Such are the problems of modern megacities, like noise and vibration increase for its intensity with skin rock. Why is science so active in the rest of the world began to solve the problem, injecting noise and vibration into the human body? Why do you want to vibrate becoming obov'yazkovim dolzhennyam on rich enterprises and in organizations? The one that modern medicine began to strike at a flash: the growth of a number of professional illnesses - vibratory ailments and deafness, which vinikaya through trivalium pouring noise and vibration on the practitioner of such an undertaking. And in the groups of riziku there were a lot of professions, tied to the work itself in their minds.

Particularly relevant is the problem of vibration in living boudinkas after the life of the subway near the great places of our country and beyond the cordon. The most friendly and wide-ranging vibrations are created under the hour of shallow tunnels of destruction, the life of which is economically docile. The subway lines are laid under the residential areas, and the details of the operation of the subterranean lines should be noted about those that vibration penetrates at the residential boudinka in a radius of 40-70 m from the subway tunnel.

Injecting noise into the body of a person, like a reaction of a person to noise in a given skin type, there is a difference. Deyakі people kindly endure the noise, in their wines they call out ruffling and pragnennya pіti yaknaidalі dzherel noise. The assessment of equal noise is mainly based on the understanding of the response, at which the very inner mood of a person is very important to the noise.

According to the frequency, all colics are subdivided into three ranges:

Infrasound - up to 16 Hz;

sound (accepted by the organ of hearing as a sound) - from 16 to 20000 Hz;

· Ultrasonic - over 20000 Hz.

Noise that vibrates, like shifting between the frequencies of sound waves, є professional shkidlivistyu. Noise - the same sound is heard, as if it can affect the human body drativly and shkidlivu diyu. Under the influx of noise and vibration in a person, a bloody vice may change, the robotic intestinal tract will be destroyed, and yoga trivalium may be brought to hearing loss.

In butt, street and virobnichih minds, we constantly develop and are transmitted through all the structures of the body as a hard, springy body at once from the obov's' viscous inclusions of the visceral medium. Fallow in yakіsnyh and kolkіsnyh pokaznikіv tsikh kolivan reaction to the body, apparently, rіzna. Rushing in buses, trolleybuses, subway cars, passing through the mechanisms for the repair of roads, we are often unacceptable to the influx and vibration, and noise. Ale, viyshovshi z transport zabu, pіshovshi z mіstsya transport robit, we are already forgetting our carelessness. І zovsіm іnsha rіch, if tsі two factors work on the body for a long working day, month chi rich rokіv. These factors act as professional shkidlivost, adhering to the development of noise and vibration ailments. These officials have a lot of sleepiness, and they have a lot of specificity, which allows you to look at them perfectly.

Vibration - tse periodic respiration of a solid body from the point of its equal. As if there is no steady energy sponkacha, the breath will quickly go out. But in virobnicheskih minds, their spontaneous (electricity, transmission and in) is constantly present and, also, vibrations are generated constantly. Upon contact of a person with these objects, which shake his body, the organism is included in the main system of the striae. The cystic system, nerve structures, the entire vessel system are good conductors and vibration resonators. The steps of the sensitivity of the body to the fire of the most scruffy virobnika chinnik lie in the functional camp of the measles of the great pivkul.

Practicing with mechanisms that vibrate, with tools (especially pneumatic ones), workers experience not only vibrations, but also high-frequency noise of great intensity, which will accelerate and worsen development and polysymptomatic vibration tsіynoї ailments.

For the city dwellers, the noise is on the right side of the noise. Dosit often people don’t think about її anti-naturalness. Whether there is a place for a region to make a noise of motor vehicles, a gurkoche tram, from the singing noise of the enterprise, close to the air from the airfield, letaki. At the apartments, refrigerators and praln_ cars make noise, at pіd'izdakh - elevators. The list can be continued. Because the noise is so rich in our life, we can get away, but the wine is not shkidlivy. However, behind its influx on the body of a person, the noise is shkidlivish, lower chemical confusion. For the rest of 30 years, at all great places, the noise increased by 12-15 dB, and the subjective loudness increased by 3-4 times. Noise reduced the productivity of the workplace by 15-20%, thus increasing the incidence of illness. Experts vvazhayut that in the great places the noise will shorten the life of people for 8-12 years.

The frequency of disease of the heart-vascular system in people who live in noisy areas, have a developed population, and ischemic heart disease in them is trapped in three parts. Growing up is also a rampant illness.

Especially vrazhє vpliv noise on the meshkantsіv mіsta. For example, for 100,000 rural meshkants, the rate is 20-30 times, whoever smells bad, then in places the figure increases by 5 times. According to the statistics, the inhabitants of the great cities have been suffering from acute hearing for 30 years already (for the norm - for 2 times later). Under the influx of noise, sleep and spontaneity fade to sleep. Children become more aggressive and squishy.

For the purpose of understanding the complex impact of noise on people, doctors have thrown away the term - “noise sickness”. Symptoms of this disease are headache, tedium, drativity, which are most often accompanied by timchasovym hearing loss. To the noise sickness, the majority of the inhabitants of the great places, as if constantly gaining noise anxiety.

Otzhe, the noise is shkidlivy, but you can change yoga by pouring on living organisms, including people. It appears, perhaps, and there are a lot of such visits. Nasampered, it is necessary to strictly comply with official standards. Today, on the streets of great places, the noise does not go below 80 dB. In order to change this rіven, add significant

zusillya us in front of the best of the technique itself. Designers are working on low-noise engines and traffic barriers, living quarters and moving away from street highways, resting on concrete screens, and painting the roof.

An effective method of combating noise in places is landscaping. Trees, planted close to one and the same, sharpened by thick bushes, significantly reduce the level of man-made noise and improve the middle of the city.

Before the negative physical factors, there is also a vibration. Dzherelami vibrations in places є: rake transport,

automobile transport, budtechnique, industrial installations.

The sound of vibration expands from її dzherela vіdstan up to 100 m. Kolivannya ґruntu near the road perevishchuyu earthworm with a force of 6-7 balіv. At the subway, the vibration is intense and expands by 50-70 meters.

It is unacceptable to add to the human body that electromagnetic vibration of the industrial frequency (50 hertz) and the frequencies of the radio wave range. At the premises, electromagnetic fields are created: radio equipment, televisions, refrigerators, just enough to become unsafe. If it is instructed to know the future of the electromagnetic vibration, as if practicing on a similar (or multiple) frequency, which can lead to an increase or a change in the normal frequency of the work of the human organ, then the next thing can be a head , disturbed sleep, relapse, bring on the threat of angina pectoris. The most unsafe behavior is to do if a person (especially a child) sleeps.

The nature of a person is such that, starting from a songful jealousy, having poured in dowkill, it becomes uncomfortable and unacceptable: self-consciousness breaks down, sleep, drativity rises, depression, ailments appear. Criteria for an unfriendly sound infusion are established by the Sovereign standards ( GOST 12.1.012-90: "Vibration safety. Zagalni vimogi") and Sanitary standards ( SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.566-96 - "Virobnica vibration, vibration in residential and community life"), yakі for vipadku vіbratsіy regulate the marginally admissible rіvnі rіvnі kolivan constructions, scho protect the accommodation of living, administrative-community budіvel and working areas. At the same amplitude, the colivans are intermingled in the frequency range of 1.4 - 88 Hz with more than a few microns.

Dzherela vibrations and their characteristics. Dzherelami vibratsiї in living and community life є іnzhenirne and sanitary technіchne obladnannya, as well as industrial installations, for example, large forging and pressing equipment, piston compressors, budіvelnі machines (diesel grinders), as well as transport zasobi (metropolitan dribny mortgage, important vantage cars, salaries trains) by trams), what is done with the robots is great dynamic vanity, as if they call for the expansion of vibrations in the ground and budding constructions of budives. Vibrations are often also the cause of noise in the premises.

For living and communal life, the most unfriendly dzherel is the rail transport mains: subway, tram lines and airways. The studies have shown that the colivannya in the world at different times in the subway fades out, the process is non-monotonous, the process is non-monotonous, the wines lie down in the warehouse pits on the path of the roaring vibrations: rail - wall of the tunnel - grunt - foundation of the house - budiveln and constructions. In quiet slopes, if they happen to be in close proximity to the rake road, the vibrations in them can exceed the maximum permissible value established by the Sanitary Standards by 10 times (by 20 dB). In the spectral warehouse, vibrations are dominated by octaves of smog from geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 and 63 Hz.

Following the adoption of the 1975 Sanitary Norms ( SN 1304-75 - "Sanitary norms of permissible vibrations in living quarters") that vikonannya of the control vimіryuvan appeared, that dozens of budіvel, which are located near the metro lines, recognize the increased vibrational inflow, and the equal vibrations in the living and communal areas exceed the admissible value. This is the situation itself in the budinkas, roztashovannyh near the groves of the internal airways and tram lines.

At the present time, the zone of the railroad is regulated to be 100 m, and the zone of the tram line, as shown, reaches 60 m from the extreme railroad line.

Unfortunately, in the great places with the development of transport highways and the increase in traffic flows in the area of ​​vibro-unsafe territories with skin rock are increasing. In Moscow, this process is being strengthened by the introduction of the norms of everyday life (), as for the living quarters of the highest category of comfort, the criteria for vibrations are set by 1.4 times (by 3 dB) "zhorstkishe", lower Sanitary standards. In these minds, for example, the zone of tunnels of the subway and the gravel deposit should be made closer to 60 m, which imposes conditions on the placement of that structure.

Come in for the vibes. The sound of vibration expands like that of the ground, and so it does in everyday constructions from the visibly small flames. That is why it is necessary to get used to the first time to get used to lowering the dynamic tensions, creating a vibration, or to reduce the transmission of these tensions by the way of vibration isolation of machines and to help transport.

Decreased vibrations in accommodations that are being protected, may be reached by the residential accommodations. The property, which creates a significant dynamic impact, is recommended to be installed at the basement surfaces or on other foundations that are not connected with the frame of the building. When the possession is installed on the crossroads, it is necessary to spread yoga in the areas, the most distant types of objects that are protected. It is impossible to ensure a sufficient reduction in vibration and noise, which is blamed for the hour of work of the central machines, by designated methods, following the transfer of vibration isolation.

Vibration isolation of units can be installed on special vibration insulators (spring elements, which allow a small thickness), installation of flexible elements (inserts) in piping and communications systems, with vibrational controls , soft gaskets for pipelines and communications in areas passing through fastening to structures that protect. Gnuchki z'єdnannya piping at pumping units must be transferred both at the pumping station, and in the lines that get wet (as close as possible to the pumping unit). Like bellows inserts, you can twist the sleeves of rubberized fabric with metal spirals.

To change the vibration that is transferred to the structure, which is carried, vicorist spring or gum vibration insulators. For units where the wind speed is less than 1800 rpm, spring vibration insulators are recommended; with a speed of wrapping over 1800 rpm. humic vibration insulators are allowed. Keep in mind that the term “robot and gum vibration insulators” is used in 3 years. Steel vibration insulators are more durable and superior in robots, and they are effective in vibration isolation of low frequencies and insufficiently reduce the transmission of vibrations of higher high frequencies (auditory range), surrounded by internal resonances of spring elements. For the transmission of high-frequency vibrations, it is necessary to install gum or cork gaskets with a thickness of 10-20 mm, roztashovuchichi between springs and the design that you carry.

Machines with dynamic drives (fans, pumps, compressors, etc.) are recommended to be mounted on an important concrete slab or a metal frame, which spirals on a vibration isolator. Vykoristannya important slabs change the amplitude of the splitting of the unit, installations on vibration isolators. In addition, the plate ensures more centering with the drive and lowers the centering of the center of the installation shaft. Bazhano, that the mass of the stove was not less than the mass of the insulated machine.

Zakhist budіvel vіd vіbratsiї, scho vykaє vіd vіd ruhu on zaliznіchnyh linіyakh, іnіyah drіbnoj zakladnya subway zvіchayutsya їkh vіdalnyam vіd dzherel vibratsії. It has been established that the living quarters are not guilty of rotting up to the shortest distance to the wall of the metro tunnel closer to the bottom by 40 m.

Practice has shown that the only way to protect the accommodation of residential houses from noise and vibration, that they are blamed on the work of the linear subway, that the installation on smaller sections, I will help gum pads.

In foreign practice, vicorists also have vibration isolation for the help of pneumatic vibration isolators. A sanitary inspection for the safety of permissible equal vibrations is carried out in a similar way to a visual inspection of noise.

Zabudova in the armored safety of the territory zdіysnyuєtsya iz zastosuvannyam zahodіv, yakі, not caring for the expensive life, є nebhіdnimi, shards for їх vіdsutnostі budіvlja, yak zan e buti accepted for operation. At this hour, a dekilka of methods is zastosovuetsya to reduce coliving. For example, vikoristovuyutsya vіbrozakhisnі designsії zaliznichnії kolії, scho allow to reduce vibratsiі in booths up to 10-13 dB, which screen trenches in the ground, which reduces kolyvanna to 6 dB, structures budіvel on vibroisolators , i constructions budіvel z monolithic cast-in-situ concrete, 0 . As a rule, such efficiency is sufficient for the safety of the norms in administrative and public buildings, the protection zone for them should be close to 25 m when the subway is flooded, up to 50 m when the air is flooded, and up to 30 m for the tram line. m.

In residential houses, deviating from the normative value by 15 dB, it is necessary to vibrate the complex from a large number of entrances, shards only in this direction can be safe for acceptable levels.

Significantly more important ways to treat a specific skin condition may be overwhelmed and imperfect. For example, vibro-insulation of the standard series from the selected cast-iron concrete can only be made by way of lowering the colivan at the dzherel, or on the way of pinking the wind at the ground middle. Vibro-insulation of the future, which are being reconstructed, as a rule, is ensured by constructive approaches - fixing the supporting scheme of the load-bearing frame and acknowledging the hardness of the structural elements. In budinkas with a height of 20 and more, on top of the lowered vibrations, they are placed behind the rahunok of the monolithic frame. If there is a small middle surface, which makes a hard frame, they are thinly insulated with spring elements.

The primary factor in the culprit of vibrations in all vibrations is the unevenness of the surface of the rolled wheel and rails, which is to blame during the preparation in the process of operation of the wagon wheel. On foreign metropolitans, due to the method of eliminating irregularities, so-called rake-grinding pulls are installed, which allow to reduce the screed to 12 dB. The Moscow metro near the nearest future one can also win similarly.

Unfortunately, the problem of zahistu budіvel vіd vіbratsiy is foldable and has a good science and technology character. There are no simple solutions and it is important to follow up on numerical models, as a rule, they inspire the real power of the ground centers and future constructions. Therefore, in more vipadkіv there is a prognostic assessment of vibrations and a further follow-up of chronic illnesses.

І nasamkinets, it was necessary to guess one thing dzherelo vibratsi - budіvelnі machines and mechanisms. In the minds of the schіlnoi mіsskoi, forgetting the everyday life of new budіvels, as it seems, is connected with significant unhandedness for the meshchants of the adjacent budinki. The number of unhandedness is due to the variety of technological processes, in which there are dynamic adjustments. There is a large number of narrations, for example, clogging a finger and a tongue, which is accompanied not only by noise, but by vibration. The zone of vibrational inflow of such a dzherel can become 90 m, and with vibrating vibrations - more than 100 m. bushy factor.

Size:

LICTION 5 . Noise, vibration, ultrasound, infrasound. IONIZING VIPROMINATION

5.1. Noise and vibration

Significant injection on the mind dovkilla toil noise i vibration. Noise tse be-yakі nebazhanі for people of sound hvilyovі kolivanya, scho rozpovsyudzhuyutsya in the spring middle (povіtrya, gas, homeland thinly). Part of the expanse, where the sounds of whistle expand, call sound field . Whether it be the city of the field, the vice and the swidness of the parts of the middle are changing by the hour. Retail between mittevim and the middle vice at the middle is called sonic vise . Alone in the world of sound pressure - Pa.

Sound - ce the expansion of the sound whil at the springy middle. Vin is characterized by the frequency of sound chirps, amplitude and hourly chirps. The sound spectrum is subdivided into infrasound with a frequency of sound whistling in the range of 0 to 20 Hz, like a person does not understand. Sounds with a frequency of 20 to 20,000 Hz - the whole sound range is intelligible for a person. Frequency from 20,000 Hz to 109 Hz - ultrasound, from 109 Hz and higher - hypersound.

Key Features sounds s X wagon - value intensity (strength), frequency and form of sound whistle. І intense O st it is shown by energy, as it is carried by the sound wind through the surface with an area of ​​1 m 2., as it is perpendicular to the direct expansion of the sound wind (W / m 2).

Sound і noise , characterized by:

- Shvidkіstyu sound, in m/sі frequency f, Hz; sonic vise p, Pa; intensity I, W/m 2 .

The soundness of the sound lies due to the characteristics of the medium, in which the sound flurry expands. The gas-like middle has a fresh sound:

de X- Indicator of adiabaty (х = 1.44); R, - a vice and a space for gas is good.

Mal. 5.1. Hearing-seeing people

For normal atmospheric minds (T = 293 Before that R= 1034 hPa) smoothness to sound in a different way h = 344 m/s.

frequency sound A the number of times the spring medium is measured in one hour, it is measured in hertz (1 Hz- all one kolyvannya per second).

Considering the people who blame the noise, it is proportional not to the absolute value of the sound pressure, but yoga logarithm . Tom for characterization noise if we introduced logarithmic values ​​- the equal to the sound pressure, which is

(db)

de R- Root mean square value of the sound pressure at the point in the world, Pa; R O = 210 -5 Pa - The value of the root-mean-square sound pressure on the voice gap.

Vuho people zdatne priymati tі kolivannya, the frequency of such perebuvaє in the range of 20 Hz - 20 kHz. Lower and higher of these frequencies are found in the region infrared and ultrasound.

Diya noise on people lie in it frequency equal to the sound pressure, the hour of the day and the nature of the noise . On fig. 5.1, a zone of equal sound pressure has been introduced, which is accepted by people. Vaughn is surrounded by the beast threshold of pain , which can be brought to hearing damage, and below - the threshold of sensitivity.

Noise, navitat for apparently insignificant levels (50-60 dBl), pushing the nerve system of a person, which is especially noticeable for the minds of being busy with rational efficiency. Vіn zbudzhuє nervous system, pushing the pressure of the blood, leading to the frontal automi, calling the head bіl. It has been proven that low illness (hypertonic and viral diseases, neurosis, mucosal-intestinal and skin diseases) is associated with overstressing of the nervous system in the process of treatment and recovery. Seeing silence, especially at the night time, leading to the hour before the hour, and often to the worst sickness.

Noise level over 70 dB we give a summary of physiological action on a person, what to bring to change in the body. So, dіya noise 90 dB And more often it leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of the organs of hearing, and sometimes, especially in unsatisfied minds in industrial enterprises, to the vindication of professional illness. sensorineural deafness . More noise 145 dB you can bring it to the end of the drum retina.

The main dzherela noise –

– transport services and different trades: machines and mechanisms (mechanical noise), transformers and throttles (electromagnetic noise), fans and pumps (hydraulic noise) thinly. The most unfriendly noises of the mind are created in residential areas in the form of practical radio and television equipment, thick roses, everyday work and others.

To reduce the negative impact of noise, it is accepted that it is acceptable at work places, at living quarters and on the territory of living areas. In practice, win two methods of normalization :

- according to the boundary spectrum of noise i beyond the permissible level of sound. After the first method, the admissible equalities of the sound pressure are normalized for all voicing octave smugs (the boundary spectrum of noise).

Table 5.1

Indicators equal to noise from the dzherel

Jerelo noise	Zvukove vise., Pa	Іintensepro-there is a soundA, dB
The noise of the winter fox in calm weather
Whisper on the wall 1 m
Rozmov average thickness on the stand in the middle of the spacer 1m
Work versativ with a significant equal noise (work space was verstat)
Pneumocompressor robot
The noise of the rocket engine of the aircraft at a distance of 2-3 m

Noise spectrum - The fall of the level of the sound pressure in the frequency. Separate spectra:

– high-intensity, near sinusoidal warehouses separated by frequency intervals without a rope;

- wide-line, which are formed from sinusoidal warehouses, as if they were divided without middle on the scale of tone and frequency, as if they were formed by sine sounds with a fixed frequency.

Guchnist - the power of auditory perception, like lying under the sound pressure and the frequency of the sound. For the equalization of different sounds for the fullness of the vicorist, understand - the rіven of density, the loneliness of any one is ashes , which is equal to the sound pressure of 1 dB for a pure tone with a frequency of 1 kHz, which is accepted as the same volume with this sound.

Variations of colivannya elements of machines and mechanisms can be transmitted through the soil, the podlog, the elements of life and spores and put pressure on the body of a person through її hands, feet or other. body parts. At tsomu vipadku kolyvannya priymayutsya yak vibration.

At і Brother і I – tse mekhanіchnі kolivannja, yakі bring to discord the life of important functions of a person, that shkіdly vplyvayut on the robot the possession of that ruination of budіvelny designs.

Parameters that characterize the vibrations per person, є amplitude vibration displacement, vibration vibrancy, vibration acceleration and frequency of coliving.

Vibrations boovay hot and local . Zagalna vibratsiya- the purpose of the human body as a whole, and local- On the edge of the body. For example, blatant the vibration expands to the practitioner with the help of transport means, and local- on pracіvnikіv, yakі pracyuyut with electric and pneumatic hand tools.

Systematic diya zagalnoї vibrations, for the mind of the high value of the magnitude of the vibration, you can bring it to the point of vindication vibrational ailments - damage to the physiological functions of the body, mindfulness of the important action vibrations to the central nervous system. Damage to lead to a headache, decrease in efficiency, impairment of self-esteem, damage to the work of the heart.

Local vibration shouting spasms of the vessels, which are blamed on the phalanges of the fingers, and then they expand to the whole hand. In the aftermath of this, bloody bloodshed. Simultaneously, changes occur in the nervous system: salts are deposited in the nodule, which leads to pain, deformity of the hands and a decrease in friability in the nodule. Effectively exuberant vibrational ailments are only possible at the bud stage and development, moreover, the destruction of the functions of the body proceeds properly.

Fallow view of dzherel viniknennya won vibrations share on:

- transport (movement of cars by roads and on the road), transport and technological (movement of cars, which are used for technological operations);

- technological (robot of stationary machines).

Directly di ї zagalna vibration boova vertical і horizontal (Along the line of the shoulders, that one is perpendicular to the ij). See also three straight lines di local vibrations.

Hygiene standards vibrations vstanovlyuyut fallow in mind vibrations, month, the hour of that direct її dії.

Methods and ways to fight against the storm with a splash noise and vibration mentally divide for chotiri groupi:

1. Direct change of value noise and vibration have dzherelah їх viniknennya.

2. Direction for reduction noise and vibration under the hour of their expansion.

3. Individually apply for protection against noise and vibration .

4. Likuvalno-prophylactic come in, set up for the prevention of changes in the body of a person in a rush of shkidlivih officials.

Mid-day first group Important importance is added to the improvement of the design of machines and mechanisms by way of improvement of their kinematic schemes, replacement of the mechanisms of shock action with a smaller number of operations of shock action, statically and dynamically balanced nya elements of machines, by the possibility of replacing parts of mechanisms, made from metal, on parts from plastic materials in. low-noise materials, silencers, avoidance of mechanical resonances, foundations and coatings that dampen and sag vibratsiyu meagerly. To reduce noise in places and other settlements, it is important to take care of the transport infrastructure at the reference station, as well as roads, trams and railroad tracks.

Significant place in the middle of the day other group rise to civil life:

- zonal zoning of the territory of settlements, the destruction of roads with intensive traffic outside their cordon, the destruction of main transport communications, the installation of noise-proof walls, the creation of green damp zones, the fencing of traffic facilities near parks, sanitary zones, etc. zones of repair, arrangement of a special dwelling, vikon with a gradual slope, rational planning of living quarters, ventilation for additional special blinds. At the midpoints of the middle groups, the groups have widely vicorous soundproofing covers, casings and screens, replacing the direct extension of sound coliving, covering the walls with materials, squeezing the sound, vibration isolation, flexible inserts and spring pads at s' single elements of machines, pipelines and everyday structures and in.

Before zabіv іndivіdualnogo zahistu noise be seen:

- inserts, headphones and sholomi. Inserts buvayut soft , from ultrathin fibers, that Zhorstki prepared from ebonite or shkіri at the looking cone. Effektivnіst їх is not too high (reduction equal to the sound is less than 5-20 dBl). Headphones are most effective, especially at high frequencies. Sholomi vikoristovuyut in extreme minds (if the level of the sound exceeds 120 dB). An individual defender for help mitten with gaskets and special vzatya with soles , as if to sag the vibration (Fig.5.2)

For zabіgannya viniknennya that rosette vibration sickness practitioners who work with a vibroinstrument are recommended to have a special mode of practice:

- Dodatkovi break for recovery, special gymnastics right and massage, taking vitamins, warm baths for hands after completion of work, ultraviolet testing. In practitioners, in some cases, a vibratory ailment was revealed, it is necessary to transfer to a job, as it is not associated with vibration.

Freeze equal to the noise and vibrations are reduced for the help of special devices - hand-held noise recorder and vibration recorder, for example, SHI-01, VR-1, attached by "Brul and Ker" (Denmark) (Fig.5.3) and int. As a sensitive element in them vicorous condenser microphones and p'zoelectric transmutation of vibrating colivans. Adjust the octave filters to control the level of sound pressure and vibration parameters in standard octave ranges of frequencies, and also allow you to control the level of sound.

Under the hour of the work of such machines, those mechanisms cause not only noise, but infrasound and ultrasound. In case of infrasound with an equal pressure of 100-120 dB, the headache is blamed, the vibrations of the internal organs are felt, the decrease in respect and practicality, the fault is blamed on the fragility, the dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. To that, the following admissible equal sound pressure for infrasound has been established:

- in octave smugs from the middle geometric frequencies of 2, 4, 8, and 16 Hz, become 105 dBl.

With the main approach, directing us to fight against the wind with a splash of infrasound, we fall at a lower level in the vineyards.

ultrasound wide win in machine-building and metallurgy industries (processing of materials, quality control of vibrations and others), medicine (ultrasound methods of diagnostics) and in the non-viral sphere (protective and anti-burning signaling). Ultrasound shkidly vplyvaetsya on the body of a person: causing functional changes in the nervous system, changing the pressure, storage and characteristics of the blood. Vіn mozhe dіyati on a person, like through a wind, so through the homeland, the middle is hard. Permissible level of sound pressure in the frequency range of 20-100 kHz becomes 110 dB. Zakhist in the presence of ultrasound zdijsnyuyut way of victorious possession with more high-frequency coliving, zahisnih screens and casings, placement of occupancy, possession of special premises in cabins.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL AGENCY OF EDUCATION

ROSTIV STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS

ABSTRACT

From the discipline "Safety of life"

On the topic: “Noise and vibration; injection into the body"

Vikonala student:

Loginova Kseniya Oleksandrivna

Faculty of Informatization and Management

Groupi 316 s/s

credit book number: 08123

Revisited:

Chumakov Kh. Kh.

Rostov-on-Don.

1. Noise characteristic

2. Vibration characteristic

3. Injecting noise and vibration into the human body

4. Prevention of vibration and noise damage

5. Come in

Noise and vibration are all mechanical vibrations that expand in gas-like and solid mediums. The noise of that vibration differs between itself by the frequency of the noise.

1. Noise characteristic

Noise- the continuum of sounds of different frequencies and intensity, which change in the hours. The building hearing organ is divided into 0.1 bytes, so it is practical for the imitation of sounds and noises to stop decibels (db.). The strength of the sound and the frequency are perceived by the organs of hearing as loudness, therefore, for the equal equal strength of the sound in decibels, the sounds of different frequencies are perceived as sounds, may be loudness. For a normal sound, in order not to feel isolated from the world, people need noise at 10-20 dB. Tse leafing noise, park chi lisu. Technical sockets of the industrial vibrantsa were soreopted by the pikdvischens of the rivnya noise, in the minds of the Vobrinita, the noise of the noise on organism often ate with a negative sculpture: toxic rechovons, the temperature extremes, and the same. As a rule, noise is blamed on the virobnichih minds, like a warehouse of different frequencies. Prior to the physical characteristics of the noise, the frequency, sound pressure, sound pressure equals.

According to the frequency range, the noise is subdivided into low-frequency- Up to 350 Hz, mid-frequency 350-800 Hz ta high-frequency- Over 800 Hz.

Behind the nature of the spectrum there is noise wide range, with an interruption-free spectrum and tonal, The spectrum of these has a slight tone.

Behind the temporal characteristics there is noise postiyni , urivparti , impulse , quarrel at the hour .

Sonic vice R is an hourly oversized vice on the crossing, placed at a costly wind. At the porosity of the sensitivity of the human ear, at a frequency of 1000 Hz, the sound pressure P 0 \u003d 210 -5 Pa, at the porosity of pain perception, the sound pressure reaches 2 10 2 Pa.

For practical purposes, the characteristic of sound, which is measured in decibels, is equal to the sound pressure. Rіven sound pressure N - ce change over the logarithmic scale of the value of a given sound pressure R to the threshold pressure P 0

N = 201g (P/P 0).

For the assessment of various noises, equal sound for additional sound noise is measured according to GOST 17187-81.

To assess the physiological impact of noise on a person, vikoristovuetsya highness and equalness of highness. Sensitivity threshold changes with frequency, changes with increasing sound frequency from 16 to 4000 Hz, then increases with increasing frequency up to 20000 Hz. For example, a sound that creates a sound volume of 20 dB at a frequency of 1000 Hz, but the same loudness, like a sound of 50 dB at a frequency of 125 Hz. Therefore, the sound of one equal density for different frequencies has a different intensity.

To characterize the constant noise, a characteristic has been set - equal to the sound, decreasing beyond the A scale of the noise level in dBA.

Unstable noises are characterized by an equivalent (for energy) equal sound in dBA, which is considered to be in accordance with GOST 12.1.050-86.

Dzherela outrageous noise. The aerodynamic noise of aircraft, the roar of diesel engines, the impact of a pneumatic tool, the resonant knocking of various structures, the rich music and richly different.

2. Vibration characteristic

Behind the physical nature of vibration, like noise, є kolyvalny rush of material bodies.

Mechanical chirping, which rozpovsyudzhuyutsya through schіlnі middle іz kolivani frequency up to 16 Hz. (Hertz - unity in the world of frequency is equal to 1 beat per second), they are accepted by a person like a coward, as it is customary to call vibration.

Vibration parameters are standardized by GOST 12.1.012-78 "SSBT. Vibration. Hot air safety".

Vibration is up to the standard for dzherelami її vyniknennya is divided into:

1. transport, which is to blame for the result of the traffic of cars on the roads and on the roads and during their life;

2. transport-technological, which is due to robotic machines, which is to be carried out in a technological operation in a stationary position, or when moving a specially prepared part of a forager, industrial maidanchik;

3. technological, which vinikaє pіd hour of robots of stationary machines chi are transferred to the working space, yakі may dzherel vibratsiї.

According to the method of transmission to a person, the vibration is divided into blatantly, which is transmitted through the supporting surfaces, that local(Mіstsev), which is transmitted through the hands of a person. The main parameters that characterize the vibration are the frequency of coli, the frequency of coli and the amplitude of the usunennia.

The frequency of colivanation is in direct fallow in the frequency of colivan and the amplitude of the usunennia:

v \u003d 2pfA \u003d wA,

de v is the degree of coagulation, cm/s;

f is the koliva frequency, Hz;

A - the amplitude of the usunennia with harmonic kolivalny rus, tobto. the value of the largest opening in the position of the river, cm;

w is the circular frequency, tobto. the number of new colivans, squandered per hour, which cost 2pf s.

By analogy with noise, an important characteristic of vibration is є її rіven, which is used in logarithmic units - decibels.

Logarithmic equalization of the vibrowidth L = 2 lg v/(5*10),

de v – root-mean-square speed, m/s;

5*10 – reference vibration, m/s;

With the influx of vibrations on a person, the most important are those that the body of a person can have in a foldable dynamic system. Numerical studies have shown that this dynamic system is changing stalely in response to people's postures, її I will become - relaxation and tension - and other factors. For such a system, there are unsafe, resonant frequencies, as if strong forces are poured into a person with frequencies close to aboriginal resonant ones, then the amplitude of coliving is sharply increased, like a mustache: bodies, and also other organs.

For the body of a person in a sitting position, the resonance occurs at a frequency of 4-6 Hz, for the head 2C 30 Hz, for full-time apples 60-90 Hz. At these frequencies, intense vibration can cause injury to the ridge and bone tissue, disorder of the dawn, in women it is more frequent: belt canopies.

Colivannya calls out in the tissues of the body changing mechanical stress. Changes in voltage are captured by impersonal receptors, which are transformed into the energy of bioelectrical biochemical processes. Information about the initiation of human vibration is received by a special organ of sensitivity - the vestibular apparatus

The vestibular apparatus expands at the side of the skull bones and is formed from the apex and the circumferential canals, spreading at the mutually perpendicular planes. The vestibular apparatus ensures the analysis of the position and movement of the head in space, the activation of the tone of the muscles.

3. Injection of vibration and noise into the body of a person

Dosi Bulo was taken into account that the noise is negatively less on hearing. At the given hour, it has been established that people, like practicing noise in their minds, get more tired, squawk on their heads. When there is noise on the body, a number of functional changes can occur on the side of various internal organs and systems: a pressure of blood is increased, more often, or the rhythm of the heart rate is corrected, may be the cause of various diseases of the nervous system (neurosis eniya, neurosis, disorder of sensitivity). Under the influx of noise, sleeplessness is blamed, sleepiness is rapidly developing, respect is decreasing, the general practice and productivity of work is decreasing. Trivaly spitting on the body to the noise and the resulting damage to the side of the central nervous system are seen as one of the factors that relieve the blame for hypertensive ailments.

Under the influx of noise, the manifestations are blamed on the hearing that is weakened by hearing. Cі phenomena from the noise caused by the noise quickly pass. If the repetition of hearing is repeated systematically by stretching a trivial term, then deafness develops. So, a short-hour surge of 120 dB (the roar of a lantern) does not lead to irreparable consequences. Trivale injecting noise of 80-90 dB to produce professional deafness. Deafness - a persistent decrease in hearing, which makes it difficult to accept the language of those who are absent in normal minds. The assessment will become a hearing aid for additional audiometry. Audiometry - a change in hearing sensitivity - is carried out with the help of a special electro-acoustic device - an audiometer. A decrease in hearing by 10 dB is practically not perceived by a person, a serious weakening of the intelligibility of speech and a loss of soundness are slightly weak, but important for the mixing of sound signals, which occurs with a decrease in hearing by 20 dB.

It was established by the methods of audiometry, that as a result of professional activity, there was a decrease in hearing in the field of the voice range by 11 dB, the fact of occupational illness - hearing loss. Most hearing loss develops over a period of 5-7 years, and more often hearing loss.