Cytological examination of the cervix, what is Bvs. Cytology in gynecology: how to test a smear and decipher the results. Interpretation of results

Oncological disease in the gynecology room is not rare. Most of all, at the early stages of the development of the new creation, one should not lead the unhandedness of the woman. The first symptomatology of the disease is indicated when the steps are started, if there is no possibility of violating the disease. In order to avoid the development of serious and life-threatening pathologies of the state system, it is necessary to regularly see a gynecologist and take analyses. The cytological method is one of the most informative. The method of cytology allows revealing various new developments, infections.

Analysis for oncocytology - microscopic examination of cellular structures of the epithelial ball of the cervix and cervical canal for the detection of oncological diseases. Cytological analysis also allows you to reveal a benign neoplasm, inflammation and infection of the systemic system. The smear is examined by the Leishman method, the Papanicolaou method (TAP-test, PAP-test), a common variant of cytology.

With the first two methods, smear analysis is performed on the applied material on a special slope, after which it is transferred to the laboratory for imaging. In the process of analysis, the form is assessed, the warehouse of clitin structures is expanded. The laboratory assistant, having examined the smear, fixes the results and enters the data up to the form. The main feature of the cytological findings of Leishman and Papanicolaou is the folding mechanism of the material preparation.

A common method of cytology is the most informative and accurate method of culturing cells in the epithelium of the uterus and cervical canal for atypology. To complete the cym by the method, the material is placed at a special rare medium. Nadalі zastosovuyuchi centrifuge, zrazok purify the joint structures of the epithelium of one area. After the concentration of cells, they establish an even ball, which allows you to take accurate results, lower in the case of excellent cytological analysis of smears, if the epithelium is taken on a slope.

Display until next date

A smear is recommended for all women after 18 years, especially if they live a life of dignity. During the period of pregnancy on atypical cells, it is necessary to carry out obov'yazkovo after the appearance, and then the skin trimester. The cervix of the uterus after conception is shy to serious physiological changes, as for the obvious schilicity of the building and the progression of pathology. Taking smears gives the opportunity to reveal the change of cells at the early stages.

Indications for the building of cytology of the skin for 6 months: disruption of menstruation, erosive damage and other diseases of the uterus, infection with human papilloma virus. They also see a low risk factor for the development of oncology, for the obviousness of which it is necessary to respectfully follow the camp of health and regularly go through a gynecologist's examination. Before them, bring:

century older than 30 years;
evil with shkidlivami zvichkami (alcohol, chicken);
the cob of stately life in early life;
Trivaliy taking contraceptive hormonal preparations;
frequent change of state partners;
people 2 and more children;
the presence of oncological diseases in the anamnesis of the closest relatives;
radiofrequency treatment of gynecological pathologies

Before buildings, it is necessary to follow the rules of singing. Before the appointment of the doctor, it was fenced to zastosovuvat vaginal creams and candles for 5-7 days. It is necessary to turn on the state contacts for 2-3 dobi to the biological material. Douching and douching is not recommended. Dotrimannya rules are needed in order for a smear to show the most reliable results.

Meta follow-up

I’ll look around a lot of patients for an hour in the gynecological room, feeling that they took a smear on the flora and cytology, they will ponder over it, but now it’s worth showing. The procedure is carried out obov'yazkovo with a planned examination of women, and in case of genetic stature to oncology. For clarity, in order to understand what is the case and what the results show, we can look at the pathology that is shown under the hour of cytology. Before them, bring:

Cancer of the cervix is a malignant neoplasm that develops in the division of the cervix. Pathology is represented by 2 main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Analyzes allow the detection of atypical clitinitis at early stages of development and survival at the early stages of oncology.
Papillomavirus infection (PVI) is a group of diseases that affect the epithelium of state organs after being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). It is characterized by the development of various growths on the mucous membrane, for example, warts. Over the course of therapy, infection can lead to oncology. Cytological analysis allows you to detect changes in clitinitis at early stages.
Polyps of the cervix - benign neoplasm, localized at the cervical canal.
Leukoplakia (hyperkeratosis) is a pathological change in the epithelium that covers the mucous membrane of the neck.
Erythroplakia is an atrophic lesion of the upper ball of the mucous membrane of the cervix.
Dysplasia - structural changes in epithelial cells that cover the uterus. Illness can be seen to precancerous stages.
Ignited. The variant of cytology gives the possibility to reveal clitinal changes when penetrating the system of the alarm clock.

If any changes are revealed in the biological material, supplements are prescribed to help verify the diagnosis. For example, for the presence of blood in urine, a cytological examination is carried out, which allows to confirm that the pathology of the examination system is excluded. Also, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computer tomography), ultrasound are prescribed for consumption.

Norm and interpretation of results

A smear and a blank of your results can be reviewed in the laboratory, as well as in the case of indications that are tested. As a rule, it is important that atypical cells were not detected during the examination for cytology, which confirms the health of the cervix.

If it is indicated on the form with the results of the analysis that changes in the structure are found, then it is not necessary to pan and make a diagnosis on your own. Not everyone sees atypical clitins as cancerous ones to become such in the future.

Changes in the structures of the epithelium are observed in case of infection of the state organs, ignition processes and other gynecological diseases. In any case, to confirm the diagnosis, the doctor prescribes additional obstezhennia. The results of the presentation at the 5th stage of becoming a clitin:

Without pathological changes, then the woman is healthy and she has no illness.
Another class is to report about those who have not revealed clitin atypia, but the general structure of the change. Molding of the clinical picture sounds when ignited.
The third step of changing clitinic structures means that the number of epithelium, weak to atypical, shows up alone. Until then, I will begin to produce dysplasia and erosive lesions of the neck, but for verification of the diagnosis, additional diagnostics is needed.
At the fourth class, the formation of cancerous cells is revealed. The camp is characteristic for the aggravated stages of dysplasia.
The fifth stage of atypia means that the patient has cancer cells in a significant number. Clinical picture and oncology of the cervix.

Also, the form of results of smears for cytology can have the following data: degree of cleanliness of the liver; number of squamous epithelial cells and leukocytes; presence of fungi and bacteria; instead of mucus. The norm vvazhayut 1 and 2 levels of cleanliness pikhvi, 3 and 4 to report about the fire. Permissible value of squamous epithelium up to 10 units, leukocytes up to 30 units. when taking material from urethritis up to 10 od. when taking swabs from the cervical canal. Bacteria and fungi are normal during the day, and mucus is detected in the dead quantity.

This smear is a highly informative method that allows the detection of cancerous cells at the cob stages of development. Even less than 1 time on the river of the skin, it is necessary to go through the planned look around, so that you can guard yourself against the bad things. As oncology is revealed on the cob of development, then the possibility of violating the progression of ailment, the temple.

Timely diagnosis of various gynecological diseases is an important storehouse for their successful healing.

Cytological analysis of cervix cervix ("cytology of the cervix"), dopomogaє in an hour to reveal a wider oncological disease. cervical cancer.

But on the basis of this analysis, the “corrosiveness” of this analysis cannot be ruled out, according to its results, one can judge changes in the structure of cells, which begin, and their functioning, the manifestation of inflammation and infection.

Under the hour of carrying out the cytological analysis, the cells of the tissue, their quantity, shape, mutual development and other characteristics are analyzed. The greatest value can be revealed peredracovі change clitin of the cervix.

Shards of such a change in no way show themselves at the heartless self-confident woman, in other ways it is important to show them. The material for further investigation is taken with a shovel of small amount of tissue from the surface of the cervix of the uterus with a spatula, spatula, spoon or probe.

Parkan to pass through three different sections of the cervix (crypt, outer surface, canal). The uterus is cleaned before cym with a cotton swab. The process is felt quickly and painlessly for an hour I look around the woman on the gynecological chair. Sound at once with the sound of tissue from the surface of the uterus, with such a path, and with the help of special shields, take away the material from the cervical canal.

Take away the material with a thin ball to apply on the subject (shake smear), and it is easy to send to the laboratory for follow-up. The very observation is observed under a microscope. At the rich clinics, an hourly follow-up of the clinic is carried out by way of a farbuvanny by Papanicolaou method (Pap-test), with a path of hanging in other ways.

Complex analysis allows you to take accurate results. The assessment will become an okremih clitin, and the general assessment of the material gives the possibility of diagnosing illness, or speak about those that the woman is healthy. Following the results of the analysis, a cytological vision is formed. Call the doctor otrimu yogo in 1-2 days after the material is taken.

Іsnuє assessment of the results of cytological follow-up of clitin of the cervix for already known Papanicolaou methods.

The Danish method allows distinguishing five stages of cellular tissue (stages of development of infection of chi classes):

For today's day The most popular interpretation of the results of cytological examination of cervical cancer from the cervical canal behind the Bethesda method.

Whose method is showing manifestation of various changes in the nucleus of cells (dyskarioz).

Fallow in the kіlkosti kіtin dycariosis that їх roztashuvannya, it is possible to put that chi іnshiy diagnosis.

Cytology of the cervix in tsіy іnterpretatsії allows vyznachiti such become:

Number of pathological changes
Different types of clitin, including dysplasia of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
Carcinoma (cancer) of the cervix.

Appointed qi become Latin letters. Decode and understand what is required for the use of Latin letters in the results of the analysis, supplemented by the table below.

The largest extensions and analyzes of the meanings CIN 1, 2 or 3 .

Under the cim of the sign of understanding dysplasia of the first, other and third degree of severity.

Dysplasia of the first stage conveying the presence of dyscariosis in single, mature cells, rotting is divided or small clusters of normal cells.

Dysplasia of another stage- there are more pathological clitins, pathologies of various types and manifestations are observed in the superficial sphere, and about half of the epithelial sphere.

Third step- Variations change, close to 2/3 of the epithelial ball is affected.

Presence in diagnosis CIN talk about the need to conduct an analysis for the presence of the human papilloma virus (IDP), the oscillators of the disease itself provoking the development of cervical dysplasia.

Significance of cytological analysis

Vrakhovuchi results, if you give a cytological analysis, it is important to reevaluate its significance. This is one of the simplest, cheapest and most reliable methods of establishing the presence of pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix.

Cancer of the cervix occupies perhaps half of the average incidence of cancer among women.

At the bud stages, the veins proceed without symptoms, and until the middle of the 20th century it was practically impossible to diagnose precancerous lesions. But with the appearance in the 40s of the 20th century, the PAP test became possible, which revealed the greatness of women's lives.

The timely manifestation of cob changes in clitins allows just the same to effectively treat dysplasia and other precancerous lesions.

Physicians are encouraged to conduct a cytological analysis of the cervix at least once per day.

It is important that cancer cells develop properly, so many doctors allow the analysis to be carried out 1 time for 2-3 years. Ale, there are fluctuations, if the disease develops even quickly. Such a development is admissible, as two previous cytological analyzes were negative.

Depending on the results of previous analyzes for women, they will change the risk group ( wear VIL, like taking steroids, chemo treatment too)- analysis should be done more often, for the recommendation of a doctor.

If pathology is revealed in the analysis - repeat yoga in three months, pіvroku or for the sake of the doctor.

It is also significant that the cytology of the cervix in 5-10% fluctuations are hibnonegative. Fahіvtsі pov'yazuyut tse z wrong intake of material and wrong preparation before analysis.

So that the result is reliable, not less than two or more dobi women are necessary:

Get involved in the article contacts
Do not carry out sanitation (springing) of pikhvi
Do not use vaginal suppositories, tablets, creams and other preparations.
Before the middle parkan, the material does not urinate for 2-3 years.

Analysis for cytology cannot be taken:

Dotrimannya tsikh simple rules to allow women to be calm for their health, and in times of manifestation of any pathologies, it is effective that they are simply likuvati.

Deciphering the cytological report of the cervix allows you to identify the presence of infections, oncology, erosion and other unsafe pathological changes on the female organs. This analysis for cervical cancer allows you to reveal the disease at an early stage of development, if it is possible to wear it outside. Therefore, doctors recommend that women after twenty years of age regularly undergo obstezhennia at the gynecologist and take a smear for analysis.

The native cytology allows to recognize in which the tissues of the cervix of the uterus, the flora of the state organs, which does not develop oncology, are found. Take a smear for the last hour of a gynecological examination. The doctor respectfully looks at the lower back, the mucous membrane of the cervix, the entrance to the cervical canal. As it happened, I was able to take the cells for analysis with a special shield (the procedure, for guidance, is painless).

The gynecologist should apply the material on a special slope, dry it up to the laboratory, de laboratory assistant respectfully swipe the eye under the microscope, or for the help of another possession. The analysis for cytology gives the possibility of determining:

Budova and Rozmir Klitin;
form of epithelium;
flora of state organs;
roztashuvannya clitin by appointment one to one;
kіlkіst kіtin per pevnu one square;
manifestation of pathological changes in the structure of clitin.

For guidance, the procedure for taking the material is painless, but after two or three days after it is not possible to see a bloody color. Tse vvazhaetsya norm, so lyakatisya not varto. However, if the bleeding is strong, the stomach was beating, the temperature is high - it’s even a serious signal, it doesn’t call for a varto: you need to go back to the gynecologist in a term.

If you assign

Gynecologists recommend a thorough analysis of the cervix on a random basis, starting from twenty years, and after forty - once a day. It is explained that cervical cancer is one of the common ailments and often ends in the death of the patient. Moreover, a handful of wines do not let the nobility know about yourself, and if you give yourself the nobility of the first symptoms, you will ring out the ailment pizno.

Deciphering the smear allows the doctor to see the flora of the state organs, to reveal destructive changes in the tissues, to understand the picture about the presence of inflammation, erosion, infection of the state wounds. Also, the analysis allows to determine whether leukocytes were found to be normal.

Likar obov'yazkovo recognizes the need for more cytological follow-up in such situations:

Irregular months.
Inflammation of the cervix, chronic zocrema.
Inflammation of the cervical canal.
Without piddya.
Before surgical interventions and other medical procedures.
VIL infection.
Before the insertion of the intrauterine spiral.
Blood diabetes and other problems with endocrine diseases.
Treatment with hormonal drugs, contraceptives.
Fatty.
Virus papilloma, genital herpes in organisms
Frequent change of state partners.

Patients who are HIV-infected are at risk of developing cervical cancer six times more than in women who do not have HIV infection. Let's see, a deep blood test for the presence of VIL shows a decrease in the number of leukocytes. Therefore, for suspicion of cervical cancer, it is obligatory to conduct an analysis for the presence of VIL-infection. It's a pity, so far it's not known that highly active therapy is influencing the pre-cancerous stage. Therefore, for the obviousness of VIL-іnfektsії analyzes for cancer, it is necessary to give significantly more often to lower women.

Yak hello

In order to analyze the results as accurately as possible, it is not possible to collect tampons, candles, ointments and other medicinal products for local medicine for a few days before the material is taken. So it is not possible to put an enema and douching.

By pulling two db to the fence, the material should be reduced to sex. Chi do not give a smear at the hour of the month. At the same time, the gynecologist can normally look at the body of the organs, and take a moment to show the results.

As if the state organs were inflamed, as if they were accompanied by clear visions of the secret, it is necessary for the material to undergo a course of healing before taking the material. Otherwise, the result will be unreliable.

Three years before the collection of the material, it is not possible to urinate. That's why it's bad not to drink a lot of water before going to the gynecologist.

Five types of changes

Deciphering the analysis will be ready by stretching five deb. As a rule, cytology does not reveal vitality (the first type of change), flora and leukocytes do not exceed the norm, which means that the woman is healthy and there is no turbulence about anything.

As an analysis showing the presence of inflammation (another type of change), it is necessary to undergo additional cooling in order to determine the cause of that stage of injury. In addition, as the gynecologist recognizes the success, in three months after the due date, it will be necessary to repeat the smear of the cervix.

In times of manifestation of single cells with an abnormal structure of the nucleus (the third type of change), patients seem to be microbiologically, histologically the same deacons are irritated. Diagnosis should not be made earlier, all data will be taken lower.

The manifestation of a small number of changes in clitin, the appearance of normal florite and leukocyte smears in a smear may indicate the appearance of cancerous clitin (fourth type of change). In this case, it is necessary to go through the terminology (in those cases, a biopsy is required) and immediately proceed to the liquor: at the bud stage, the cancer of the tumours.

As the interpretation of the smear will show a large number of cancer cells (five types of changes), a term consultation with an oncologist is required. To determine the stage of oncology, it is necessary to perform a biopsy. The scheme of that success lies in the results of the analyses.

Particular attention is paid to the number of leukocytes in the cervix of the uterus, the number of which is not guilty of overseeing 15 individuals in the field of dawn. If the rіven of leukocytes is suggested, it should be noted about the ignition process. The more the leukocytes are normalized, the more important it is to get sick.

So at the smear, the flori camp is respectfully twisted. As if the number of pathogenic flora exceeded the norm in the sample taken, it caused them to be alert and engage in jubilation.

As an analysis of the cervix will show you that you are normal, you should not fall into a panic at once: another, third, fourth type of change is far from being said about cancer. The development of leukocytes, the removal of flora from the norm, the change of budov and clitin in the smear can be provoked by cervical erosion, genital herpes, papilloma virus, bacterial vaginitis, candidiasis of the pelvis and other ailments. To clarify the diagnosis, you need to undergo further obstezhennya.

Residual diagnostics

And yet, the analysis showed the suspicion of oncology, biopsy and obov'yazkovoy. This procedure is the most accurate way to achieve, the reliability of such a transfer of nine hundred years.

A biopsy is an examination of a piece of tissue of the uterine cervix for grafting under a microscope. They can be carried out both for the diagnosis of oncology, and also for an hour of treatment, in order to honor the effectiveness of therapy.

Useful methods for biopsy of the cervix:

Pinch is a low-traumatic method, which works for the help of special tongs. The wound is going for a couple of days.
Radio-healthy - fabric is taken away for an additional radio-healthy loop. With an absolutely bloodless method of material sampling, insignificant bloody sightings can appear through a sprat after a biopsy.
Conization (circular biopsy) - a piece of tissue is cut like a cone. This method is to be used as a method for the collection of material, ale and the removal of a plot, demonstrating the emergence of cancerous cells.

The biopsy should be scheduled for the third or fifth day after the end of the month. Before the procedure, the woman may be tested for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis. The hour between the rest of the day and the biopsy may become no less than the twelfth year. Take the material for analysis under anesthesia. The results are being prepared in about two days.

After a biopsy, a woman can feel pain in the lower abdomen. Nearly ten days will be seen that they are smeared.

For a period of two months after the fence was taken for follow-up, oncology is not confirmed, it is necessary to unify strong physical challenges. The maximum allowable weight, yaku can be lifted - three kilograms. Sex for two months after the biopsy is turned off. It is not possible to use tampons, it is necessary to turn off enemas, douche.

In the first two months you need to look at the spa, sauna, swimming pool. You can’t take a bath for an hour: only a shower is allowed. Otherwise, it is possible to bring an infection, leading a serious illness to health.

For consumption, take preparations and obov'yazkovo, you need to take care of the doctor. Especially for fights, the need is put to death, like blood-shedding (for example, aspirin).

A biopsy can be used to accurately indicate in which the uterus is located, which oncology develops, which signs of erosion are given in such a rank, another problem. Then, on the basis of data, a gynecologist or an oncologist will suggest the most optimal treatment scheme. Dotremuvatisya її need not be successful: chubby at the pіznіy stage is badly needed for promenevіy and chemotherapy, and often є inoperable.

Cytological analysis (Greek. "Cytos" - clitina) - the number of colosity, the existence and form of clitin and the intercellular component, otrimanih species of a living organism, under an optical microscope. Vіn allows to reveal pathological changes at early stages and to specify their localization to do it quickly, to see other instrumental methods.

Cytological analysis is one of the most extensive diagnostic methods in gynecology and obstetrics.

At the clinic of a woman's health, cytological follow-up is given to different radii (pіhvovі and menstrual vidilennya, secha) and (more often) superficial balls of clitin, which are taken from different vіddіlіv state system.

For example:

vulva;
pikhvi;
cervix and cervical canal (internal canal of the cervix);
internal emptying of the uterus;
fallopian tubes;
ovaries.

For cytology of ovnіshnіh vіddіlіv (to the uterus) nіbіdnі balls kіtin, scho vіlno vіdlushchuyutsya, danny vіdnіzhnya vіdnosіtsya to dosit іnіshіnіkh, shvidki (vіd dekіlkoh khvilin pіd hour opії up to tіlkokh dnіv іn planned obtezhenn i) і mass methods recommended for shorіch planned air conditioning of women 18 (for washing the cob of state life) or 30-65 years.

Representatives of the oncology group are encouraged to attend the rіk; oncological diseases on the examination and patients of endocrinological directivity - often, for indications.

For further maintenance of the client's storage of more invading organs, please visit:

endoscopy (uterus);
organ punctures;
zmiv and vіdbitki, scho otrimuyutsya during laparoscopy, vіdkritomu rozrіzі or pіd hіrgіchnіh oprаcii.

A smear for cytology includes the addition of the superficial (epithelial) and middle (mesothelial) balls of organs, as well as other inclusions of the components and is victorious for the completion of the decilic period.

Wow like this:

Analysis of cytology in gynecology is one of the most informative studies (for example, when hormonal activity is established, cytology is successfully superior to blood tests), the level of its reliability is directly related to qualifications ї doctor, who takes away the material, according to the exact preparation of the rules of preparation and preparation zrazka that kind of correctness in choosing the place for the fence.

Therefore, the method will require a systematic repetition, and in case of revealed recovery, it will be supplemented to a complex obstezhennia.

Various cytological tests

Cytological analysis of studies in gynecology from the beginning of the 20th century, when the Greek doctor Georgios Papanikolau first used yoga for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. In the meantime, a decal of new methods has been developed to show improved reliability.

The procedure for carrying out manipulations during the sampling of the material is overwritten by all of these types, the methods of preparation, processing and analysis of the sample taken are controlled.

For example:

The follow-up of the prepared examination is traditionally carried out by a cytologist visually, using a strong microscope, but the remaining fates are also instrumental analysis.

Details of cytological and histological analyzes

For some diagnosticians, it is necessary to remember not to call the cells, as a mutual roztashuvannya and the nature of the intercellular space. In this case, the patient should be sent for histology (from the Greek "gistos" - tissue) - parkan and away from the stitching of a small fragment of tissue (structurally, that functionally covered group of cells).

Features of histological follow-up:

refer to biopsy methods;
require more collapsible training;
carried out at the hospital;
carried out under pain relief;
more laborious technique is used to apply the hour of taking;
require folding processing of the selected material;
necessary equipment.

The parkan of the fabric is not evidence for the presence of even more deep cavities of the revealed wound.

Call histology vicorist for the diagnosis of papillomavirus (IPV), as well as the level of that stage of cancer.

Validity of cytological follow-up in the analysis for oncomarkers

Oncomarkers are specific protein molecules, which can be produced as a change by healthy cells in the body due to the presence of damage.

For example:

ignition process;
good-natured utensils;
with chicken;
accepting medical benefits;
under the hour of vagity, menstruation and other physiological changes;
to lie in vіd vіku.

Therefore, the test for markers also cannot be 100-year-old reliable. For analysis, it is necessary to carry out venous blood analysis, sections and other rіdins.

Objectives of follow-up of analogous analysis for cytology:

the manifestation of the presence of swelling and the designation of its character (oncological chi benign);
assessment of the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapy;
Look for metastasis and recurrence.

Analysis for tumor markers is reserved for women from the group of cancerous diseases of the reproductive sphere, the herbal system and other organs and is not recommended for prophylactic obstezhennia. In some cases, the method will be used to clarify the results of a cytological test.

A lot of oncomarkers show different diseases, so the test will require a complex obstezhennia.

Validity of the test for gynecology - the ability to detect changes in the organs above the cervix (ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes). The test for tumor markers helps to prepare the patient through the temporal sensitivity of the objects to follow up to the physiological conditions.

Verification of microbiological analysis (smear on flora)

A smear from the pelvis, cervical canal, urethritis and rectum for microflora (ailing, symbiotic and mentally pathogenic microorganisms) is carried out for additional manipulations similar to a smear for cytology, and inclusions in a planned gynecological examination of the skin vein, what is recommended before passing.

Sound offended and see a smear taken at once. For microbiological analysis, you may need to plant in a living center. Microscopy for bacterioflora is carried out for the help of another way of farbuvannya (for Gram).

Indication

Analysis of cytology in gynecology is part of the screening of the mature female population in rich countries of the world. The planned passage of the test for cytology is obligatory for all women older than 18 (their age decreases with an early cob of state life) and younger than 65 years.

In the older woman (through a decrease in the level of estrogen and a change in the reliability of the result), a smear is assigned to the gynecologist. Before the group of increased respect, women enter for over 30 years.

For women of the screening period, for the presence of positive results of the test (for the presence of pathologies, stage 1 cytograms), the planned term is transferred to skin 2 periods for a duration of 2 years, and for 3 periods for a negative result of 3 tests.

Indications before the scheduled cytological follow-up may be:

Test rescheduling

Screening cytological follow-up to be carried out on the cells did not give the outer part of the cervical canal and is considered to non-invasive methods.

The sample is taken, which is freely visible, does not cause any discomfort, and the patient is unacceptable when taking the material from the surface of the neck and from the canal, the procedure is short-hour and also does not include penetration into the deep ball i.

To relieve discomfort, the gynecologist can warm the instruments in hot water. Dane doslіdzhennya is rightly respected by a trivial medical procedure and is guilty of viklikati poboyuvan.

Women who are ill often give a smear for cytology (for example, cancerous diseases), call to these manipulations even more quickly, which can be a powerful proof for women, yakі nikayut tsgogo dolіdzhennia through fear of pain or possibly aggravation.

Early preparation

The reliability of the results of the cytological study by the great world lies in the correct preparation and in the long run in the presence of a gynecologist.

A smear is not a trace for such minds:

How to take material for analysis?

A cytological smear is taken for an hour of an excellent gynecological examination, which borrows no more than 15 minutes and does not depend on the patient's special training. After staging the expansion and insertion of the mirror fakhivets, rob the scratches from the walls of the pikhvi, the outer surface of the neck and the canal with a spatula or a brush, placing a smear on the subject surface and directing the laboratory assistant.

How many checks for advice?

In an emergency (for example, during a surgical intervention), the result of cytology is expected by the surgeon by stretching a decal of the test until the completion of the operation. In case of planned screening at a woman’s consultation, a loan of up to 2 tizhniv, shards at a time to prepare the result, to lay down due to the interest, establish and maintain the terminology.

In private clinics, examinations can take 1-3 days, keep in mind that the most accurate result of the cytological examination can be taken for the completion of all stages of preparation of the exam, which takes the posture with the regimen cito (terminovo) near by 7 days.

Deciphering the results

Cytological analysis in gynecology culminates in the results of looking at cytograms.

A cytogram of the report about one of the 5 stages of the development of the disease behind the Bethesda system in 2014:

Vidsutnist vіdkhilen. Negative test result.
Small changes in the morphology of clitin; atypical cells daily. As a rule, this stage is about the presence of inflammation, the manifestation of which will be necessary for supplements and deglazing.
Deyakі clitiny to avenge the deformation of the nuclei, what to say about schilnіst to atypicality. The stage is characteristic for dysplasia and erosion of the cervix, which requires a histological follow-up to exclude precancerous stages.
The manifestation of clitin due to evil deformities: an enlarged core; changed cytoplasm; the number of chromosomes has been changed. Tsya stage to tell about precancerous rhіven dysplasia.
The manifestation of clitin from the evil changes in the great kilkost.

Crimean epithelium, cytogram describes other components of the smear:

levels of microbiological purity of pikhvi (norm - 1 and 2 steps; 3 and 4 steps indicate infectious inflammation);
the number of leukocytes (white blood cells, which are found in a smear with various types of inflammation; in norm - up to 10 pieces in a smear from the surface of the cervix, up to 30 - from the sciatica);
presence of mucus (the norm is pomirna kіlkist);
the presence of bacteria and fungi (microorganisms due to but or daily);
instead of squamous epithelial cells (no more than 10 pieces).

Destruction, yakі vyyavlyayutsya for help cytograms

Analysis of cytology in gynecology is an informative method that allows diagnosing a rich lesion at the cob stage. Crimia of different stages of the progression of malignant processes, a cytogram helps to reveal a wide range of other pathologies.

Infectious disease:

Good resolution and dysplasia (deformation of clitin) - unsafe possibility of degeneration into cancer:

polypi- Rosrostannia clitin;
leukoplakia(Hyperkeratosis) - deformities of the epithelium (mucous sheath) of the cervix;
erythroplakia- atrophy of the cells of the upper ball, which can be caused by low estrogen;
dysplasia- Changes in the structure of the clitin epithelium of the cervix (to lie down to precancerous stages).

Inflammation of a non-infectious nature (for example, caused by decompensated circulatory diabetes).

Stan hormonal background and yoga recovery:

the high value of estrogen is an oncological factor that is risky for the disease of the organs of the body and milk diseases;
a decrease in the amount of estrogen - a possible cause of the absence and instability of the menstrual cycle;
increase in the value of androgens - human hormones;
intake of prolactin;
inconsistency of hormonal activity of the phase of the cycle.

Additional obstezhennia, which can be recognized when 2-5 stages are detected in the cytogram:

Table 1:

apparitions	Signs	Trivality	Popularity frequency
Norm	subdued soreness in the lower abdomen; miserable bloody and sacrosanct visions.	1-2 dobi after the procedure	Often
Unsafe	strong bіl lower abdomen; scho pochalos not behind the term, but too soon the cassock was bleeding; rise in body temperature and chills.	More than 3 days	Ridko

Table 2:

Cause	Possible relics	Dії
increased sensitivity; strong tone of m'yazіv of the cervix; microscopic occlusion of capillaries in the cervix.	pass independently	warm shower; specialties of hygiene.
rozdratuvannya at vіdpovіd on manіpulаtsії for the presence of inflammation, erosion, swelling and other changes in organs. non-qualified doctor (leading rank of long-range penetration of the instrument into the cervical canal);	spike processes and stenosis in the cervix; blood loss; expansion of the malignant process (in times of increased cancer swelling).	Call for term medical assistance

Variability of analysis

Cytological coverage in Russia is included in the program of cost-free medical insurance. Private services to proponuyut sample no more than 1000 krb. (data for 2018 rіk), with the possibility of taking the material from the house.

Where can you get a smear for cytology?

Analysis of cytology in gynecology - the reason for the mass species obstezhennia of the female population of Russia.

Zgidno with the program of obov'yazkovy medical insurance, a smear for cytology is given at the woman's consultation for the place of residence.

Similar services may be promoted to all private clinics in Russia. Greatly install the power of the laboratory base for the follow-up of samples, and more quickly correct the samples in the middle centers.

Possibility of easing after taking a smear

The standard procedure for the collection of cytological material from the areas to the posterior part of the cervical canal can be surrounded by small, non-receiving spots in the cervix, which pass through 1-2 dobi. However, sometimes they trapleyutsya and іnshі show.

Normal and unsafe complications after cytological follow-up

To make it easier to take the material for cytoanalysis ahead of time, follow a few awkward rules:

protyag 1-2 dіb obezhuvatisya shower after taking water procedures;
not less than 1 tyzhnya utrimuvatisya in state life, syringing, victoria with a tampon and other intravaginal diseases.

Peculiarities of cytological follow-up in women

With a normal excess of vaccinity, a cytological smear is taken 3 times - when placed on the appearance, on the 30th and 36th day. The main method of investigation is the detection of infections that are not safe for the fetus, as well as the detection of atypical clitins, which, for the sake of intelligence, first appear on their own with pregnancy.

Contraindications to manipulation - increase in the tone of the uterus and the threat of interruption of vaginess.

The life of a daily active woman includes a lot of factors, which can negatively affect her health, so for proper diagnosis of possible pathologies, it is necessary to regularly check with fahivtsiv. Analysis of cytology in gynecology is one of the most accessible, simple and effective methods for early detection of lesions.

Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about cytology analysis

What is the analysis for cytology and how to try:

The cytology of the cervix is a laboratory study, which determines the clitin structure of the cervix uteri (cervix), as well as the clitin of the cervical canal. One of the options for cytology of the cervix was first used in the 20th century in Greece, Papanikolaou (Papanikolaou) with the method of early detection and prevention of oncological diseases in gynecology.

Since that time, the PAP test has been victorious everywhere with a new method - ThinPrep (primary cytology), which allows you to simultaneously detect and effectively treat chronic and precancerous infection of the cervix.

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Indication before the event

The main task, as a rule, is the cytology of the cervix, in order to prevent the oncological process. The early detection of atypical clitin allows the onset of cervical cancer (cervical cancer), which, according to statistics, is in the third place among the most widespread oncopathologies in women. The danger of an asymptomatic outbreak of a disease is great, so the head of the meta procedure is the timely manifestation of precancerous changes in clitins. This gives the possibility of not less zbіlshennya vіdshennya vіdsotka that term vizhivannya, and y insinuated hope for a prosperous lіkuvannya. The PAP method in the practice of gynecology is considered to be one of the most visible and most accurate data for estimating about the presence or presence of primary stages of oncoprocesses, cancerous diseases, or background pathologies of non-tumor etiology, which can be wati threatening for life cancer. Many doctors call cervical cytology the "gold standard" for diagnostics and screening for such internal changes and conditions:

Various clinical anomalies of a high degree of a low degree.
The presence of pathogenic microflora for diagnosis will become the mucous membrane of the cervix.
Disturbance of the normal rhythm of the menstrual cycle (frequency of the cycle, yogo zatrimka chi vіdsutnіst).
You see the infection of the viral infection - IDP (human papilloma virus) - condyloma, Herpes simplex genital (herpes).
Infertility (infertility).
Defects in the mucous membrane of the cervix (all types of erosion).
A trivalent cycle of therapy for the support of hormonal drugs.
Anomalous sightings from pihvi, including blood, especially after sexual contacts.

Cytology of the cervix is necessary as a screening for obstruction, as follows:

Planned pregnancy
The canopies are rolled once in a while (for example, 3-4 times for the duration of 4 years).
The first canopies became at the early age (up to 18 years).
A woman often changes her sexual partners.
Planned contraception in the intrauterine coil format.
Previously, cytology was not carried out in any way, because the woman was not well-fed for the rest of the 3rd year.
The rest of the collection of the fabric material does not comply with the norms, or it indicates changes in the clients.
A look at the cervix with an additional mirror shows visible pathological changes (colour, structure).
The woman was diagnosed with illness, due to immunodeficiency (VIL).
Family history of obstruction with oncological diseases (some of the direct relatives of ailments and ailments in oncological diseases).

Zagalomy screening cytological obstezhennia can be obov'azkovym for skin women, as it has reached full age. Since the cytology of the cervix shows clearly the clinical manifestations of the clinical material, it is necessary to carry out the obstezhennja more often - at least 2 times per rіk or in the regimen of a complex therapeutic plan.

Preparation

Preparation, how to transfer the cytology of the cervix, do not lie down to folding. The procedure itself is felt quickly, practically without discomfort and unacceptable impressions, and the preparation is better for the upcoming events:

Turn on sanitation (hygienic procedures) at the sight of douching
Few days before the procedure (2-3 days)
Do not use hygienic tampons, tablets, rinds, creams, candles and gels for medicine
2 years before the test, women need to be cut off from the cut

If the cytology of the cervix showed a reliable result, it is important to know the following information:

Pap test and menstrual cycle did not match. The procedure is carried out 3-5 days before the beginning of the month or after them, most likely at the 10-12th day of the cycle.
Cytology will not be accurate for any infectious disease, especially in the acute phase, as a rule, the analysis is carried out after the basic treatment. Vinyatok - the need to take away the result of cito, in such a case, the cytology of the cervix should be carried out twice - the first hour of illness after 2 months for cytological control.
A smear before the hour of intravaginal therapy will not be informative, it will be carried out 5-7 days after the end of the treatment.
It is not recommended to take the fabric material during the ignition processes at the fir, as evidence of which can be seen, sverbizh, liver.

Clarification of brain preparation before the procedure can be taken from the gynecologist.

Carrying out technique

The cytology of the cervix is taken into account by the obov'yazkovoy procedure of a complex gynecological examination. This is the standard, which I can, at the same time, reveal the risks of ailments, including oncological ones.

The gynecologist removes the mucosa from the outer lining of the cervix (exocervix), as well as from the surface of the mucous membrane of the uterus with a special spatula (Eira spatula). Clitini to the cervical canal (cervical canal) is taken for an additional endobrush - a cervical probe, which allows you to take a sufficient amount of informative material.

Also, the doctor can use such tools for the collection of client material:

For a smear of the posterior cleft of the neck - an Eyra spatula.
Aspirating instrument - spirette, for the collection of endocervical material.
Screenshot of the indications for the collection of biological material from the cervical canal.
Cervex-Brush is a sterile medical brush for taking a smear from the T-zone (on the surface of the neck and cervical canal).
Standard tweezers.
Gynecological mirror.
A double-sided cervical spoon (Volkmann's spoon) for a smear on the microflora of the mucous cervical canal and the indication of infectious diseases.

All current instruments are sterile, most of them are vicarious individually for the skin.

Cytology technique:

Looking back at the gynecological chair for additional mirrors, at the same time the material is taken for cytology. The walls of the lungs expand, the smear procedure (zishkrib) can cause short-term mild discomfort, and most of the cytology is painless.
At the same time, the material for bacteriological examination (microflora) is taken from the examination. Colposcopy can be carried out in parallel with cytology, but if necessary, only for indications, sound, this procedure is prescribed completely.
The samples of the material are applied on a special layer, fixed, fixed, and transferred to the laboratory assistant for an accurate microscopic follow-up for additional filling. A new method of cytology of the cervix is the original (ThinPrep), in which case the material is placed at the flask and is also transferred to the laboratory.

Even more important is marking analysis. The laboratory may need to come with material and a special form, where such information is required:

The number of the warehouse is right up to the number directly on the form.
Naming the medical mortgage, the procedure was carried out.
Date of analysis.
PIB of the patient.
Vik of the patient.
Numbers, give the rest of the menstrual cycle.
Early (clinical) diagnosis.

Cytology of the cervix does not take a lot of time, the whole procedure is three times more than 10-15 minutes.

What is the cytology of the cervix?

Signs of cytology of the cervix in two words - a negative or a positive result, so that the test shows, chi є in a smear signs of oncological infection, infectious, bacterial, viral pathology.

Let's take a look at the report that shows the analysis:

A negative result means that the cells of the epithelium are not affected by pathological processes, the pathogenic flora is not detected, the structure of the cells is not attacked by viruses.
Positive indications to speak about those who have abnormal cells in the mucous membrane of the cervix, their structure and quantity go beyond the standard norms. Atypical clitin elements can be different in terms of form, type, and types, depending on the interpretation of the analysis without intermediary pov'yazane with these criteria.

In modern gynecological practice, traditional for koristuvannya, the classification of results according to the author's test, the Papanicolaou technique, is important. The PAP-smear test method transfers a detailed description of the warehouse, customer structure, dividing them into 5 categories:

Stage I - no clinical changes were detected, there is no atypia, so we can talk about the practical health of the cervix. Cytological picture in the boundaries of the norm
Stage II - a test having revealed a sprat of anomalous clitins behind the structure with signs of inflammation, which can be considered as a permissive norm, protecting the width of the ignition processes in the state sphere. As a rule, women are assigned additional diagnostic procedures to clarify the cause, nature, stage, and inflammation of the disease.
Stage III - analysis shows the presence of a small number of locally grouped atypical cells, which may be abnormal in the nucleus or cytoplasm. This is also not a direct indication of a dangerous pathology, but it can be a signal about the risk of developing an oncoprocess. An additional procedure to clarify the PAP test may be a morphological analysis of the tissue material of the cervix (histology). The biopsy helps to turn off the risk or confirm the beginning of the pathological process, which can be confirmed by one's own exultations.
Stage IV - analysis shows a clear picture of evil transformations of a small number of cells. As a rule, anomalous cells may have a large nuclear mass, cells in the cytoplasm (cytoplasm), chromosomes may also show signs of pathological changes. This stage indicates a possible ear of oncological disease (dysplasia). Clarify the diagnosis, help with additional obstezhennia - colposcopy, take material for histology, repeat cytology is possible.
The V-test stage is meant to report a large number of changes in cells, which is to say about the manifestation of the oncoprocess. In such cases, the results of cytology are the cob of a complex diagnostic process, directed to the designation of the type of oncology, the stage of the vector of mercurial visits.

Deciphering the results

Only the doctor can interpret the test results. Whether it be information, found at the top of the Internet, you can only know it first and foremost. Lowering the given data is easily accessible and will help to reduce the anxiety of women, as they are afraid of unreasonable numbers and signs in the analysis.

Cytology of the cervix for statistics shows the following:

A skin test of nine out of ten indicates the norm, so that the onset of cytology can be safely carried out in 1-2 years for prevention and screening of the cervix. The analysis should be repeated regularly, regardless of the good result, so that the wine cannot be 100% accurate and does not include the risk of falling ill.
Another skin from a hundred strokes is not informative to the whole world through the lack of biological or clitinic material. In such cases, the cytology of the cervix is repeated
Twenty skin tests show the presence of atypical changes, prosthetists should not talk about the oncoprocesses. Shvidshe tse signal and privіd for more retal obstezhennya and podshy lukuvannya.
The result of the test can show bad indicators, but it cannot be an unambiguous and residual diagnosis. For clarification of the nature of the pathological process and yogo prognostication, the need for supplementary obstezhennia, as prescribed by the drug.

Deciphering the results of cytograms can be carried out by different methods. The classic classifier Papanicolaou, a prote in modern gynecology, is also used to protect other interpretations of the test, for example, the American Bethesda System.

Information about the state of the epithelial tissue of the cervix can be shown in the table:

The presence of good-natured changes	Pathological changes in epithelial tissue: dysplasia, atypia	invasive cancer
The test revealed trichomonads, Candida, coca infection, clitin changes, possibly associated with the herpes virus. The test revealed atypia of epithelial cells associated with inflammation, keratosis, metaplasia, parakeratosis The analysis shows atrophic changes in the epithelium in congestion due to the inflammatory process - colpitis, hyperkeratosis, metaplasia.	ASC US. The test revealed the presence of squamous epithelium cells with atypical changes of unspecified type HSIL. The analysis does not include a high risk of the presence of cancerous cells Early changes: dysplasia of different stages	Squamous cell invasive cancer Concretization will become, the type of that stage will require additional obstezhennia from the oncologist.
The patient will require additional obstezhennia, watchfulness and complex care. Also necessary screening cytological control	Need additional diagnostic procedures care for the help of repeated cytology of the cervix, colposcopy, biopsy, as well as trivale of the cervix.	Necessary histological follow-up to the material, possibly, clarification of the diagnosis after surgical insertion Complex Trivale Likuvannya

Also, you can be introduced into the anxious camp by the Latin abbreviation in the analysis form, although in reality everything is deciphered simply by the “territory” of the material taken:

The urethra is the letter U.
Endocervix, cervical canal - S.
Pikhva - letter V.

The doctor will give you more information.

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Norms of cytology of the cervix

The norm in the cytology of the cervix is taken into account the presence of atypical changes in the clitin material, as well as the health of the microflora. “Garni” of the cells are guilty of complying with the norms for morphological standards, that is for the size, instead of (structure) and form. The cytogram report describes the material taken from the superficial ball of the cervix and from the endocervix.

The norms of cytological obstezhennia may look like this:

Cytology of the cervix to replace the cells of a single-spherical cylindrical epithelium. As a variant, the test can show the presence of epithelium of a bugatospheric (metaplastic) epithelium, which is also considered by the norm, as a smear of ultrasounds in the transitional space of the pihvi.
Rich epithelial cells in a smear from the pelvis of the puffy part of the neck are also considered normal, as there are no daily changes in them.
Be-yakі vіdhilennya vіd norma, zmeni in morphology kіtin opisuyutsya in v'yaznennі і can be signs of the first ignition processes that fit within the framework of the norm.
Vidkhilennya in the norms of the PAP test means the presence of an oncological process, a sign of HSIL. It is not worth talking about high rіven risk and development of cancer.

It is also necessary to check, what are the indications, what show on the benign anomalies of the clitin. This, obviously, is not the norm, however, it cannot be the cause of increased anxiety from the drive of oncology.

Changes at the boundaries of the water norm, as cytology can show:

Atypia of ignition etiology.
Atypical changes provoked by papilloma virus.
Changes of atypical changes.
Atipovі vіdhilennya obscure nature, scho require clarification.

Prior to the processes, which may have recovery from normal cordonies, the following diseases are diagnosed:

IDP - human papilloma virus.
Herpes.
Vagity.
Trivaliy taking medical treatment, especially antibiotics.
Zastosuvannya of contraceptive devices (candles, needles).
Contraception for an additional spiral.

For the classification of Trout and Papanicolaou, the norm of cytology of the cervix can be considered the first 2nd class of five, and itself:

I - normal cytological picture
II - ASC-US or presence of atypical clitin, unspecified

Filthy cytology of the cervix

What does a bad Pap test result mean?

Poor cytology of the cervix does not necessarily indicate the remaining stage of cancer. More precisely, deciphering the report can only be given by a fahivets, tobto a gynecologist. Vіdpovіdno to zagalnopriynyatої clasifіkatsії vile cytology - pathological changes in the epithelial ball of the cervix and cervical canal.

Behind the infamous method, the change is designated by the following rank:

0 - the material for the test is unsatisfactory (inaccurate, in small numbers, not informative due to insufficient preparation of the patient).
1st class is the norm.
Grade 2 - the presence of atypical ailments.
Grade 3 - different stages of dysplasia.
Grade 4 - pre-cancer camp, pochatova stage.
Grade 5 - invasive cancer.

The most disturbing of the listed changes is class 5, the proteo, whether a form of dysplasia, is also an unsafe signal. Let's look at the dysplasia report:

An easy stage of dysplasia is a sign of an ignition process that has begun. Yogo cannot be missed, the scorching shards can run almost asymptomatically and can go to an important form.
Pomіrna dysplasia - tse ominous signal, sho to tell, scho risk development of oncoprocesses is even great.
Severe stage of dysplasia - ce practically cancerous become.

Undiagnosed dysplasia is due to a number of other factors that provoke, can lead to a dangerous state - oncoprocess.

Be a woman, knowing that the cytology of the cervix shows a filthy result, fear. Let's try to lower the yogo rіven a little for additional information.

What is the work, like a test showing the presence of obvious atypical clitin?

We should not panic, but listen and win all the confessions of the doctor. The gynecologist should call to conduct a report consultation, as well as additional diagnostic procedures, so that the prospects for improvement and the prognosis of illness.

Sound assigned and carried out like this, come in:

Repeat cytology of the cervix.
Biopsy (histological analysis of the tissue of the affected area of the cervix).
Vishkribannya epithelium of the cervix.
An open blood test.
VPL test.
In case of revealed dysplasia, її rejoicing is carried out (often for additional use).
As a companion of a viral infection, they rejoice as a woman, and as a state partner.

Timely diagnostics and adequate education to give hope for education for the mind and understanding of all appointments of the doctor and regular monitoring of the uterine cervix.

How many days to study cytology of the cervix?

The cytology of the cervix is respected by the standard procedure, the technology of which has been developed to the point. The period of material sampling is taken from 15-20 minutes, including a thorough gynecological examination. Then the analysis is sent to the laboratory, it will take more time for an accurate and precise microscopic examination. Although the PAP test was carried out according to all the rules, the process of processing the loan material took about 8 days. The result can be recognized by the doctor after 2 days after the procedure itself, sometimes it will be better, as the analysis is carried out in the cito mode. It is also troubling that information about indicators of the test can be found later. It is most often associated with additional fences, for example, biochemical analysis of the secret for microflora or biopsy for indications.

Histological follow-up and colposcopy can be recognized on the same day with cytology, and their processing takes three hours more than an hour, less work on one Pap test. Such complex diagnostic visits allow you to take a look at the picture, open the picture and give you the opportunity to more accurately determine the course of the treatment.

At the end, it is significant that the cytology of the cervix can be a skin procedure for the skin. The decrease in the number of depressions in the development of cancer is still overwhelmed by the inviolable tasks, both for doctors and for the women themselves. Take a look at yourself, regularly, analyze and test to allow you to feel good about your health. Preserve all the functions of the state sphere in the camp of harmony - tse zavdannya virishuvane, including for additional preventive visits, middle of which important place sit cytology of the cervix.