Before special symbols were invented to represent numbers, most nations used this method to write down their alphabets. The ancient words are not to blame.
In their case, the letter corresponded to each number (from 1 to 9), to the ten (from 10 to 90) and to the hundred (from 100 to 900). The numbers were written and displayed to the right, behind the number books from 11 to 19 (for example, 17 - seven-ten).
In order for the reader to understand that there are numbers in front of him, a special sign was put in place - a title. Appearing as a wilting line and located above the letter. Butt:
This sign is called “az under title” and means one.
Varto points out that not all letters in the alphabet could be used as numbers. For example, “B” and “F” numbers were not updated, because They were not in the ancient Greek abetza, which was the basis of the digital system. In addition, as numbers appeared letters, which are absent in our current alphabet - “xi” and “psi”. For an everyday person, this very thing can be considered unparalleled, since in the treatment series there is no zero that is significant for everyone.
If it was necessary to write a number greater than 1000, a special thousand sign was written in front of it at the edge of the border, crossed at two places. Example of writing the numbers 2000 and 200,000: 
To obtain even larger quantities, other methods were used: 
I'm in the dark, or 10,000.
I’m legion in a targeted number, or 100,000.
I am in a group with whom - Leodor, or 1,000,000.
Date on Peter's coins
Dates on gold coins of Peter the Great appeared in the Slovenian order in 1701 and were stamped until 1707 inclusive.
On sribnykh - from 1699 to 1722 rivers.
On the middle – from 1700 to 1721 rivers.
However, after Peter I introduced Arabic numerals on coins, dates under the title were also added. Some engravers mixed Arabic and Slovenian numbers in the date. For example, on coins 1721 you can have the following date options: 17KA and 17K1.
Dates of letters on old Russian coins.
I'm flying. On this release of the TranslatorsCafe.com channel we will talk about numbers. We will look at different numerical systems and classifications of numbers, as well as discuss some facts about numbers. Number - in an abstract mathematical concept, means quantity. Numbers are being used by people for the purposes of recent times. Initially, the numbers were marked with shell sticks, or notches, or marks on trees and brushes. More recently, abstract systems have begun to be abused. There are many ways to express numbers and work with them; We'll take a look at some of them in this video. Number systems have evolved over the centuries. These ancient systems were replaced by other, more advanced ones in the history of the country. Actions of the system, about which we will talk below, do not vikorist. We always respect that the understanding of numbers in different cultures is independent. Symbols for assigning numbers in writing also appeared in the skin culture of Okremo. Gradually, with the development of trade, people began to exchange ideas and establish one in one principles of numbers and writing numbers. That is why these systems of numbers, which we are constantly craving, were created by many peoples. The Arabic numerical system is one of the systems that is most widely used. It was founded in India and further studied by Persian and Arab mathematicians. In the Middle Ages, this system expanded in Europe as a result of trade and replaced Roman numerals. The expansion of Arabic numbers was influenced by European colonization. In Europe, Arabic numerals were initially used in monasteries, and later in secular marriage. The Arabic system is ten, based on 10. It has ten symbols, which can be used to express all possible numbers. Ten is one of the most widely used numbers in Rahunku systems, and the ten system is widespread in many countries. This is due to the fact that since ancient times, people have used ten fingers on their hands for rakhunku. There are still people who want to start selling and want to illustrate the butt, tie with a rakhunka, and curl their fingers. There are expressions like “grabbing on your fingers.” In many cultures, the fingers of the feet, the tassels of the fingers, and the space between the fingers were also used for rakhunku. It’s cool that rich people have a word that means fingers and numbers - one and the same. For example, in English, the word is “digit”. Roman numerals were used in Ancient Rome and Europe until around the 14th century. Their dosi vikoristuyut in many cases, for example, on the dials of the year. They can also be found in the names of the Pope. Roman numerals are also often used in the names of events that are repeated, for example, in the Olympic Games. The Roman number system uses seven letters of the Latin alphabet to assign all possible combinations of numbers: The order of writing numbers in the Roman number system is significant. More evil over less means that the number of offenses needs to be reduced. On the other hand, a smaller number of left-handed hands will lead to a larger number. For example, this number is older than eleven, and this is 9. This rule is not universal and only applies to numbers of the following types: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400) and CM (900). In some cases, these rules are not followed, and the numbers are written in a row, for example, like this number, which means 50. Write in Latin with Roman numerals on the Arce of the Admiralty in London to say: On the tenth birthday of the reign of King Edward VII to Queen Victoria ї in front of the villagers , 1910 r. Many cultures had numerical systems similar to Roman and Arabic. For example, in the Cyrillic number system, numbers from one to nine, ten, and multiples of one hundred were written in Cyrillic letters. Boolean signs for larger numbers. There was also a special sign, similar to a tilde, which was written above such numbers to show that they were not letters. The system was similar to that of the Glagolitic languages. In the Jewish numerical system, the letters of the Hebrew alphabet recorded numbers from one to ten, multiples of ten, as well as one hundred, two hundred, three hundred and four hundred. Other numbers were written as a sum of two numbers. The Greek number system also predicts the systems in place. In some cultures, the numerical systems were simplest. For example, Babylonian numerals could be written down with the help of two cuneiform signs that signified one and ten. The sign for one is similar to the capital letter "T", and for ten - the letter "S". So, for example, you can write the axis like this, vikoryst and similar signs to cuneiform. The Egyptian number system is similar, only it had symbols for zero, hundred, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand and a million, as well as special signs for writing fractions. Mayan numbers were written using additional signs that signified zero, one and five. Numbers above nineteen are also small in their writing. They used different signs for one and five, as well as other variations, to show that the meanings of these numbers were different. A single or unary number system has only one digit, which means one. Each number is written with the help of such signs, many of which are related to this number. For example, if such a sign is the letter “A”, then the number five can be written as five letters A in a row. The unary system is often used by teachers who want to teach children because it helps children understand the relationships between a number of objects, such as medicine sticks and sheep, and even more abstract concepts of numbers. I will often use the unary system during the course of the game to record the points scored by teams and the range of days and items. In addition to the simple structure and appearance, the unary system also differs from computer technologies and electronics. Moreover, the recording method varies in different cultures. For example, in many countries of Europe and America, order to write one by one several vertical drawings, crossing the “five” lines with a horizontal or diagonal line, and continuing the drawing with a new group of drawings. Here the rakhunok sits down, after which the rice is crossed with a heel. Then they add five more rice, and start a new row again. In the countries where Chinese hieroglyphs were used in the Russian language, for example in China, Japan and Korea, people tend to paint not with little pictures crossed with a heel, but with a special hieroglyph, as well as with 'five strokes. The sequence of these strokes is not sufficient, but is established by the rules of spelling of hieroglyphs. In our case, the rack goes to five and people write the first two strokes of the offensive hieroglyph, ending with the rack at seven. Now we will look at positional numerical systems. In positional numerical systems, the meaning of the skin sign, which means the number, lies with its position in the number. The position is called the rank. This value also lies in the basis of the numerical system. For example, the number 101 in the two-digit system is not equal to one hundred and one in the tenth system. Let's take a look at the positional number system in terms of tens: The first rank of values is ones, like numbers from zero to nine. The number of the first level is multiplied by ten at the zero level, then by one. Another category of values for tens and a figure in another category is multiplied by ten in the first level, then 10. The third category of values for hundreds and a figure in the third category is multiplied by ten in another stage, and so on, until the categories run out. To remove the meaning of a number, add up all the numbers in total to form the meaning of the numbers in the skin category. This method of writing numbers allows you to work with great numbers. Numbers do not occupy as much space in the text as they do with the numbers of non-positional number systems. The double system is widely used in mathematics and computing technology. All possible numbers are represented in it by two additional digits, “0” and “1”, although in some cases other signs are used, for example “+”, “–”. Numbers in the double system appear as double zeros and ones. For the representation of numbers greater than one, use the addition rules. Additions in the two-system system are based on the same principle as in the tenth system. To add to one, use the following rule: For numbers that end in zero, replace the remaining zero with one. For example, we add 1-0-0, then 4 for the tenth system, and 1, then 1 for the tenth system. We subtract 1-0-1, then 5. Here and further, for the sake of balance, we use the same numbers in the tens system. For a number that ends in one, but does not add up to one, replace the leading zero with a one. All ones, followed by him, so that the right-hander is in front of him, are replaced with zeros. We add 1-0-1-1, then 11 and 1, then 1 for the tenth. Eliminate 1-1-0-0. For a number that is made up of only ones, replace all ones with zeros, and add one to the beginning. For example, we add 1-1-1, then 7 and 1. We deduct 1-0-0-0, then 8. Note that arithmetic operations in the two-fold system work out absolutely similarly to the basic operations in the stacker in the tenth system. more sacristy, to replace 10 with 2. When added, write the number one below the other, as with a tenth addition. The rules are as follows: 0+0=0 1+0=1 1+1=10. For the right digit, write 0 and transfer 1 to the leading digit. Now let's try folding 1-1-1-1-1 and 1-0-1-1. When a right-hander is added to the stacker, it is removed to the left: 1+1=0, and one is transferred to the offensive discharge 1+1+1=1, and one is transferred to the offensive discharge 1+1=0, one is transferred to the offensive discharge 1+1+1 =1, and again one is transferred to the offensive discharge 1+1=10 Then, we subtract 1-0-1-0-1-0. This is similar to the addition, but instead of the transfer, however, it occupies one of the most important categories. The multiplication is also similar to ten. The result of multiplying two ones is one, and multiplying by zero gives zero. If you look at it carefully, it is clear that all operations are limited to the addition of supplies. This feature of the dual system is widely criticized in computer systems. Taking the square root also differs little from working with tens numbers. Numbers are shared by class, and several numbers can be included in up to several classes at the same time. Negative numbers indicate a negative value. Put a minus in front of them to make them seem positive. For example, if a person owes the bank, who received a credit card, fifty thousand rubles, that means he has -50,000 rubles. Here -50000 is a negative number. Natural numbers - zero and positive whole numbers. For example, 7 and 86766 are natural numbers. Whole numbers are zero, negative and positive numbers, and not fractions. For example, −65 and 11,223 are the same number. Rational numbers are numbers that can be seen as a fraction, a signifier is a positive natural number, and a numberer is a whole number. For example, 3/4 or −10/5, then −2 are rational numbers. Complex numbers are obtained by adding an active number, then a non-complex number of another active number, multiplied by the explicit unit i, for which the equal value i^2 = -1 is obtained. This is a complex number - a number of the form a + bi. Here a is the active part of a complex number and b is the active part. Here it is important to note that in electrical engineering, replace i with the letter j, so that the letter I stands for strum - so that there is no confusion. Prime numbers are natural numbers, more than one, that are divisible without excess only by one and by themselves. Apply prime numbers: 3, 5 and 11. 2^57 885 161−1 - the largest prime number, as of February 2013. This one has 17,425,170 digits. Simple numbers are used in cryptosystems using a private key. This type of coding is used for encrypted electronic information in these situations if it is necessary to ensure information security, for example, on the websites of online stores, electronic retailers and banks. Now let's talk about the special features of numbers. In China, we have created a formal form for recording numbers for business and financial transactions. The original hieroglyphs that are used to name numbers must be simple. They can be easily refined or reworked by changing their denomination in order to add a few more strokes. Therefore, on bank checks and other financial documents there are special folding hieroglyphs. In the native lands, where the tenth number system was adopted, words have been preserved to this day, as evidence that previously a system on a different basis was used there. For example, in the English language, the word “dozen” is used in English, which means twelve. In wealthy English countries, dozens of them sell and sell eggs, beetroot sprouts, wine and fruits. And in Khmer language there are words for the order of fruits, which are based on the duodecimal system. In Sunset, as well as in rich countries that profess Christianity, 13 is considered an unlucky number. Historians respect what this has to do with Christianity and Judaism. According to the Bible, at the Last Supper there were present the thirteen disciples of Jesus, and the thirteenth, Judas, after having welcomed Christ. The Vikings also had a belief that when thirteen people come together at once, one of them will inevitably die. In the countries where they speak the Russian language, numbers are seen nearby. It is true that according to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, they believed that the male numbers are static, indestructible, and therefore dead. The uncoupled ones, by chance, are sloppy, joke around, change, and then live. Therefore, only a few tributes should be brought to funerals, rather than given to living people. In the coming world, however, it is quite normal to give a guy a number, and they often respect you by the dozen. China, Korea and Japan do not like the number 4, because it sounds similar to the word “death”. Often what is unique is not just the number itself, but the number that is being used. For example, often 4, 14, 24 and other similar numbers are omitted in the numbering of apartments. China also does not like the number 7, because the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is the month of perfumes. It is important that there is a month between the light of people and the light of spirits, and the spirits come to guide people. The number 9 is very important in Japan, as it sounds similar to the word “suffering”. The unlucky number in Italy is 17, so its writing in Roman numerals can be rewritten as VIXI, changing the order of the letters. This phrase was often written on the graves of the ancient Romans and meant “I am alive,” which is associated with the end of life and death. 666 is known as an unlucky number, also called the “number of the beast” in the Bible. Dekhto remembers that in reality the “number of the beast” is 616, but the riddle about 666 is becoming more frequent. How many people can believe that the Antichrist will be called the apostle of the devil? Therefore, some people associate this number with the devil himself. The exact number is unknown, but it has been reconciled that 666 and 616 are encrypted with the name of the Roman Emperor Nero in ancient Hebrew and Latin languages, expressed in numbers. This trustworthiness is true, since Nero was driven by the persecution of Christians and his crooked rulers. Some historians respect that Nero himself was the initiator of the Great Fire of Rome, although many historians do not agree with such interpretations. Thank you for your respect! 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For rakhunku and recording, Slovenian numbers were used. This healing system has symbols in sequential order. In some ways it is similar to the Greek system of writing digital symbols. Slovenian numbers are the assignment of numbers beyond the letters of ancient alphabets.
Titlo - special purpose
Many ancient peoples used letters from their alphabets to write numbers. The Slovians did not become the culprits. They signified Slovenian numbers with Cyrillic letters.
To identify a letter and a number, select a special icon - a title. All Slovenian numbers are small above the letter. The symbol is written with an animal and a squiggly line. As a butt, the first three numbers are depicted in the Old Slavonic designation.
This sign is used in other ancient systems of rakhunka. In just a few minutes it changes its shape. Initially, this type of origin came from Cyril and Methodius, and our stench was broken down on the basis of walnut. Titlo was written both with more rounded edges and with gostry. The two variants were respected by the correct ones and vicorized everywhere.
Peculiarities of numbers assigned
The assignment of numbers on the sheet was drawn to the right. The numbers from “11” to “19” became the culprits. The stinks were written right-handed to the left. Historically, this was preserved in the names of current numerals ( eleven twelve And so on, then the first letter is the one that means ones, the other - tens). Each letter of the alphabet meant the numbers 1 to 9, 10 to 100 to 900.
Not all letters of the Slovenian alphabet were used to assign numbers. So, “F” and “B” were not used for numbering. They simply were not in the Greek alphabet, which is accepted as a symbol). Also, starting with one, and not with the zero we know.
Sometimes on the coins there was a mixed system of assigning numbers - from Cyrillic and most often only a few letters were used.
When Slovenian characters from the alphabet represent numbers, the device changes its configuration. For example, the letter “i” in this case is written without a speck with the sign “title” and means 10. The number 400 could be written in two ways, depending on the geographical location of the monastery. Thus, in Old Russian chronicles, the letter “Ika” is typical for this number, and in Old Ukrainian chronicles it is “Izhitsi”.
What are Slovenian numbers?
Our ancestors, using special instructions, wrote dates and necessary numbers in chronicles, documents, coins, sheets. Compound numbers up to 999 were designated by several literati under the literal sign “titlo”. For example, 743 on the sheet was indicated by the latest letters:
- G (earth) – “7”;
- D (good) - "4";
- G (word) - "3".
All these writers were having fun under the badge.
Slovenian numbers, which meant 1000, were written with a special sign ҂. This was placed in front of the required letter with the title. If it was necessary to write numbers greater than 10,000, special characters were used:
- "Az" in koli - 10,000 (temryava);
- “Az” at a point – 100,000 (legion);
- “Az” in the stake, which is added to the com - 1,000,000 (leodr).
This number contains a letter with the necessary digital values.
Apply a vikoristan of words' numbers
Such a designation could be found in documentation and on ancient coins. The first similar numbers can be found on Peter's srib coins dating back to 1699. With such a stench, 23 rocks erupted. These coins are now considered rarities and are even more valuable among collectors.
On gold coins the symbols were stamped with 6 rokis, out of 1701 rokis. Coins with midi and Slovenian numerals were in circulation from 1700 to 1721 ri.
The ancient church has had a great influence on politics and church life in general. To record punishments and chronicles, Church Slavonic numbers were also used. The stinks were indicated on the sheet according to the same principle.
The education of children was also carried out for the church. So the boys began to write down spelling and study the books and chronicles of Church Slavonic letters and numbers. This learning process was not easy, and the remains of the designation of great numbers by several writers needed to be simply memorized.
All sovereign decrees were also written using additional Slovenian numbers. The clerks of that time were required not only to remember the entire alphabet of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabet, but also the meaning of all numbers and the rules for their writing. The original inhabitants of the state were often not born, and even the least wealthy were privileged.
When you look at the chimera’s signs, you don’t immediately understand what the ancient numbers and figures symbolize. Teddy bears with cereals, plenty of food. In the tailed, curved signs one can read the mentality of the ancient people, the zeal for their development, skills, and economical situation. The designation of numbers is intertwined with deep abstractions and artistic expressions about the world. The origin of numbers is inextricably linked with the origins of writing, and the ancient history of the Sumerian peoples appeared earlier. The vono was created for rakhunku. What are you talking about? Vmіti vvazhat was important in II. BC, and in the high-tech 21st century.
Numbers and business are happening in tandem. The numbers are necessary for the promotion of the business (for calculating profitability, conversion rate, cash flow), and the business needs good numbers for the bank’s calculation. Rakhunok has become an invisible part of the human mind and the table has flowed into everyday life, which we do not mark it. The entrepreneur is responsible for not just reading, holding and releasing numbers, but reading them. Look not with your eyes, but with your mind.
Numbers and numbers are clearly understood. In reality, we are confusing them, but there is no difference in essence between the two. The number serves as a mental designation of the number. The number expresses a strong characteristic in numbers, and has a more general concept.
Once you analyze what the first numbers were, you can learn the great history of the culture of the surrounding people. The folding value for numbers required a great intellectual equal. Therefore, our ancestors made thousands of notches on hard materials. Insoles, as many as needed. So, naively, the old world documents, “checks” and so on, were reliably stored. The first numbers were primitive notches and icons.
Example of ancient numbers and numbers
The genesis of numbers will be lost to the unknown Marian Trench. This twisted history of guilt appears to be complicit. It is clear that the first attempts to record numbers in writing were in Egypt and Mesopotamia: ancient mathematical records have been found to support this. These powers have evolved far from one another; their writing and culture are unique to each of them.
Ancient Egypt developed a cursive hieroglyphic sheet, and Mesopotamian scribes developed cuneiform writing. Therefore, the first Egyptian numbers, in their form, conveyed the nature of all superfluous objects: creatures, plants, household items, etc. The Rinda papyrus (1650 BC) and the Golenishchev papyrus (1850 BC) are numerical ancient Egyptian documents that testify to the high cultural development of the people. Mesopotamian cuneiform depicts images on clay tablets, on which the numbers are represented by small wedges, turned in different directions according to their meaning.
In both Egyptian and Mesopotamian number systems, there are numbers from 1 to 10, special marks for the tens, hundreds and thousands, and the zero, which was designated as an empty place.
The numbers of ancient Egypt were created correctly and logically. Rationalism and clarity differentiate the numerical systems from similar tests of other peoples. Were numbers less than ten indicated? For example, the number 6 looked like ׀׀׀׀׀׀. The number 10 was symbolized by an inverted horseshoe in the hieroglyphic system and with a special symbol in the hieroglyphic system. There are so many tens in the number, so many “steps”. The imaginative writing system translated for the number, a dozen more behind the front, next to the symbol. Starting at 100, there was a stylized key, and a crit icon was placed above each new hundred.Read also
What does the dollar cost in Zimbabwe?
In hieroglyphs everything is simpler. The number 100 may have looked like the Arabic number 9, but the Egyptians called it a lotus. Then everything is the same - 200 - 2 "lotuses", 300 - 3, etc.
Egyptian numbers and numbers
Have you noticed that in ancient Egypt a ten system was formed right from the start? However, Mesopotamia still overcame Egypt when Babylon gained independence and rose on its territory. A culture grew there, benefiting from the profits of the neighboring conquered powers.
Reach to Babylon
The numbers of ancient Babylon differed little from those of Mesopotamia: the same wedge-like signs served to indicate units - and tens -. The combination of these signs was arranged according to the numbers 11-59. The number 60 on the sheet looked like a mirror image of the letter “G”. 70 - Г˃, 80 - Г˃˃ and so on, the principle is clear, cuneiform does not interfere with genius.
Babylonian number system
The main value lies in the fact that this very sign - to increase respect - is also of different importance when it comes to recording the number. We are talking about the placement of signs in the number system. The same wedge-like signs, assigned to different categories, may have different significance. Therefore, the Babylonian number system with zero is usually called positional. Mathematicians can disagree with this, since no one has been found in which zero would be expanded, for example, in numerical notation, so we can talk about positional validity.
The Babylonian system became a kind of springboard from which humanity began to strive for a new stage of its development. The idea quickly fell into the hands of the Indians. They made their own adjustments, improving the number system. The idea was adopted by Italian traders, who brought them to Europe with goods. The positional numerical system has spread all over the world, gaining its popularity as a mathematical science and a modern science.
Do you know that stars last for 60 seconds, and for 60 seconds? A look at the sixtieth number system. Take a look at how the ancient Babylonians marked numbers, and in the wedge-shaped icons you will understand the sacred sense of the daily number that is coherent to all.
History of numbers of different nations
Figures of ancient Greece
Under the galaxy of legendary ancient mathematicians and philosophers, two numerical systems were formed. Their skin brought its own benefits, but the stinks were discovered and further processed in connection with political and cultural changes.
The original system could be called a tenth system, if the number 5 was not seen in it. One signified the characteristic, written a necessary number of times. Numbers up to 4 were written in this order. The number 5 was under the first letter of the word “penta”, 10 - under the first letter of the word “deca” (“ten”), etc.
History of numbers and numbers:
The alphabetic (or ionic) system has reached its full development in the Alexandrian Empire. In essence, the decimal number system and the ancient Vylonian method of positionality were combined. The numbers were recorded using letters and risks. The numerical system is still promising, but the Greeks, with their fanatical efforts, did not bring it to the point of understanding. Trying to achieve maximum speed and clarity in numerical notation, mathematicians made it difficult to work with it.Read also
Chinese pennies
Easy-to-use, rosary, suvora and yasni signs became even a distant outlet for the Romans. Having passed through the century, the symbols became practically unchanged even as Rome entered the long-standing power arena. And also by taking over the cultural crops from the conquered peoples. The alphabetical designation of numbers falls into place - the main “rodzinka” of the Attic system. Number V (5) is a prototype of the valley with five fingers open. Ozhe, X (10) – two valleys. The sticks indicated units, and for hundreds and thousands the great letters of the alphabet were indicated.
Numbers and figures of ancient Rome
Figures from ancient China
The system of folding, abstract hieroglyphs, as innocent notches on fortune-telling brushes have been transformed, will hardly stagnate. However, hieroglyphs are used for formal records, and simply typing characters is stagnant in everyday life.
Numbers in Ancient Russia
It’s not surprising that Rus' repeated the alphabetic number system. The skin number is named as a letter of the alphabet up to rank 8. Number 1 looked like “A”, 2 - “B”, 3 - “C”, etc. Tens and hundreds were also signed by similar writers of the Slovenian alphabet. In order not to confuse words with numbers, a title was drawn above the numerical entries - a horizontal squiggly line.
numbers and numbers of Ancient Russia
Old Indian figures
No matter how many times we have clashed, no matter how many times we would not recognize the shape of numbers, otherwise the Arabic ones would be forgotten, “our” numbers would be attributed to ancient India. Perhaps the Arabs adopted the ancient Indian system of numbers and came up with their own. The reason for the scientific misconceptions was the fundamental mathematical work of Al-Khorezm “About the Indian Rahunok”. The book became a kind of “advertising” for the ten position system. Otherwise, how can we explain the viciousness of the Indian system of numbering the entire Caliphate?
The usefulness of the positional system was marked by the appearance of “zero”. The recording of numbers is not far from the usual: for the numbers 5, 10, 20... collective symbols were developed, so that they are repeated as many times as necessary.
For such an approach, the Arabic figures could not be “virtuous” from the ancient Indian figures. This assertion seems logical, but the history of the numbers is a mystery, and demonstrates the inconsistency of ancient India with the symbols known to us.
The most extensive number systems
Arabic numerals significantly protected writing materials. One Arabic tradition introduced the number with a symbol from the singing number of kuts. A number of kuti can complement the meaning of the numbers. For example, “0” - “nothing”, there are no goodies; 1 – 1 cut; 2 - 2 kuts etc. The word “digit” is also derived from Arabic languages; it sounded like “sifr”, and meant “nothing”, “empty”. In "sifr" the synonym is "shunya". Stretch to stand “0” was called that way. The Latin “nullum” (“nothing”), as we call “zero,” did not appear.
The current version of the symbolic designation of numbers of expressions with smooth, rounded lines. This is the result of evolution. The pristine appearance has an indestructible meaning. It’s an effective hour to smooth out the skin – in both literal and figurative meanings. It doesn’t matter, the stars take the cob history of the guilt of numbers, smut, stench have become the bane of this world. The numbers are easy to write and memorize, making the meaning easier to understand. Even before you there is not much preparation and writing.
Regardless of those who call Latin “dead”, its significance in the scientific sphere is confirmed by the teachings of the World Heritage Site. Latin numerals have also been used in documentation, business, and scientific work. Accessibility, reasonableness and clarity were developed by their supervisors and abstracts.
Recording the date in Ancient Russia. The appearance of writing, the appearance of numbers for writing numbers.
Review instead of document
“Recording numbers in Ancient Russia”
State budgetary professional
lighting installation in the Rostov region
"Volgodonsk Pedagogical College"
(DBPOU RV "VPK")
ABSTRACT
Discipline: Mathematics
Subject: Recording the number in Ancient Russia
Vikonav(la):
student
groupy PNK-2
Krets Yu.L.
Re-verified:
Molotova N.M.
Volgodonsk
1. Introduction........................................................ ......................3
2. The emergence of writing ..................................................3
3. Blames of the rules................................................... .5
4.Visnovok................................................... .................6
Enter
The main change in all mathematical knowledge is numbering, as in different ancient peoples there is little variation. Obviously, all peoples from the beginning marked numbers with notches on sticks, which in Russians were called tags. This method of recording bog crops and donations was used by illiterate populations of various countries. The fingers were cut with cuts that indicate a sum of money or a gift. The stick was torn into pieces: one half was taken from the trader or the payer, the other was saved from the depositor or the treasury. When paying off the offense, the halves checked the folds.
With the advent of writing, numbers appeared for recording numbers. At first these numbers were guessed by the notches on the chains, then special signs appeared for certain numbers, such as 5 and 10.
Also, all the numberings were not positional, but similar to Roman numbering. However, a century before the new era, a new way of recording numbers was discovered, in which numbers served as letters for the primary alphabet.
In one of the Russian manuscripts of the 17th century we read: “... know that there is a hundred and that there is a thousand, and that there is darkness, and that there is a legion, and that there is a leodr...”, “... a hundred “Tenma is ten, and a thousand is ten hundred, and a temryava is ten thousand, and a legion is ten topics, and a leodr is ten legions...”
At that time, when the lands of Western Europe were decorated with Roman numbering, in ancient Russia, which was similar to other Slovenian lands in a close cultural connection with Byzantium, arose extended alphabetical numbering, similar to Greek.
In ancient Russian numbering, numbers from 1 to 9, then tens and hundreds were represented by successive letters of the Slovenian alphabet (the so-called Cyrillic alphabet, introduced in the 9th century).
From this zagal rule there were several vinyatkas: 2 was indicated not by the other letter “buki”, but by the third “vedi”, because the letter 3 (old beta, Byzantine vita) was conveyed in the old way with the sound “v”. “Theta”, which stands at the end of the Slovak alphabet, signified the Greek 0 (ancient theta, Byzantine theta), the number 9, and 90 was designated by the letter “hrobak” (the Greeks used the letter “copya” for this mark). bula daily in live Greek language). ). They did not vikorize around the literature. To indicate that the sign is not a letter, but a number, the animal was given a special sign “~”, title title. The axis, for example, is how the first nine numbers were written:
Tens of thousands were called “temryavi”, they were designated by circling signs in groups, for example, the numbers 10,000, 20,000, 50,000 were consistently written in the following order:
The star is called “Temryava to the people”, so there are so many people. Hundreds of thousands were called “legions”, they were designated by outlining signs, some with dotted circles. For example, the numbers 100,000 and 200,000 have a certain meaning
The miglioni were called "leodres". They were indicated by circling the signs in circles with exchanges and com. Thus, the numbers 106 and 2106 were designated as follows:
Hundreds of millions were called “decks”. The “deck” was small and had a special purpose: square bows were placed above and below the letter.
Numbers from 11 to 19 were designated as follows:
Other numbers were written with the letters left to the right, for example, the numbers 544 and 1135 were signified differently
When writing larger numbers, lower than thousands, in practical activities (marketing, trading, etc.), instead of “heights,” the sign “≠” was often placed in front of the letters, which indicated tens and hundreds, for example, writing
means numbers like 500044 and 540004.
Visnovok
The system's guidance did not provide numbers for thousands of millions. Such a rahunok is called “mali rahunok”. In many manuscripts, the authors looked at the “great rahunok”, which reached the number 1050. It was further said: “What is missing for the human mind to comprehend.” Today's mathematics is based on Indian numbering. In Russia, Indian numbers date back to the beginning of the 17th century.