concentrate), essential oil, turpentine (from the warehouse of ointments and the greatest sums for rheumatism, colds), resin (for the preparation of plastics), tar (to go to the warehouse of ointments for skin diseases), the village of Vugilla (Fig. 12.5).
Rice. 12.5. Zvichaina pine.
Read Yalina ( Picea) - Includes 45 views. This is a tree with a cone-like crown and kalamutny razgulennye. The needles are hard, prickly, single, on long branches, stored on a tree for 7-12 years. The female cones stand vertically on the pagons, and for an hour the ripened sap is peeled, their buds open and the sap falls out. The cones themselves fall off later. Today, the yalin is drebne, with a roasted end, and a wing. The lower part of the wing, at the sight of the spoon, is choked by the sap, but it does not grow from the sap. Representatives of the family: Yalina Evropeyska (P. abies) - eliminates dark conifers and mixed forests in the forest zone of the European part of Russia; Yalina Sibirska (P. obovata) - expanded at the beginning of the European part of Russia and near Western Siberia (even close to the European Yalina); Yalina Caucasian, or skhidna (P. orientalis) - widened in the lower part of Western Transcaucasia.
European yalinka wood is widely used in the pulp and paper industry for the production of musical instruments.
The official medicinal weed is European yalin. (P. abies). These cones are being vikorized for preparing a broth that is congealed when the upper respiratory tracts become ill.
Read Yalitsa (Abies) – there are 40 species. These are great trees with a narrow cone-like crown. The needles are flat or narrowly eliptic, soft, blunted or with a ridge. The buds are cylindrical, erect, and when ripe they disintegrate and the buds scatter immediately from the saplings. The real one is larger, the lower part of the yalina, trikutna, with a wide wing, which grows strongly to the real one. Representatives: Yalitsa Sibirska ( A. sibirica) - establishes dark coniferous forests at the spring gathering of the European part of Russia and Siberia; Yalitsa European (A. alba) - grows in the Carpathians and Western Belarus; white-colored eggs (A. nephrolepis) growth in the forests of the Far Right.
The wood of the Siberian vikoryst is harvested from Budivnytsya, for the production of paper, in the virobi. The essential oil is extracted from the needles, which is used in medicine and used in the preparation of varnishes.
The official medicinal plant is Siberian egg ( A. sibirica) and white bark (A. nephrolepis), with which remove the balm (resin) that is used to formulate micropreparations; needles and paws go to extracted essential oil (for synthetic camphor); boil their needles and mix ascorbic acid (Fig. 12. 6).
Figure 12. 6. Yalitsa Siberian.
Read Cedar (Cedrus). Naturally, cedars grow in the mountains of the Mediterranean, Asia Minor and the Western Himalayas. Cultivated in Crimea, in the Caucasus and throughout Central Asia. These are great trees with a wide-spread crown. On the lower pagons the needles are single. On shortened sections, up to 40 needles per bunch are grown in bunches. The needles are hard, prickly, and can be trimmed up to three times on the needles. The cones mature for 2-3 times, after which they fall apart.
Atlas cedar (C. atlantica), Himalayan cedar (C. deodara) that cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) grows in culture like the most beautiful decorative trees.
Family K and Paris (Cupressaceae )
There are 130 species and 19 canopies. Its representatives are present on all continents. All the trees and chagarniks. Most species have fine, lustrous needles, while others have stiff, hairy needles. The needles are grown in strips of 3 needles in a whorl. In some species, the transition to dioeciousness is avoided. The buds of the cones, as well as the needles, grow oppositely or whorled. Until the moment of ripening, the lilies become juicy, grow and harden or become woody.
Read Cypress( Cupressus )
Common cypress species naturally grow in moderately warm regions of Europe, Asia, and Northern America. Widely cultivated in Crimea and the Caucasus. The greatest expansion of evergreen cypress ( C. sempervirens) with a pyramidal crown and pressed-to-stovbur needles, with fine, lustrous, diamond-shaped needles. The cones are round, with whorled, five-pointed wooden pieces that disperse when the seed is ripe. Tsenna red-brown aromatic wood goes to the virobi.
Rid Tuya( Thuja )
Expansion in Western America and Western Asia. These are all trees and chagarniks with flat, lustrous needles. The culture has two types: thuja zakhidna (Thuja occidentalis) and thuja gigantskaya (Th. plicata), The height that Fatherland can reach is 75 meters. The cones are ripening at the first river, the weeds are spreading, and the bird is flocking with two wings.
Rid Yalivets( Juniperus )
Includes approximately 60 species. Widenings in the Pivnichny Povcula. These are small trees or chagarnas with lustrous opposite or golliform whorled needles. Roslins are dioecious and monoecious. After watering, the buds of female cones grow, become juicy and produce a fleshy cone berry, which rips to another river. Representative - I am the leader (Juniperus communis) (Fig. 12. 7 - 8).
Small 12.7. Yalivets is awesome.
Small 12.8. Yalivets Zvichayny (Juniperus communis): A - flow of sporophyte with human cones; B - human cone; B – microsporophyll with microsporangia; D - flow of sporophyte with female cones; D - dark appearance and late growth of a young female cone; E - the top of a young female cone; G – lateral view, late and transverse section of a mature female cone: 1 – megasporophyll, 2 – ovule, 3 – innard.
It is found in the forests of the European part and in Siberia. Tree or chagarnik (curls 1-5 meters). Roslina is dioecious, the plant ripens in another river. The needles are goal-like and often grow whorled. I cut wood that is vicorized to make reeds, toys, and checkers. Remove essential oil from the needles. Gilks go to steaming wooden containers. Vikoristovuetsya in the greenery.
The official medicinal herb is Yalivets primary (J. communis) . This cone berry is included in the warehouse for harvesting collections.
Klas Gnitovi ( Gnetopsida )
Includes three isolated species of the same order, which represent one family with one genus in the skin, for which the names have been withdrawn: (Gnetales), Efedrovi (Ephedrales), Velvichiev (Welwitschiales).
Gnetov, are revealed by the presence of vessels in the tree, the cover of the buds, which suggests the color of the cover, as well as a strong reduction of both female and human gametophytes.
Gnitov order( Gnetales )
Sі m e s t v o G n e t o vi( Gneta h eae )
Includes a single row of pressure (Gnetum), There are about 30 species that hang around the wet tropics. Living forms are woody lianas, rarely tea leaves and small trees. The leaves are wide, skinny, with frequent veins. Gnetum gnimon (G. gnemon) From Piddenno-Skhidnaya Asia there is a natural plant that is used by local populations in the hedgehog, just as the leaves and strobe are young.
Order of Ephedra (Ephedrales)
Simeiny (Ephedraceae )
Single row of ephedra ( Ephedra) includes 40 species. These sacks are empty, and all the stony hills are empty. Small tea-gardens with ribbed leaves, ribbed, jointed green spikes and highly reduced soft leaves (appearing to be barless patches that have grown from the base). Microstrobes are represented by a single microsporophyll, which carries 1 to 8 microsporangia at its top. The megastrobules are singly, folded into a seed, covered with two curves: the outer mountain is widely open, the inner mountain is drawn into the empty tubular part of the drain that is being installed; marked with 2-3 pairs of opposite cuticles. When wet, the squash becomes fleshy, absorbing the juice of the red cone berry. Pagoni alkaloid ephedrine. Representatives: Ephedra Khvoshchova ( E. equisetina) that ephedra dvokoloskova ( E. distachya). Persha serves as a syrup for removing the alkaloid ephedrine, which is stagnant in medicine. (Fig. 12.9).
Small 12.9 . Ephedra horsetail.
Velvici order (Welwitschiales)
Simeiny (Welwitschiaceae )
A single look of velvet is marvelous (Welwitschia mirabilis). This is a dwarf tree with a low and thick trunk, which resembles a stump, up to 50 centimeters in height and up to 1.2 meters in diameter. Protruding above the ground is no more, less than 0.5 meters, a massive curved disk, from which there are stems and strobes and two large belt-like leaves, 2-4 meters long, capable of living up to 100 years. The leaves grow smoothly at the base and gradually blossom at the ends. Nowadays you can live in peace with many fates ( Fig. 12. 10).
Small 12.10 . Velvičia is amazing.
13.1. Morphology of the bird
13.2. Reproductive processes in kvittsa
13.3. Sutsvittya
13.4. Morphology and classification of fruits
13.5. Nasinnya
13.6. Expansion of fruits and life