International name: Retinol

Group: Vitamins and vitamin-like substances. Antihypoxants and antioxidants

Retinol acetate or retinol palmitate

Chemical formula:

Chemical formula of Vitamin A

Form of issue:

1. dragees (instructions included in package included)
2. drops for taking internally
3. drops for internal use [in oil]
4. capsules
5. dissection for internal lingual administration [oliyny]
6. razchin for taking internal [oliy]
7. considerations for accepting internal and external stasis [oliyny]
8. The walks are covered with membrane

Instructions

Pharmacological action

Retinol is a necessary component for the normal functioning of the retina, as it binds to opsin (the red pigment of the retina), which creates visual purple rhodopsin, which is necessary for visual adaptation in the dark. . Vitamin A is necessary for the growth of the cysts, normal reproductive function, embryonic development, for the regulation of the division and differentiation of the epithelium (encourages the proliferation of epithelial cells of the skin, rejuvenates cell population, affects the keratinization process). Vitamin A plays a role as a cofactor in various biochemical processes.

Showing before stagnation

Following the instructions, it is necessary to take retinol in the following situations:

1. Hypotaminosis A, as well as the body’s increased need for vitamin A: gastrectomy, diarrhea, steatorrhea, celiac disease, sprue, Crohn’s disease, malabsorption syndrome, cystic fibrosis, etc. sockets, infectious parts (including chronic ones) » illness
2. Inadequate and unbalanced food (including parenteral food)
3. Shvidke's weight loss
4. Nicotine addiction, drug addiction, alcoholism
5. Feeling stressed out
6. Taking cholestyramine, colestipol, mineral oils and neomycin
7. Hyperthyroidism
8. Hemeralopia, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia

At this time, it is not recommended to use retinol for treatment of dry skin, wrinkles, eye infections and infections not associated with vitamin A deficiency. The effectiveness of vitamin A with nircoke-stone bath has not been demonstrated illness, hyperthyroidism, anemia, degenerative changes in the nervous system, sleep disorders, leg illness, hearing loss, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis.

Contraindicated until stagnation

1. Hypersensitivity
2. Hypervitaminosis of vitamin A
3. 1st trimester of gestation

Take retinol for alcoholism, cirrhosis of the liver, viral hepatitis, nitric deficiency, gestation (especially the first trimester), during lactation, in summer and children’s age, or for medical reasons. Follow the instructions before drying.

Side activities

1. Parenteral administration – pain at the injection site, infiltration
2. Overdose

Overdose

Retinol is a fat-depleting vitamin, and taking a large dose in a short hour or taking it over a long period of time can lead to an overdose of the vitamin in the body.

Symptoms of acute overdose (develop 6 years after administration) of vitamin A:

1. in adults - drowsiness, blurriness, double vision, confusion, severe headache, tiredness, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, osteoporosis, bleeding from the eyes, dryness and swelling, restlessness, mucous membranes, empty mouth, peeling ny lips, skins), confusion information, displacement of the internal cranial pressure
2. in infants - hydrocephalus, spinal cord

Symptoms of chronic intoxication:

1. loss of appetite, pain in the hands, cracks and dryness of the skin, lips, dryness of the mucous membrane of the empty mouth, gastralgia, vomiting, hyperthermia, asthenia, nausea, discomfort, headache, photosensitivity, pollack Uria, nocturia, polyuria, irritability, orange patches on soles, lobes, in the area of ​​the nasolabial tricumus, hepatotoxic lesions, intraocular hypertension, oligomenorrhea, portal hypertension, hemolytic anemia, changes on radiographs of the cysts, vessels;
2. fetotoxic effects: in humans - development of the thyroid system, inhibition of growth, early closure of epiphyseal zones; in animals - the development of the central nervous system, spine, chest, heart, eyes, upper palate, sechostatic system.

Treatment in case of overdose - administration of the drug and symptomatic therapy.

Vitamin A should be taken internally (capsules, ointment) for preventive and therapeutic purposes (10-15 minutes after eating). In case of severe avitaminosis or damaged absorption in the intestinal tract, internal ulcer injections of vitamin (ampoules with oil dispense) are indicated. Ointments for injection are highly viscous, so before internal administration they are heated to body temperature. In cases of seizures that require severe treatment (sickness of the skin, eyes), courses of internal injections can be combined with internal administration. Internally, i.m.

1. For avitaminosis of the lungs and middle stages, adults – 33 thousand IU/day, children – 1-5 thousand IU/day (consistently throughout the age).
2. For hemeralopia, xerophthalmia, adults - 50-100 thousand IU/dose, for children as prescribed by a doctor.
3. In case of skin diseases, adults – 50-100 thousand IU/day, for children as prescribed by a doctor.

special inserts

Since vitamin A is fat-soluble and is excreted from the body completely, in order to prevent the development of hypervitaminosis, one should not exceed the recommended doses prescribed in the instructions for stagnation. For the treatment of acne, high doses of Retinol are required, which increases the risk of toxic complications, so for this nosology the most common forms of Retinol (including tretinoin or isotretinoin). The additional requirement for vitamin A for an adult is 5 thousand IU (1.5 mg); for cars - 6.6 thousand. IU (2 mg); for women who are still pregnant - 8.25 thousand IU (2.5 mg); children under 1 year of age – 1.65 thousand IU (0.5 mg); 1-6 days - 3.3 thousand IU (1 mg); 7-14 years old - 5 thousand IU (1.5 mg). In the minds of Extreme Nightly doses for pregnant women and women who are pregnant, children will increase by 50%.

Interactions with other medicinal agents

1. Weakens the effect of Ca2+ preparations, increasing the risk of developing hypercalcemia.
2. Cholestyramine, colestipol, mineral oils, neomycin will alter the absorption of vitamin A (you may need to increase the dose).
3. Oral contraceptives increase the concentration of Retinol in plasma.
4. Isotretinoin increases the risk of toxic effects.
5. Simultaneous administration of tetracycline and vitamin A in high doses (50 thousand/OD or higher) increases the risk of development of intracranial hypertension.
6. Vitamin E reduces the toxicity, absorption, deposition in the liver and vitamin A deficiency; High doses of vitamin E can reduce the reserves of Retinol in the body.

Hello, my kind friends. Does your diet contain retinol - is it also vitamin A? This is a very brown element, and I hope to convey it to you today.

Vitamin A is a fat-destroying element that belongs to the group of substances called “retinoids”. It plays a key role in promoting healthy eyesight, nervous system function and healthy skin. Like all antioxidants, this element plays a role in fighting free radicals.

By knowing what vitamin A is for, you can protect yourself from developing many serious illnesses. This element takes part in the following processes:

• It forms a special pigment in the retinal eye – rhodopsin. These speeches are always pleasant until the light signals. For the presence of rhodopsin in sufficient quantity, the adaptation of the eyes to lightening is quickly achieved.
• Promotes the proliferation of proteins in cartilaginous and subglobular tissues, which ensures their renewal and growth. This is why vitamin A is so important for a young body.
• Ensures the normal functioning of the mucous membranes of the bronchi and nose. Therefore, the intestines, legions, and guts are protected due to infection.
• Strengthens the work of the sympathetic-adrenal system in the body. The essence of this function is this: after foreign bodies are absorbed into the body by the supraneural glands, adrenaline is generated. Since retinol enters the body at sufficient speed, it reduces the high volume of adrenaline.
• Ensures the integrity of dermal fibers. Due to the elasticity of such fibers, the skin is covered with vitamin A, which is necessary for the skin.

In cosmetology, vitamins are also used as a supplement. It is also important for your hair and your life. This element enhances hair growth and accelerates hair growth.

Symptoms of deficiency

People with malabsorption of fats are very susceptible to developing vitamin deficiency. The most common health problems that arise from malabsorption of element A include sensitivity to gluten. This includes leaky gut syndrome, autoimmune reactions, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.

Deficiency of the element A has become a problem of widespread health in more than half of all countries in the world. This problem is especially widened in Africa and Northern Asia. We are worried about small children and parents living in low-income countries.

Signs of a lack of vitamin A in the body:

• Prehistorically ancient skins. Beware of peeling and follicular thickening of the skin. The keratinization of the dermis occurs when the epithelial cells are damaged and become hard and dry. Such substances can appear on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tracts, sechovidous tracts, etc.
• The world is collapsing. Moreover, this problem can manifest itself on different sides. One of them is xerophthalmia or “dry eye.” Another manifestation is keratomalacia and melting of the cornea. Before that, you can be careful about conjunctivitis. Not taking enough retinol can lead to the development of “chicken blindness”.

• Hair becomes brittle and dark. Insufficient absorption of retinol by the body should lead to the appearance of early pigment.
• Nigga growth increases. The stench begins to fuss and lame.
• Respiratory infections. This means that the body’s immunity is weak due to a lack of vitamin A.

Where is vitamin A found?

There are two different types of beans: active and beta-carotene. The active form is similar to food products and is called retinol. She herself is victorious with our body.

Another type that we extract from fruits and vegetables, known as “provitamin A,” is called a carotenoid. These compounds are converted into retinol after they are absorbed into the body. For example, this type of carotenoid, such as beta-carotene, is primarily responsible for transformation into the active form A. However, it will not be absorbed by the body.

Research has repeatedly shown that retinol, as an antioxidant, is very important for good health. Food experts recommend consuming most of your vitamins from your food. Eggs, milk, liver, carrots, yellow or orange vegetables are the main products that contain a lot of element A. Products that contain vitamin A in large quantities are presented in the table below. Vіdsotkov's spіvvіdnoshenya was established for the norm of 900 mcg.

Remember that retinol is stable until heated. However, when boiled, dipped in dill and canned, about 15-30% of vitamin A is still consumed.

This element also collapses under the influx of ultraviolet radiation. And kisen changes it instead of the product. Therefore, it is important to save food in the future until you regularly consume retinol.

Instructions for drying

The additional norm of vitamin A must be stored in the eyelid and in the body. Below I have written down the data from the official dosages accepted in Russia.

For children:

For adults:

Most people get enough vitamins from their diet. If you are diagnosed with a deficiency, your doctor may recommend taking supplements. You can get this drug at the pharmacy. Rare Aevit is sold here, in capsules and ampoules. In addition, Retinol Acetate and Retinol Palmitate are available for sale in pharmacies. The price depends on the release form and dosing.

The formula for the drug is changing slightly. It is the doctor’s fault to choose a pharmaceutical supplement and prescribe how to take it. This is the name of the drug that is optimal for your condition. The doctor knows better how to take the drug correctly so as not to harm your health.

Additional vitamin A intake will require:

• stronger physical attraction;
• after X-ray examination;
• during the period of intensive growth;
• in the minds there is a need for a speculative climate;
• through a period of time in front of a computer or TV;
• supernatural stress, etc.

Side effects – overdose.

High doses of element A can effectively cause more harm, less pain. Excessive use of dietary supplements can lead to nausea, boredom, loss of appetite, fatigue, vomiting and licking. Overdose occurs rarely, but still. If you are planning to take vitamin A supplements, you will definitely need to go to the doctor.

If you take supplements such as vitamin A, check the amount of the element in one dose. And check what is suitable for your article and age.

Symptoms of vitamin A overdose include dry skin, sore throat, vomiting, headache and loss of lips. Due to the displacement of the intracranial pressure, severe headaches can be prevented, and confusion may occur. Until then, we can avoid disruption of the scolio-intestinal tract.

Benefits of vitamin A for health

This element is very important for the full functioning of other organs and systems. It also helps prevent the development of certain ailments.

Moreover, retinol protects the body from the harmful effects of strong radicals. This process intensifies and elasticity is preserved for a long time. And retinol also protects the skin from aggressive ultraviolet radiation. It brightens the color of the face, fights sunburn, smoothes out wrinkles. Therefore, this vitamin is very important for this person.

Interactions with other drugs

Retinol has “friends” and “enemies”. By being aware of them, you can avoid the deficiency of this element. Thus, the lack of vitamin E interferes with the process of absorption of retinol. Therefore, it is important to balance the intake of these two components.

Zinc deficiency is bad for the body. This situation complicates the transformation of vitamin A into the active form.

Mineral oils break down fatty acids. Before these, retinol should be added. With the gradual intake of mineral oils, vitamin A, which passes through the intestines, is simply not absorbed. Therefore, the body senses the lack of this element.

Vitamin A supplements may interact with certain blood thinner pills (such as Coumadin or warfarin). Acne medications (for example, Accutane) are used on retinol and are used in cancer treatment.

It is not advisable to take retinol or alcohol overnight. This kind of blowing kills your liver. It is not possible to take drugs that lower cholesterol and vitamin A at the same time. The stink particles are absurd and can ruin the absorption of retinol.

With chronic intake of tetracyclines and vitamin A, hypertension develops. That's why the wind is so careless. The combination of retinol + glucocorticoids threatens antagonism.

I hope that today’s article has helped you understand vitamin A in a different way. It turns out that this element is so richly stored. So you can’t help him.

It promotes normal speech metabolism, growth and development of the body.

Ensures the normal functioning of the organs of the eyes, mucous membranes, sebaceous and sweat deposits, promotes resistance to illness of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and intestines, promotes resistance of the body to infection.

SHOWING.

Avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis A. Infections and colds (cyr, dysentery, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia). Sickness of the skin (wounded, tight, frostbite, psoriasis, eczema). Types of eye diseases (retinitis pigmentosa, conjunctivitis, etc.). Chronic enterocolitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis.

Complex therapy for rickets.

RETINOL (VITAMIN A): Method of condensation and dosing.

Vitamin A preparations are used for preventive and therapeutic purposes. The additional requirement for vitamin A is 1.5 mg for an adult. or 5000 MO; for vaginal patients - 2 mg or 6600 MO; for women who are still pregnant - 2.5 mg or 8,250 MO; for children up to 1 year - 0.5 mg or 1650 MO; from 1 dose to 6 doses - 1 mg, or 3300 MO; 7 years of age and older – 1.5 mg. or 5000 MO, daily doses of vitamin

And at various stages of vitamin A deficiency, the dose is 33,000 IU (10 mg) to 50,000 – 100,000 IU per dose for adults; for children from 1000 MO to 20,000 MO per dose, continuing throughout life. Naivishcha single dose for adults is 50,000 MO, naivishcha dobova -100,000 MO; for children, a single dose is 5,000 MO, for children - 20,000 MO. Vitamins are usually prescribed and after eating worms 10-15 minutes.

Mіstsevo zastosovat oliynyy rozchin. Apply oil to the affected area of ​​the skin 5-6 times per dose, gradually changing to 1 time per dose per round.

Side effects.

Hypervitaminosis A: headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, drowsiness, peeling skin.

RETINOL (VITAMIN A): Contraindicated.

Zhovchnokamyana illness, chronic pancreatitis, acute and chronic nephritis, first 3 months of pregnancy.

RETINOL (VITAMIN A): Release form.

1. Vitamin A tablets, 3300 IU, for preventive purposes.

2. Tablets of retinol acetate or retinol palmitate (vitamin A) 33,000 MO each

for liturgical purposes.

3. Vitamin A concentrate containing 100,000 or 170,000 IO per 1 g for personal use

preventive purposes.

4. Natural cod oil, which contains vitamin A not less than 300 MO per 1 g for therapeutic and preventive purposes.

5. Distribution of retinol acetate (vitamin A) in oil 3.44% - 100,000 MO in 1 ml)

either 6.88% (200,000 MO in 1 ml) or 8.88% (250,000 MO in 1 ml) for internal use, for medical purposes.

6. Dilution of retinol palmitate (vitamin A) in ointment 5.5% (100,000 MO in 1 ml) or 11% (200,000 MO in 1 ml), or 16.5% (300,000 MO in 1 ml) 1 ml) for internal use, for therapeutic purposes.

7. 1.651% dose of retinol powder is used in pediatric practice for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

8. Capsules with vitamin A (retinol acetate or retinol palmitate) 3300 MO, 5000 MO, 33,000 MO and 100,000 MO.

In addition, vitamin A is included in the warehouse of many multivitamin preparations.

(Undevit, Decamevit, Gendevit, Pangexavit etc.).

“Retinol acetate” is a whole medicinal substance, a fat-dissolving vitamin that is actively involved in the metabolism of speech.

What is the form of the drug Retinol acetate?

The pharmaceutical industry produces the drug in oil form in ampoules for injections, in addition, it is vibrated in yellow gelatin capsules, where the active substance is represented by retinol acetate, and additional components: refined sonyashnikov oil, icerin, as well as nipagin.

How do capsules work with Retinol acetate?

The fat-destroying vitamin Retinol acetate positively flows into the body, taking part in various processes of an oxidative nature, in the biosynthesis of fats, mucopolysaccharides, and proteins. This drug promotes the normal state of the epithelial cells of the skin, ensures the process of photoreception, and prevents the adaptation of visual acuity until darkness.

In addition, Retinol acetate is involved in mineral metabolism, the biochemical process of cholesterol formation, as well as a fat-rich vitamin, increases the production of lipase, trypsin, activates myelopoiesis and.

The local effect of the drug is recommended for the presence of so-called retinol-binding receptors on the epithelium. The drug stimulates the biochemical processes of keratinization, activates the proliferation of epitheliocytes, and thereby rejuvenates the cell population.

What is the indication for the drug Retinol acetate before treatment?

The drug Retinol acetate is indicated for use in the following situations:

;
Avitaminosis A;
How to comprehensively treat liver cirrhosis;
Broncholegenevyi illness;
For any ophthalmic diseases (retinitis pigmentosa, eczematous lesions, hemeralopia, xerophthalmia);
Types of dermatological illnesses (freezing, swelling, hyperkeratosis, wounds, ichthyosis, eczema and other pathological processes);
Effective treatment for rickets and hypotrophy as a complex therapy;
Urazhennya SHKT erozivno-virazkovy gait;
Epithelial swellings;
Leukemia.

In addition, the fat-dissolving vitamin Retinol acetate is considered a comprehensive treatment for mastopathy.

How is Retinol acetate contraindicated before use?

Retinol acetate instructions for use due to stagnation do not allow use in the following situations:

At;
Do not use the drug in case of chronic pancreatitis, the fragments of the fat-rich vitamin may cause severe illness.

In addition, the fat-reducing drug is not effective for patients with gestation or cramps in the first trimester.

What is the formulation and dosage of Retinol acetate?

Retinol acetate can be taken internally, externally, in addition, the medication is administered parenterally, so that it appears as an internal ulcer. The medicinal form is selected based on the symptoms of illness.

Clinical doses of Retinol acetate for avitaminosis should be set for adults up to 33,000 MO per dose; for retinitis pigmentosa, hemeralopia, xerophthalmia, a fat-dissolving vitamin is prescribed at a dose that varies from 50,000 to 100,000 MO.

In case of pregnancy and lactation, Retinol is prescribed acetate per dose, which is more than 10,000 MO. Children are recommended to take the drug at a dose of 1000 to 5000 IU, which is stable throughout the child’s life. For dermatological illnesses in adults, it is necessary to use the drug in the amount of 50,000 to 100,000 MO per dose.

Oily products Retinol acetate can also be treated in a different way by applying the medicinal form to the area in case of infections, frostbite, opiates, in case of which illness, apply a fatty vitamin up to five, six times per dose, and then cover it with gauze.

In the Disty Giperovitaminosis, the Monlivistya is manifested, the temperature of the temperature is characterized, the pytlivosty, we can, can be bouquet, the krim of the gisipanna on the shkirі, the krim of that, the girdracephalia is not vicilled. In such a situation, the patient is given symptomatic treatment.

Overdose with Retinol acetate

There have been no cases of overdose with Retinol acetate. If such a situation occurs, the patient should take a large number of capsules, then rinse the scutum thoroughly, and if the patient feels irritated, it is important to call a doctor for symptomatic treatment.

With care, Retinol acetate, which we continue to talk about on this page www.site, is prescribed to patients with pathology of niorrhea, acne, nephritis, as well as to individuals with diagnosed decompensated cardiac pathology Yu.

How can I replace Retinol acetate, analogues like Vikorist?

The drug, Retinol palmitate, Retinol acetate-Rusfar, in addition, Vitamin A, as well as Videstim.

Visnovok

It is necessary to remove the fat-depleting vitamin Retinol acetate, according to the evidence of a proven doctor.

Be healthy!

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dragees, drops for taking the middle, drops for taking the whole [in oil], capsules, doses for internal administration [oiling], drops for taking the whole [oil], drops for taking the middle and external stagnation [oils], coating tablets

Pharmacological action:

Method of curing:

The drug Retinol acetate is intended for oral and external administration. It is recommended to take the drug orally 10-15 days after eating.

When growing up with avitaminosis A, as a rule, 1-2 drops of the drug are prescribed two or three times per dose orally.

Adults with sick skin are usually prescribed 5-10 drops of the drug per dose (for a complex with vitamin B2 at a dose of 20 mg) orally.

In case of skin problems, apply external application under a gauze bandage up to 6 times a day (if taken with oral vitamin A).

Children with skin diseases are usually prescribed 1-2 drops of the drug daily orally.

Unbeknownst sights:

Retinol acetate is generally well tolerated by patients, and there is evidence of occasional hypersensitivity reactions associated with the drug.

During treatment with vitamin A (especially in high doses), chronic overdose and hypervitaminosis A may develop, symptoms of which include headache, pain in the lower ends of the bones, drowsiness, irritability Yes, hyperthermia, excessive sweating, oliguria and exanthema.

If these symptoms develop, it is important to take the drug Retinol acetate and consult a doctor.

Contraindications:

Retinol acetate is not indicated for patients with individual sensitivity to vitamin A and soybean oil.

Oral administration of the drug is contraindicated for children under 7 years of age.

Be careful when prescribing retinol acetate to patients who suffer from acute and chronic nephritis and decompensated heart failure.

During the hour of pregnancy:

Particular care should be taken when using the drug Retinol acetate in the first trimester of pregnancy (to ensure adequate vitamin intake). As well as other factors, the association with rice prevents the development of a teratogenic reaction. inol acetate). The maximum recommended dose for vaginal pregnancy in the second and third trimester is 5000 IU (1 drop of Retinol acetate).

There is no data on the stagnation of oil production during lactation.

Interactions with other medicinal agents:

When retinol acetate is mixed with vaseline oil for one hour, there is a decrease in the absorption of vitamin A into the intestines.

With one-hour infusion of retinol acetate with certain carotenoids, the immunobiological functions of the body are reduced and the process of malignancy of the epithelium is satisfied.

The stagnation of the oleic retinol acetate with other medicinal uses to contain vitamin A has been withdrawn.

Overdose:

When taking high doses of retinol acetate, patients may develop headache, vomiting, drowsiness, ataxia, restlessness and pain in the lower leg bones.

There is no specific antidote. If you overdose on retinol acetate, stop taking the drug and go to the doctor. For treatment, overdose is carried out with passing doses. In case of withdrawal from retinol acetate, symptomatic therapy and forced diuresis may be used.

Form of release of the drug:

Oily rosemary for oral and external administration, 10 ml in dark glass bottles, 1 bottle in a cardboard box.

Mind saving:

The oil content of retinol acetate is stored for no more than 2 years after release in rooms with a temperature of 8 to 15 °C.

Stock:

1 ml dose of Retinol acetate mist:

Vitamin A (retinol acetate) – 100000 IU (0.0344 g),

Additional components.

1 drop of Retinol acetate to avenge:

Vitamin A (retinol acetate) – 5000 IU,

Additional components.

Preparations of similar action:

Imunovit Quertin Ascozin Wolvit Cocarboxylase hydrochloride

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Great!

What is it: 1 ml of retinol acetate (vitamin A), oil solution, 100% retinol acetate - 0.0344 g (100,000 IU);
additional speeches.

Pharmacological authorities:

Retinol (vitamin A) is necessary for metabolic processes, including the regulation of growth and development of the body. It ensures the normal functioning of the organ, the structural integrity of the tissues, and increases the resistance of the body to unpleasant agents of dowkill. In case of inadequate nutrition and certain diseases of the scolio-intestinal tract and liver, there is a deficiency of vitamin A (A-avitaminosis and A-hypovitaminosis). An early sign of the disease is a decrease in circadian vision, appetite, decreased body weight, weakening of the body's ability to cope with infection, etc.

Pharmacokinetics. Vitamin A will be absorbed from the intestines as soon as possible. For effective absorption, retinolefer must initially use a specific hydrolase, which is largely located in the outer layer of the intestinal mucosa, and then the retinol penetrates into the intestinal wall, thus It is immediately susceptible to esterification with fatty acids using a specific synthetase. Next, oxidation occurs to retinal, as well as retinoic acid. In the intestinal walls, retinolephyres, retinol and retinal form chylomicrons, and retinoic acid in complex with albumin is transported with lymph into the blood and deposited in the liver.

Display before stastosuvannya:

Retinol Acetate is prescribed for A-vitaminosis and A-hypovitaminosis, diseased eyes (pigmented, superficial, corneal, and eczematous). The drug is also useful in complex therapy, acute respiratory illnesses that occur in the background, acute and chronic broncholegene illnesses, and colagenesis, with pathological processes of the skin (frostbite, wounds, senile keratosis, kiri, deyaki form).
In addition, the drug is indicated for inflammatory and viral-erosive intestinal infections, liver cirrhosis, chronic gastritis, for the prevention of stone formation in sechovidous pathologies, etc.

Method of administration and dosage:

Retinol acetate is prescribed internally, 10-15 weeks after eating, and also externally. 1 ml 3.44% rosemary (100,000 MO), 1 drop 3,000 MO.
With the prescribed doses of the drug, it follows that a single dose of Vitamin A should not exceed 150,000 IU for adults, 1,650 IU for children up to 6 years of age, 3,300 IU for children aged 1 to 6 years, 5,000 IU for children over 7 years of age. The maximum dose for adults is 100,000 IU, for children – 20,000 IU.
Therapeutic doses of Vitamin A for avitaminosis of mild and moderate severity are set for adults - up to 33,000 IU per dose. For skin diseases, the required dose of Vitamin A for adults is 50,000–100,000 IU, for children 5,000–10,000–20,000 IU. For retinitis pigmentosa, xerophthalmia, hemeralopia, the dose for adults is 50,000 - 100,000 MO (riboflavin is prescribed at an additional dose of 0.02 g). In case of skin problems (wrinkles, spots, frostbite, etc.), after hygienic cleaning, rub the area with Retinol acetate and cover with a gauze bandage (5-6 times per dose, per change). m number of applications up to one famous epithelialization). At the same time, medications are prescribed internally.
In pediatric practice in complex therapy of rickets, acute respiratory diseases that occur due to exudative diseases, acute and chronic broncholegene diseases, hypotrophy and collagenosis ah doses of retinol acetate in olium 3.44% are prescribed after 1 time per 1 time. Children under 7 years of age are prescribed the drug in the medicinal pill form.

Features of stagnation:

Vitamin A supplementation, especially in large doses, may be carried out under the supervision of a doctor.

Side effects:

Excessive intake of Vitamin A, especially in large doses, can cause the development of hypervitaminosis A. In children, watch out for fever, sweating, drowsiness, petechiae and skin swelling, oliguria . It is also possible to develop a subtraction of the spinal cord, which in infants can lead to the development and prominence of the cervical muscles. In adults, there is drowsiness, twitchiness, difficulty walking, pain in the lower ends of the bones. If the indicated symptoms occur when taking the drug, take the trace carefully.

Interactions with other medicinal agents:

Vitamin A is incompatible with chloric acid, acetylsalicylic acids. Estrogenic drugs, when ingested for one hour, promote the development of hypervitaminosis A. Retinol reduces the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids.

Contraindications:

The drug should be used with caution in acute and chronic nephritis, in case of decompensation of cardiac function and in case of vaginosis (in the first 3 months, due to the possibility of a teratogenic effect, Vitamin A does not recommend congestion of the drug go away).

Mind saving:

Keep in a protected place, out of the reach of children, at a temperature not exceeding + 10 °C.

The term for saving is 2 rocks.

Vitamin A (Retinol) is a representative of the class of fatty vitamins that accumulate in the body. Necessary for the appearance and growth of brushes, healthy skin and hair, normal functioning of the immune system, etc. The pure appearance is unstable, it varies both in natural products and in organic products.

Vit. And it was revived in 1913. Then, in two groups, it was established that the heat of a chicken egg and top oil should be mixed with honey, which stimulates the growth of animals.

After this, during the First World War, numerous episodes of xerophthalmia and keratophthalmia, dryness and pathological cornea of ​​the sclera and cornea of ​​the eyes were described. When there is an interaction between them, they become ill due to a deficiency of versh oil in the grub diet.

Vidilene from top oil, rechovina, was designated as the responsible factor in fats A. Piznishe, in 1916 it was renamed vit. A. U born in 1921 signs of avitaminosis A were described in 1931. the structure of vitamin was described, and in 1937 here And it was taken away from the crystalline view.

Riznovidi

Cream Retinol Vit. And includes a group of vitamers, resins, similar to the chemical warehouse and the action that is expected. These compounds are called retinoids. Retinol cream (vit. A 1) includes:

• Retinal is an aldehyde form of vitamin. A 1
• 3-dehydroretinol (vit. A 2) – trans-isomer of Retinol
• 3-dehydroretinal is the aldehyde form of vitamin. A 2
• Retinoic acid is the acidic form of vitamin. A 2
• Retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate are essential derivatives of Retinol.

All the basic forms. Along with them are the absence of other retinoids, which occur naturally or are created in the human body during metabolic reactions. The functions of many of them are lost to those of little use. Based on the name of the main component, vitamin A1 is commonly called Retinol.

Physical power

The chemical name of Retinol is trans-9,13-dimethyl-7-(1,1,5-trimethylcyclohexen-5-yl-6)-nonatetraen-7,9,11,13-ol (also known as palmitate or acetate). Formula - C 20 H 30 O. This chemical compound is a prismatic crystal of a chewy color with a specific odor and a melting point of 64 0 C.

It is easily dissolved in fatty substances and in other organic compounds – ethyl and methyl alcohols, dicyclohexane, dichloroethane. Mayzhe does not hesitate near the water. Unstable in the current environment - it collapses under the influx of atmospheric acidity and ultraviolet radiation. Similar authorities govern other speeches from the group of retinoids.

Physiological action

• Exchange of speeches

Its participation in the body involves a variety of oxidative reactions. It regulates all types of speech exchange. Wine stimulates protein biosynthesis and activates many enzyme systems.

• Immunity

Retinol is a miracle immunomodulator. It enhances the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, stimulates the production of antibodies, taking part in the synthesis of interferon and lysozyme. Timing itself has excellent immunity and increases the body’s resistance to many types of bacterial and viral infections. And there is also a miraculous antioxidant that protects against harmful radicals in tissues. Antioxidant and immune-stimulating action lead to the fact that atypical cellular changes are immediately recognized, subside, and cancerous tumors do not develop.

• Skin and mucous membranes of internal organs

Vitamin A normalizes the growth and size of epithelial cells, moving beyond normal levels. It also stimulates collagen synthesis. As a result, the barrier resistance of the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs, the cervical system and the sechostatic system to the action of pathological agents increases. The skin under the skin becomes springy, without wrinkles, pimples, pigment spots and other signs of age.

• Cardiovascular system

Reduces the level of low-alkaline cholesterol, which is responsible for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Being an antioxidant, it prevents sclerotic and dystrophic changes in the myocardium.

• Musculoskeletal apparatus

Promotes the importance of ligaments, cysts, cartilage. She puts away a large number of brushes at the end of the day.

• Endocrine system

Retinol plays a role in the synthesis of superhydric and state hormones. It also reduces the level of thyroxine due to excess thyroid production.

• Reproductive system

In men it stimulates spermatogenesis, in women it ensures the normal passage of the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, this vitamin, along with other factors, shapes the growth and correct development of the fetus.

• Zorov's system

Plunging onto the frame of the vision analyzer. Retinal enters the Rhodopsin warehouse. This healthy pigment ensures the light sensitivity of the rod receptors of the fundus. Precursors to Retinol, carotenoids, transform the cornea and sclera, leading to their pathological cornea (hyperkeratosis), the development of cataracts. And this vitamin also supports the function of the eye’s eyes – the place of greatest alertness of the eye retina.

Good demand

Categories	Norm, mcg	Norm, IU
Nemovlyata up to 6 months.	400	1333
Nemovlyata from 6 months. up to 1 roku	500	1667
Children 1-3 years of age	300	1000
Children 4-8 years old	400	1333
Children 9-13 years old	600	2000
Young boys over 14 years of age and adults	1000	3300
Young girls over 14 years of age and mature women	800	2667
Vaginal women	200-800	667-2667
Shaleni tattoos	400-1200	1333-4000
Summer and old	800	2667

This table contains international units that reflect the activity of the drug. Okay. And here 1 MO is equivalent to 0.3 mcg.

Signs of shortage

Typical manifestation of avitaminosis A – so-called. smoking blindness and hemeralopia, loss of daily vision. Also on the side of the eyes there is keratomalacia, xerophthalmia, which is manifested by softening, dry cornea, red sclera and pathological lacrimation. When the vision is reduced, cataracts most often form.

The skin is therefore dry, ready to flake, with an unhealthy color, pustular sagging and reduced elasticity. This skin creates a friendly surface for various dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema.

Product	Potency, mcg/100 g
Rib fat	25000
Cod liver	30000
Individual liver	8000
Yalovicha liver	6500
Chicken liver	3300
Sweet red bell pepper	2100
Green pepper	18
Morkva	830
Broccoli	800
Vershkov oil	680
Milk	30
Chicken eggs	140
Green salad	550
Sire	265
Tomatoes	40
Green peas	38

It doesn’t matter to note what has the most vitality. And to be found in food products, since greens and vegetables are no longer so rich. If I would like to focus entirely on the data in the table, it is not possible. The truth is that in most of our products vitamin A is represented not by retinol, but by its precursors, provitamins, carotenoids.

These substances include alpha, beta and gamma carotene. The most active of them is beta-carotene. This is a natural pigment of a bright red color, which is transformed during metabolic processes.

Vegetables and fruits are especially rich in beta-carotene and other carotenoids, which are orange-red in color. Red carrots are rich in vitamin A, but they are rich in provitamin and beta-carotene. In addition, carotenoids are important to be found in vegetable products, since boiled hedgehogs are rich in retinol - milk, cheese, cod liver and sour liver, egg juice. Moreover, in terms of its activity, beta-carotene is much weaker than Retinol - 12 mcg of this provitamin is equivalent to 1 mcg of Retinol.

Synthetic analogues

The most commonly used drugs in clinical practice are Retinol acetate and Retinol palmitate. These medications are released in the following medicinal forms:

• dragee 3300 MO
• capsules with oily rosemary for internal administration 3300 MO
• capsules with oily rosemary for internal administration 5000 MO
• capsules with oily rosemary for internal administration 33000 MO
• tablets, coated 33000 MO
• Razchin for external stagnation 3.44%, 100,000 MO/ml
• Injection dose 0.86%, 25,000 MO/ml
• Injection dose 1.72%, 50,000 MO/ml
• Injection dose 3.44%, 33000 MO/ml.

Injections of oil stains are eliminated only internally, in the veins they work It’s not possible in any way! Medicines for external use are used for treatment of skin diseases, and preparations for internal use are for the prevention of avitaminosis and treatment of the conditions associated with it.

To prevent the development of hypervitaminosis A, it is necessary to carefully adhere to dosage as prescribed by the medicine. Consider drugs containing 3300 MO for preventive purposes, and “important” medicinal forms for therapeutic purposes.

The order of Retinol acetate and vitamin A palmitate is present in rich vitamin-mineral complexes, including:

• Supradin,
• Duovit,
• Complete,
• Vitrum,
• Aevit, there are a lot of others.

Cream of pharmaceuticals. And includes a wide range of dietary supplements and cosmetic products to take care of your skin and hair. Instead of natural Retinol, which is quick to use, synthetic retinoids are more stable and retain their power for a longer time.

Showing before stagnation

The procedure for the prevention and treatment of avitaminosis and synthetic retinoids in the warehouse of a comprehensive treatment system are used in cases of attack:

• diseases of the eyes with damage to the eyelids, sclera, cornea, retina - hemeralopia, retinitis pigmentosa, keratomalacia, xerophthalmia and keratophthalmia
• ailments of the scutum and intestines, the legacy of operations on the scutum-intestine tract due to damage to the intestinal tract. A
• Skin illness and illness – eczema, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, neurodermatitis, mild acne and frostbite
• acute and chronic infections, incl. influenza, pneumonia, bronchitis, childhood infectious diseases (cyritis, scarlet fever, chickenpox, etc.).
• rickets in children
• malignant puffy skins, leukemia.

Metabolism

The absorption of Retinol, which enters the warehouse of food products and medications, occurs in the upper parts of the small intestine. We also have esterified retinol (in the form of esters) and carotenoids in stock. In the intestinal lumen under the action of substalline and small intestinal enzymes, the essential oils of Retinol are combined (hydrolyzed, emulsified) with the effects of pure Retinol.

Then, in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, the fatty acid esters Retinol are synthesized again through specific enzymes. This type of vein is found in the lymph and in its warehouse and is delivered to the liver. Here, Retinyl Palmitate is deposited in the form of essential oil. The cream of the liver, vitamin A, is deposited in the legs, thighs, retina, supra-nular glands, mammary glands, adipose tissues.

However, the main depot is the liver - here up to 80% of the total is stored “in reserve”. And it looks like retinyl palmitate. In case of insufficient supply or for any advanced expenditure of these reserves, you can spend 2-3 years. If necessary, Retinol is released from the liver through zinc again and binds to the protein transthyretin. Then it is delivered to the cells of organs and tissues, where it combines with retin-binding protein (RBP), which is also synthesized by the liver.

Being a chemical structure of alcohol, Retinol destroys cell membranes. Therefore, as soon as it penetrates into the cells, Retinol is transformed into Retinal and Retinoic acid. The one made with Retinol has more softness and does not leave a streaky effect on the skin. Carotenoids are absorbed into the intestines 6-12-24 times more intensely (depending on appearance). Their transformation into Retinal occurs in the cells of the small intestine with the participation of a specific enzyme that removes fluid.

The activity of this enzyme occurs in the thyroid gland. If this function is insufficient (hypothyroidism), this process will be disrupted, and unutilized carotenoids will accumulate in the body. This means pseudo-zhovtyanitsa - the preparation of the skin and mucous membranes of the infused yellow color.

Vit. And it is better absorbed in a complex with fats and proteins. Therefore, fasting, interim diets, being buried in hedgehogs - all this complicates the soaking of the wind. This one is responsible for this deficiency. It is also difficult to apply Retinol in cases of illness of the liver, gums, and anterior glands, if its imulsification and hydrolysis are disrupted. Some of it was unwashed. And apparently, various metabolites are eliminated through the cervix and intestines.

Interactions with other speeches

• Zinc

It absorbs vitamin A from the depot. Therefore, due to the deficiency of this mineral, activation will be completed.

• Kharchovy fats and proteins

Relieve the absorption of vitamin A in the small intestine.

• Roslinnі oliї, prosnі

Being fat-rich, vit. And these substances are easily broken down and eliminated from the intestines. Therefore, the regular intake of rosemary olives has led to the destruction of moisturization.

• Enterosorbenti

You can also dissolve the soaked Retinol.

• Vit. E (Tocopherol)

Escapes the ruins. That's why there is a shortage. E is often accompanied by vitamin deficiency. A. For these reasons it is important to take your vitamins at once.

Signs of hypervitaminosis

Due to the fact that the total dose of Retinol accumulates should not exceed 900 mcg, and for adults – 3000 mcg. Taking one or more vegetables, rich in vitamins. And it’s unlikely that you’ll call hypervitaminosis A.

Although in medical practice, one miraculous episode was described when a group of polar explorers managed to steal the liver of a white bear. In times of harsh climate, the organism of this creature is prone to accumulate moisture. And with great big bones. And since the main store of vitamins is the liver, the polar explorers took a lot of Retinol, and most of the unfortunate people died. However, such episodes are unique and not the rule.

Basically, hypervitaminosis A develops with an overdose of synthetic retinoids or when they are combined with a person rich in vitamins. A. Main signs of hypervitaminosis A:

• abdominal pain, diarrhea
• tediousness vomiting
• Zagalnaya weakness
• hepatomegaly and splenomegaly – enlargement of the liver and spleen in size
• blackness and itching of the skin, sweating in the New Year
• pseudo-zhovtyanitsa
• vipadannya hair, magnifying glass
• drowsiness, insomnia
• bleeding is clear, there are stains in the mouth.
• sickness and swelling of soft tissues
• myazovi judges
• confusion of information.

Vaginal women have overdose. And it is possible to provoke a teratogenic effect - disruption of embryonic development and the appearance of calcification in the fetus.

The whole problem is that due to the similarity of hypervitaminosis, it may be mistaken for its deficiency. And instead of starting to take vitamins and changing the nature of your food, for example, increase your dosage and take urchins rich in Retinol and carotenoids. To ensure that no one is bothered, if there are any symptoms that cause concern, it is necessary to go to the doctor and undergo the necessary laboratory investigations.

Vitamin A (Retinol) – role in the body, in products, symptoms of deficiency. Instructions for vitamin A supplementation

Dyakuyu

The site provides preliminary information for information purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of illness must be carried out under the supervision of a physician. All medications may be contraindicated. Consultation with a medical professional!

Vitamins are bioorganic low-molecular compounds that are necessary for normal metabolism in all organs and tissues of the human body. Vitamins are present in the human body and are not synthesized in cells or organs. Most often, vitamins are synthesized by plants, and sometimes by microorganisms. People themselves must regularly consume fresh produce, such as vegetables, fruits, grains, herbs, etc. It contains vitamins that are synthesized by microorganisms and bacteria of normal intestinal microflora. Thus, the importance of the normal composition of intestinal microflora is obvious.

Depending on the structure and function of the skin, the bioorganic substance is enriched with vitamin, which is traditionally named in the form of the Cyrillic or Latin alphabet. For example, vitamin is designated by the letter D and has the traditional name cholecalciferol. In medical and popular science literature, there may be conflicting variations - both the meaning and the traditional name of the vitamin, which are synonyms. The skin vitamin plays a key role in physiological functions in the body, and its deficiency results in various disruptions in the functioning of prosecutorial bodies and systems. Let's look at various aspects of vitamin A intake.

What vitamins are considered in accordance with the hidden meanings of “vitamin A”?

Vitamin A is the popular name for three bioorganic substances that belong to the group of retinoids. So, vitamin A is a group of four chemical compounds:
1. A 1 – retinol (retinol acetate);
2. A 2 – dehydroretinol;
3. Retinoic acid;
4. The active form is A1 - retinal.

All words are used in various forms of vitamin A. Therefore, when talking about vitamin A, we must respect either the word is from over-consumption of food, or all of them at once. The common name for all forms of vitamin A is retinol, which we will highlight in the text of the article.

However, in the instructions for dietary supplements (dietary supplements), manufacturers clearly describe how the chemicals should be included in their warehouse, without being limited by the simple riddle “vitamin A”. This is due to the fact that manufacturers indicate the name of the product, for example, retinoic acid, after which they clearly describe all its physiological effects and positive effects on the human body.

In principle, different forms of vitamin A have different functions in the human body. Thus, retinol and dehydroretinol are necessary for the growth and formation of normal structures of any tissue and the proper functioning of organs. Retinoic acid is necessary for the formation of normal epithelium. Retinal is necessary for the normal operation of the eye retina, the fragments enter the warehouse of the visual pigment rhodopsin. Please ensure that these functions are not divided into forms, but are described in detail, as they are the most powerful vitamin A. The following texts are published in order to avoid confusion and also describe the functions of all forms of vitamin A, without sharing them. Point out that this is a function of power in the singing form of vitamin A, and we will do so out of necessity.

Characteristics of vitamin A

Vitamin A is fat-soluble, so it is easily broken down in fats, and this easily accumulates in the human body. The very possibility of accumulation of fatty vitamins, including A, which is produced during heavy ingestion in large quantities (more than 180 - 430 mcg per dose per day), leads to overdose. Overdose, as well as vitamin deficiency, can lead to serious disruption of the normal functioning of various organs and systems, especially the reproductive tract.

Vitamin A exists in two main forms:
1. Vlasne vitamin A ( retinol), what is found in the products of animal husbandry;
2. Provitamin A ( carotene), what can be found in the products of the dew plant.

Retinol from food products is immediately absorbed by the human body through the herbal tract. And carotene (provitamin A), absorbed into the intestines, is converted into retinol, after which it is absorbed by the body.

After being absorbed into the intestines, the blood is absorbed with 50 to 90% of the total amount of retinol. In the blood, retinol combines with proteins and in this form is transported to the liver, where it is stored in reserve, forming a depot, which, when supplemented with vitamin A, can be absorbed as quickly as possible. If necessary, retinol from the liver reaches the bloodstream and is immediately transported through the bloodstream to various organs, where cells, with the help of special receptors, capture vitamins, transport them around and use them for their needs. Retinol is gradually released from the liver, maintaining a normal concentration in the blood, which is more than 0.7 µmol/l. When vitamin A is needed, the kidney is absorbed into the liver, reserves are wasted, and the excess is stopped from circulating in the blood. Retinal and retinoic acid in the blood are present in trace amounts (less than 0.35 µmol/l), fragments in these forms of vitamin A are present mainly in the tissues of various organs.

Consumed by the tissue of various organs, retinol is converted into its active forms - retinal and retinoic acid, and in this way various enzymes and other biological structures are formed, resulting in vital functions tsії. Without active forms of vitamin A, these biological structures cannot complete their physiological functions, as a result of which various disorders and illnesses develop.

Vitamin A enhances its effect and is absorbed more quickly when combined with vitamin E and the microelement zinc.

Biological functions of vitamin A (role in the body)

Vitamin A in the human body performs the following biological functions:

• The growth and development of cells in all organs and tissues increases;
• Necessary for normal growth and formation of brushes;
• Necessary for the normal functioning of all mucous membranes and skin epithelium, the fragments prevent hyperkeratosis, hyperkeratosis and metaplasia (cancerous degeneration of cell epithelium);
• To ensure good zir in the minds of insufficient or weak illumination (so-called daily zir). On the right is that retinol enters the warehouse of the visual pigment rhodopsin, which is found in the retina of the eye, called for its shape as sticks. The very presence of rhodopsin will ensure good visibility in the minds of a weak, not bright light;
• I paint my hair, my teeth are clear;
• The growth of the embryo is enhanced, allowing for the correct formation and development of various organs and tissues of the fetus;
• Enhances the creation of glycogen in the liver and in meats;
• Higher concentration of cholesterol in the blood;
• Take part in the synthesis of steroid hormones (testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, etc.);
• Prevents the development of malignant swellings of various organs;
• Regulates immunity. Vitamin A is necessary to completely interrupt the process of phagocytosis. In addition, retinol enhances the synthesis of immunoglobulins (antibodies) of all classes, as well as T-killers and T-helpers;
• Antioxidant. Vitamin A has strong antioxidant power.

The list shows the effects of vitamin A on various organs and tissues. Vitamin A has the following effects on the cell level of biochemical reactions:
1. Activation of offensive speeches:

• Chondroitinsulfuric acid (component of healthy tissue);
• Sulfoglycans (components of cartilage, brushes and tissue);
• Hyaluronic acid (main intercellular acid);
• Heparin (thinning blood, changing the throat and thrombosis);
• Taurine (a stimulator of somatotropic hormone synthesis, and also an essential component in the transmission of nerve impulses from neurons to organ tissues);
• Liver enzymes that ensure the transformation of various exogenous and endogenous substances;

2. Synthesis of special substances, called somaticides of classes A1, A2, B and C, which enhance and improve the formation of meat proteins and collagen;
3. Synthesis of female and human state hormones;
4. Synthesis of substances necessary for the functioning of the immune system, such as lysozyme, immunoglobulin A and interferon;
5. Synthesis of enzymes in the epithelium, which prevents early keratinization and inflammation;
6. Activation of receptors for vitamin D;
7. Ensuring timely galvanization of cell growth, which is necessary for the prevention of malignant swellings;
8. ensuring the completion of phagocytosis (depletion of the pathogenic microbe);
9. Formation of the visual pigment – ​​rhodopsin, which ensures normal vision for brains of low lightness.

Apparently, vitamin A, in addition to ensuring good health, exhibits a wide range of different effects in the human body. Prote vitamin A will be associated with the flushing of the eyes. This means that the role of vitamin A for vision was identified earlier than all others, and it is important to report that other effects and functions were revealed later. In connection with this, there is a statement about the fact that vitamin A is a substance that is necessary for normal vision, which, in principle, demonstrates effectiveness, but does not represent it in the full world, fragments to the right retinol also performs other, no less important functions .

Additional norm of vitamin A for people of different ages

Throughout history, people are required to consume varying amounts of vitamin A per day. Additional standards for vitamin A supplementation for children of all ages regardless of the status:

• Newborns before birth – 400 – 600 mcg;
• Children aged 7 to 12 months – 500 – 600 mcg;
• Children aged 1 to 3 years – 300 – 600 mcg;
• Children aged 4 to 8 years – 400 – 900 mcg;
• Children 9 – 13 years of age – 600 – 1700 mcg.

Starting from 14 years, the norms of vitamin A absorption for women and men vary, which is associated with the peculiarities of the functioning of the body. Additional norms for vitamin A for men and women of different ages are presented in the table.

The table and list have two numbers, the first of which means the optimal amount of vitamin A that people need to obtain. The other number indicates the maximum allowable amount of vitamin A per dose. According to the recommendation of the World Health Organization, less than 25% of the dietary requirement for vitamin A may be provided for the consumption of vegetable products. Another 75% of dietary requirements for vitamin A can be taken care of for the consumption of food products.

Insufficient supply of vitamin A can lead to vitamin deficiency, which manifests itself as damage to various organs. However, an excessive supply of vitamins in the body can also provoke serious health problems, referred to as excessive or hypervitaminosis A. Hypervitaminosis A can occur due to the fact that retinol builds up in the tissues and surfaces Are completely excreted from the body. Therefore, vitamin A cannot be absorbed in great quantities, respectfully, so that there will be nothing nasty like such bark speech. Follow the recommended doses of vitamin A and do not exceed the maximum allowable dosage.

Which products contain vitamin A

Vitamin A in the form of retinol can be found in various food products:

• Chicken, Yalovicha and pork liver;
• Canned cod liver;
• Beluga caviar is granular;
• Zhovtok eggs;
• Vershkov oil;
• Solid varieties of syrah;
• Fatty varieties of meat and fish.

Vitamin A in the form of carotenoids is found in the following vegetable products:

• Cheremsha;
• Red bell pepper;

For a clear and quick understanding of what vitamin A is in a given plant, you can follow a simple rule - carotene is found in all vegetables and fruits of the red-hot color. Therefore, since such a bright orange color usually has a lot of spoilage, it is important to add vitamin A in the form of carotenoids.

Instead of vitamin A in various food products, the need for vitamin A - video

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency and hypervitaminosis

Vitamin A deficiency in the body can lead to the development of clinical manifestations:

• Hyperkeratosis on the knees and elbows (severe peeling and dryness of the skin);
• Follicular hyperkeratosis ("toad skin" syndrome);
• Vugri;
• Pustules on the skin;
• The hair is dry and dark;
• Brittle and dark nails;
• Disorder of the daily vision (blindness);
• Xerophthalmia;
• Perforation of the cornea associated with advanced blindness;
• Decreased activity of the immune system;
• Susceptibility to frequent infections;
• Weakened erection in men;
• Low sperm content;
• An increase in the risk of evil fluff appeared.

Hypervitaminosis Or maybe it’s chronic. Acute hypervitaminosis develops with the simultaneous intake of a large amount of vitamin A. Most often, acute hypervitaminosis A is avoided in the vicinity of the liver of polar creatures, which can be replaced by too much retino lu. Due to the connection with the excessive amount of vitamin A, the inhabitants of the extreme Pivnocha (Eskimos, Khanty, Mansi, Kamchadali, etc.) have a taboo on the living liver of polar savages. Acute hypervitaminosis A is manifested by the following symptoms that occur after taking a large amount of retinol:

• Pain in the abdomen, hands and joints;
• Zagalny weakness;
• unwell;
• Sweating at the New Year's Day;
• Headache, associated with tedium and vomiting;
• Vipadannya hair;
• Disruption of the menstrual cycle;
• Destruction of the grass tract;
• Cracks near the corners of the company;
• Brittleness of nails;
• Itching all over the body.

Chronic hypervitaminosis A worsens more often than acute and inhaled retinol in doses that slightly exceed the maximum permissible. Clinical manifestations of chronic hypervitaminosis A onset:

• Itchy skin, that red-colored skin;
• Peeling of skins on the valleys, soles and other areas;
• Vipadannya hair;
• There is a lot of soft tissue, ruffled thin body bruises (backbone, pelvis, shoulder, forearm, fingers, ribs, collarbone, etc.);
• Calcification of ligaments;
• Headache;
• Draatility;
• wake up;
• Confusion of information;
• Twins in sight;
• Hydrocephalus in newborns;
• Movement of the internal cranial pressure;
• It's boring and vomiting;
• Enlarged liver and spleen;
• Pseudo-zhovtyanitsa.

The severity of symptoms of chronic hypervitaminosis varies depending on the concentration of vitamin A in the blood.

If a pregnant woman takes vitamin A in a dose of 5000 IU (1500 mcg) every day, it can cause increased fetal growth and improper formation of the new ovaries. Vitamin supplementation Under the hour of pregnancy, a dose of over 4000 mcg (13400 MO) can lead to congenital development in the fetus.

Vitamin A: measles, symptoms of deficiency, contraindications and signs of overdose.

Vitamin A supplementation

The greatest use of vitamin A is in cosmetology, the treatment of skin diseases, and also in the treatment of convalescent illnesses. Vitamin A is still widely used by gynecologists, andrologists and reproductive specialists in comprehensive programs for treating infertility and preparing for pregnancy. However, the complex scope of this vitamin is very wide.

Thus, vitamin A improves the growth and development of various organs and tissues, so it is recommended to be given to children to normalize the process of formation of cysts, muscles and ligaments. In addition, retinol ensures the normal functioning of the reproductive process, so the vitamin is successfully stagnated during pregnancy, during the period of maturation and in women or men of the reproductive age with the method of painting the work of the child. your system.

Vitamin A promotes normal growth of the fetus in case of gestation, preventing the inhibition of its development. In children, vitamin A normalizes the development and formation of body organs, and also helps to improve reproductive functions (stimulates the viability of sperm, the normal menstrual cycle, etc.), optimally preparing the girls’ bodies youngsters until their next childbirth. In older people, vitamin A ensures the optimal functioning of the reproductive organs, which essentially improves the chances of conceiving, wine and a healthy pregnancy. The greatest impact of the positive influx of vitamin A on reproductive function is observed when it is stagnated with vitamin E. Therefore, vitamins A and E are respected for the protection of the normal functioning of men and women. wife of children.

The function of vitamins is widely known, and in the eyes of a healthy person there is insufficient illumination. When there is a lack of vitamin A, a person develops blindness - impaired vision, when it is bad to study during the day or in poor light conditions. Regular intake of vitamin A is an effective method of preventing blindness and other vision impairment.

Also, vitamin A in people of any age will ensure the normal functioning of the skin and mucous membranes of various organs, increasing their resistance to infectious diseases. Because of its important role in maintaining the normal structure and function of the skin, it is called the “vitamin of beauty.” Through its positive influx into the skin, hair and nails, vitamin And often enter the warehouse of various cosmetic preparations - creams, masks, shower gels, shampoos, etc. The role of the beauty vitamin is played by retinol through its ability to reduce the fluidity of the old age, promoting the natural youth of women and men. In addition, retinoic acid is successfully used in the treatment of inflammation and wounds of the skin, such as psoriasis, acne, leukoplakia, eczema, lichen, itching, pyoderma, furunculosis, urticaria, before hourly wounds and in. Vitamin A accelerates the healing of wounds and also reduces the risk of infection of wound surfaces.

Remnants of vitamin A promote the resistance of the mucous membranes to infection, then regular stagnation prevents colds, illness, respiratory diseases and inflammatory processes in the organs of the herbal tract and sechostatic system. Vitamin A is used in the complex treatment of intestinal erosion and infection, chronic gastritis, varicose vein disease, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, tracheitis, bronchitis and nasopharyngeal catarrh.

The antioxidant power of vitamin A means its ability to reduce cancer cells, preventing the development of harmful new growths in various organs. Vitamin A has a particularly strong preventive anti-oncogenic effect against cancer of the substellar and mammary ducts. Therefore, vitamin A is used in the practice of oncologists in the area of ​​comprehensive treatment and prevention of relapses of tumors.

As an antioxidant, vitamin A replaces high-density lipoproteins (HLLP) in the blood, which is very important for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, ICH, infarction who etc. Therefore, large doses of vitamin And nina are vykoristvayutsya on the cure of sickness of the vessels.

Vitamins A for vaginal

Vitamin A is very important for normal gestation and proper development of the fetus. From the point of view of a vaginal woman, vitamin A may cause a positive influx into her body:

• Improved immunity, which prevents colds and other infectious and flammable illnesses, such as strong vaginal women;
• Replaces the risk of development of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs, herbal tract and sechostatic system, thereby preventing numerous relapses of thrush, bronchitis, rhinitis and other pathologies that often develop in vaginal women ink;
• Supports the normal shape of the skin, preventing the appearance of stretch marks;
• Supports the normal growth of hair and nails, preventing hair loss, brittleness and darkness;
• Helps ensure normal growth of the uterus;
• Promotes normal size in pregnant women, and also prevents weight loss;
• Promotes the continuation of hydration, preventive transfer of curtains.

The list of effects of vitamin A is pleasantly indicated by the sexual self-perception of a virulent woman, which also contributes to the vibrancy of her life and the possibility of a pleasant result. In addition, vitamin A helps women overcome some of the problems associated with pregnancy, such as dark hair and hair loss, dry skin that is flaking, cracking and flaky nails, stretch marks, and fasting. colds and thrush, etc.

Taking vitamin A for a pregnant woman can have the following positive effects on the fetus:

• The growth and development of the fetal cystic system is increasing;
• normalizes fetal growth;
• prevents obstruction of fetal development;
• Ensures the normal formation of the organs of the sechostatic tract in the fetus;
• Prevents fetal hydrocephalus;
• Prevents fetal development;
• Prevents the daylight hours or weekends;
• Prevents infection with various infections that can penetrate the placenta.

In this way, vitamin A positively flows into both the vagina and the fetus, so its stagnation in therapeutic dosages is justified.

However, the fragments of excess vitamin A may have a negative impact on the flow of pregnancy, provoking pregnancy and delays in the development of the fetus, take this trace only under the supervision of a doctor, strictly following the prescribed dosage. The optimal dose of vitamin A for a vaginal woman is no more than 5000 MO (1500 mcg or 1.5 mg).

Nowadays, in the countries of the Great Soviet Socialist Republic, gynecologists often prescribe to pregnant women and women who are planning to become pregnant, the complex drug “Aevit”, which simultaneously contains vitamins A and E. Aevit is prescribed itself through positive effects effects of vitamins A and E on reproductive function. However, this drug cannot be taken by either pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant, so you must take a large dose of vitamin A (100,000 IU), which exceeds the optimal dose and is recommended by the WHO in 20 times! Therefore, Aevit is not safe for pregnant women, as fragments can provoke pregnancy, development and other disorders in the fetus.

Vaginal women, without harm to the fetus, can take complex medications that contain no more than 5000 IU of vitamin A, for example, Vitrum, Elevit, etc. . Then, on the basis of vitamin A concentration, determine the individual dosage that is optimal for a given vaginal woman.

Vitamin A for children

Vitamin A is very important for the normal growth and development of the musculoskeletal system in children. It is also recommended to give it to children during periods of intensive growth, since the supply of vitamins may not meet the body’s increased needs. In addition, vitamin A is very important for the proper formation of reproductive organs during the period of maturation in both boys and girls. In girls, vitamin A contributes to the immediate establishment of a normal menstrual cycle and the formation of the resistance of the mucous membrane of the skin before various infections. In boys, vitamin A stimulates the development of normal erection and the development of sperm cells, which are necessary for future conception.

In addition, because the mucous membranes are more susceptible to various pathogenic microorganisms, vitamin A prevents frequent infectious-inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs in children. Vitamin A also promotes normal weight in children. In children, vitamin A can be used to change the number of acne and foods that have a positive effect on the child’s life.

Because of the positive effect on the body, it is recommended to give the child vitamin A at preventive dosages of 3300 IU per supplement in short, periodically repeated courses. For which it is recommended to buy either multivitamin preparations or special vitamin tablets with preventive doses of 3300 MO.

Drugs that take away vitamin A

Currently, the following dosage forms are available for use in the treatment of vitamin A:
1. Natural extracts of roslin (included in the warehouse of dietary supplements).
2. Synthetic vitamins that closely resemble the structure of natural chemical compounds (included in the stock of one-component vitamin preparations and multivitamins).
Pharmacological drugs that replace synthetic vitamin A include the following:

• Retinol acetate or retinol palmitate – tablets containing 30 mg (30,000 mcg or 100,000 IU of retinol);
• Retinol acetate or retinol palmitate - tablets containing 1 mg (1000 mcg or 3300 MO of retinol);
• Axeromalt is a concentrate of vitamin A in fish fat (1 ml of fat contains 100,000 or 170,000 IU of retinol) in bottles;
• Olive oil produces carotene;
• Aevit;
• Alphabet;
• Biovital-gel;
• Biorhythm;
• Vita Vedmedica;
• Vitasharm;
• Vitrum;
• Multi-Tabs baby and classic;
• Multifort;
• Pikovit;
• Polivt bebi ta classic;
• San Sol;

Oliy rose carotene vikoristovuetsya externally in the form of dressings and lotions. The problem is superimposed on chronic eczema, which is painful and bad to avoid from irritation, swelling, frostbite and other wounds of the skin.

Tablets that contain 30 mg of retinol and Aevit are sold only for therapeutic purposes, for example, for the relief of vitamin deficiency and for the treatment of sinus and skin diseases. These tablets and Aevit cannot be used as a prophylactic method in people of any age, as they can provoke hypervitaminosis, as well as hypovitaminosis, which results in severe impairment of functioning various organs and systems. All other drugs contain vitamins, which are used to prevent hypovitaminosis. Apparently they can be given to people of any age, including children and pregnant women.

Before biologically active additives that contain vitamin A in the form of natural extracts and extracts, there are the following:

• ABC Spectrum;
• Antioxidant capsules and dragees;
• Arthromax;
• Viardo ta Viardo forte;
• Oliya germs of wheat;
• Throw;
• Direct;
• Nutricap;
• Oxylic;
• Chornitsya forte.

All over-contained dietary supplements contain a prophylactic dose of vitamin A, which can be taken in periodic short courses in people of different ages.

Vitamin A in the vitamin complex

Vitamin A will not be able to reach the warehouse of many complex preparations. Moreover, the absorption of vitamin A from complex preparations is not worse than from monocomponent preparations. However, taking multivitamins is even more difficult for people, since it only allows them to take one tablet. Complex multivitamins combine different vitamins at the required preventive dose, which is also helpful for vitamins. However, these drugs have a different dosage of vitamin A, so when choosing a specific multivitamin, it is necessary to consider the age of the person who takes it.

For example, for children of all ages and adults, the following complex preparations are recommended to replace vitamin A:

• Young children for the river – Multi-Tabs Baby, Polivit Baby;
• Children aged 1 to 3 years – Sana-Sol, Biovital-gel, Pikovit, Alphabet “Our baby”;
• Children aged 3 to 12 years - Multi-Tabs Classic, Vita Vedmedica, Alphabet "Children's Garden";
• Children over 12 years of age and adults – Vitrum, Centrum and any dietary supplements (biologically active additives).

The most beautiful vitamins A

There are no redundant vitamins, skin fragments, medicinal pharmacological preparations and biologically active additives cover the spectrum of indications and the correct dosage of retinol. In addition, the skin preparation has an optimal effect on specific, general injuries or for the prevention of severe illnesses and conditions. Therefore, in the treatment of one illness, the shortest solution would be, for example, a drug called vitamin A called “Aevit”, for other pathologies - vitamin Centrum, etc. Thus, for a skin condition, the most effective drug will be a different drug that will replace vitamin A. In medicine, there is no concept of a “corrective” drug, but rather an “optimal” one, which may be different for a specific skin condition.

However, you can even mentally see the “best” vitamins A for various conditions. So, apparently, for the prevention of hypovitaminosis, children, men, women and families will have various multivitamin complexes. To eliminate the already obvious deficiency of vitamin A or antihypertensive effects on the body, one-component tablets or tablets containing at least 5000 IU of retinol acetate or palmitate will be the most effective. For the treatment of sickness of blood vessels, inflammatory processes on the mucous membranes of respiratory, herbal and sechostatic organs, as well as infectious-inflammatory, wound and viral skin lesions, monocomponent preparations will be the shortest, with a dose of at least 1 00,000 MO vitamin A (for example, Ayovit, concentrate In.). For the treatment of wounds on the skin and mucous membranes, the best drug would be vitamin A – carotene oil.

Vitamin A – instructions from stagnation

Any vitamin preparations can be taken internally in the form of tablets, dragees, powders and doses, injected internally or administered externally in the form of applications, bandages ok, lotion, etc. Internal ulcer administration of vitamin A is used in patients with severe avitaminosis, severe blindness, as well as severe inflammation of the grass tract, sechostatic and respiratory organs. iv. External vitamin A is stagnated in the form of an oil solution for treating sores, fires, wounds, eczema, frostbite, swelling and other skin conditions. Internal vitamin A is taken for preventive purposes and to treat mild hypovitaminosis.

Everyday you need to take 3-5 pills or tablets for supplements after going. Oil supplements for vitamin A take 10 – 20 drops of tricha per day after eating a piece of black bread. The duration of the course of infusion ranges from 2 days to 4 months and is stored in a container containing vitamin A. For the treatment of hypovitaminoses, blindness, as well as prevention In cases of inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes, weakening the immune system and maintaining the normal concentration of vitamins in the body, trival is recommended course for at least one month. After taking vitamin A for a month, you need to take a break for 2 - 3 months, after which the course can be repeated.

Vitamin A is administered internally every other day to adults at 10,000 - 100,000 IU and to children at 5,000 - 10,000 IU. The treatment course should be 20 – 30 injections.

The maximum permissible single dosage of vitamin A when taken internally or internally is 50,000 IU (15,000 mcg or 15 mg), and additionally – 100,000 IU (30,000 mcg or 30 mg).

The topical vitamin A is used for the treatment of wounds and inflammation of the skin (sores, frostbite, sores, wounds that do not burn, eczema, boils, pustules, etc.), applying it to the previously cleansed area. surface. Simply coat the wound surface with oil rub 5 – 6 times per sample and cover with 1 – 2 balls of sterile gauze. If it is not possible to keep the wound open, then apply ointment with vitamin A and apply a sterile bandage to the animal. In case of local stagnation of vitamin A, it is recommended to take it internally in preventive dosages (5000 – 10,000 IU per dose).