The hour of reign of Tsar Peter 1. Peter the First. Peter I in England

Petro I Oleksiyovich is the remaining Tsar of all Russia and the first All-Russian Emperor, one of the most prominent rulers of the Russian Empire. He will be a true patriot of his state and will do everything possible for its prosperity.

In his youth, Petro showed great interest in various countries, and was the first of the Russian kings, who created a price increase for the countries of Europe.

Finally, he was able to accumulate a wealth of evidence and carry out many important reforms that directly marked the development of the 18th century.

This article gives a detailed look at the peculiarities of Peter the Great and the utmost respect for his peculiarities, as well as his successes in the political arena.

Biography of Peter 1

Petro 1 Oleksiyovich Romanov was born on May 30, 1672. V. His father, Oleksiy Mikhailovich, was the king of the Russian Empire and ruled it for 31 years.

Mother, Natalia Kirilivna Narishkina, was the daughter of a wealthy nobleman. Tsikavo, that Petro was 14 son of his father and first of his mother.

Childhood and youth of Peter I

When the future emperor reached his fourth birthday, his father Oleksiy Mikhailovich died, and Peter’s elder brother, Fedir 3 Oleksiyovich, ascended to the throne.

The new tsar took up little Peter’s studies, punishing him to learn various sciences. At that time, there was a struggle against the foreign influx, whose followers were Russian guys, who had no small knowledge.

As a result, the boy did not manage to obtain proper illumination, and until the end of his days he wrote with mercy.

Please note that Peter the Great was able to compensate for the shortcomings of basic education with a wealth of practical activities. However, the biography of Peter I is notable for its fantastic practice, and not for its theory.

History of Peter 1

Six years later, Fedir 3 died, and his son Ivan came to the Russian throne. The prote legal scumbag turned out to be an even sick and weak child.

Having fought this way, Narishkin’s family, in essence, organized a coup. Having secured the support of Patriarch Joakim, Narishkin made young Peter king the very next day.

26-river Peter I. Portrait of Kneller's penzl, which was given as a gift by Peter in 1698 to the English king

The Prote Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan, declared the illegality of such a transfer of power and exchange of power rights.

As a result, in 1682 r. The famous Striletsky rebellion became famous, as a result of which two kings appeared on the throne - Ivan and Petro.

From this moment on, the biography of the young autocrat arose in many significant ways.

Here it’s easy to say that from early times the boy spluttered with the military right. Following his orders, fortifications were fought, and military equipment was used in staged battles.

Petro 1 put on his same-year-old uniform and marched together through the streets of Moscow. Tsikavo, who himself acted as a drummer, walked in front of his regiment.

After the creation of powerful artillery, the king created a small “fleet”. Even then, he wanted to go to sea and lead his ships.

Tsar Petro 1

Being a child, Petro was not yet able to fully control the power; his sister Sofia Oleksievna, and then his mother Natalia Narishkina, became regent under him.

At 1689 r. Tsar Ivan officially transferred all power to his brothers, as a result of which Petro 1 became the sole rightful head of the state.

After the death of his mother, the Keruvati Empire helped his relatives Naryshkin. However, the autocracy eventually emerged from its influx and began to independently rule the empire.

Ruler of Peter 1

From now on, Petro 1 stopped playing military games, and began to develop relevant plans for the upcoming military campaigns. He continued to wage war in Crimea against the Ottoman Empire, and also repeatedly organized the Azov campaigns.

As a result, he was able to take the fort of Azov, which became one of the first military successes of his biography. Then Petro 1 took over the former port of Taganrog, although there was no such fleet in the state as before.

From now on, the emperor became determined to create a strong fleet so that it could float out to sea. And that’s why I worked with him so that young nobles could learn the ship craft in the countries.

Varto should respect that Petro himself also admired the existence of ships that were similar to Tesla. Therefore, we have lost great respect among ordinary people, who watched over this, as we work for the good of Russia.

Even then, Petro the Great bachiv had a lot of shortcomings sovereign system and preparing for serious reforms that would once again include his name.

Having embraced the power structures of the largest European countries, we are trying to gain the best position from them.

During this period of biography against Peter 1, a war is formed, as a result of which the Streltsy uprising was of little consequence. Prote the king of minds will immediately strangle the rebellion and punish all the criminals.

After a troubled confrontation with the Osman Empire, Petro Pershiy decided to sign a peaceful agreement with it. After whom the war started with.

I decided to want a small fort near the fork of the Nevi River, where the glorious place of Peter the Great would be in the future.

Wars of Peter the Great

After a series of successful military campaigns, Peter 1 was able to open the exit to what would later be called the “window to Europe.”

Over time, the military power of the Russian Empire was steadily growing, and the fame of Peter the Great spread throughout Europe. Nezabar annexed the Shidna Baltic to Russia.

At 1709 r. It was famous in which the Swedish and Russian armies fought. As a result, the Swedes were completely defeated, and military surpluses were taken in full.

Before the speech, this battle was miraculously described in the poem “Poltava”. Axis fragment:

It was a dark time,
If Russia is young,
The struggles were strained,
A man with the genius of Peter.

Varto will respect that Petro himself took part in battles, showing courage and courage in battle. With his butt he killed the Russian army, as it was ready to fight for the emperor to the last drop of blood.

Considering Peter's endless struggles with the soldiers, it is impossible to guess the famous story about the wicked soldier. Report about this.

It’s a simple fact that at the outbreak of the Battle of Poltava, the sorcerer’s sack shot Peter I with a droplet, which passed centimeters above the head for treatment. This was further illustrated by the fact that the autocrat was not afraid to risk his life in order to defeat his opponent.

These numerous military campaigns took away the lives of valiant warriors and extracted the military resources of the region. On the right, it has come to the point where the Russian Empire is faced with a situation where it is necessary to fight on 3 fronts at the same time.

This prompted Peter 1 to change his views on foreign policy and praise lowly important decisions.

He signed a peace treaty with the Turks, waiting to give them back the fortress of Azov. By making such a sacrifice, we were able to save the impersonality of human life and military technology.

An hour later, Petro the Great began organizing trips to the gathering. Their result was the annexation of such places as Semipalatinsk to Russia.

However, it turns out that they wanted to organize military expeditions to Western America and India, but these plans were never destined to come to fruition.

Then Petro the First was able to brilliantly carry out the Caspian campaign against Persia, conquering Derbent, Astrabad and the impersonal fortress.

After his death, most of the conquered territories were lost, the remains of which were lost for the state.

Reform Peter 1

Throughout his biography, Petro 1 implemented a number of reforms directly for the benefit of the state. Tsikavo, who became the first Russian ruler, began to call himself an emperor.

The most important thing for the significance of the reform was the military certificate. Moreover, just before the reign of Peter 1, the church began to submit to the powers, which had never happened before.

The reforms of Peter the Great fueled the development of industry and trade, and ushered in the emergence of an old way of life.

For example, he put a tax on his beard, hoping to impose European standards of modern appearance on the boyars. And although there was a cry of dissatisfaction on the side of the Russian nobility, they still obeyed all his decrees.

Due to the fate of the country, medical, naval, engineering and other schools were opened, which could have started as children of officials, or simple villagers. Petro 1st century, the new Julian calendar, which is used today.

While wandering around Europe, the tsar was filled with countless beautiful paintings, which deceived him. As a result, after arriving at the Fatherland, we began to provide financial support to artists in order to stimulate the development of Russian culture.

For the sake of fairness, it should be said that Peter 1 was often criticized for the violent way of carrying out these reforms. In essence, Silomia forced people to change their minds, as well as to abandon the projects they had in mind.

One of the most beautiful applications is the everyday life of St. Petersburg, which was carried out in the most important minds. Plenty of people were not impressed by such vantage and flowed away.

These families sat until they got married and stayed there until the culprits returned back to everyday life.

Peter I

Nezabar Petro 1 created the organ of political dissent and justice, which was reorganized into the Secret Chancellery. Every person has resisted writing in closed rooms.

If anyone knew about such destruction and did not inform about the new king, he recognized the death penalty. Using such harsh methods, Petro tried to fight the anti-government forces.

Special life of Peter 1

In his youth, Petro 1 loved to stay at the German Liberty, enjoying foreign marriage. There he himself stubbornly treated the German Anna Mons, and immediately began to cackle.

Mother was against him for centuries, and she urged him to become friends with Evdokia Lopukhina. It’s a great fact that Petro did not become a super-reader to his mother, and took Lopukhin as his squad.

Of course, whose victimized whore and family life could not be called happy. They gave birth to two boys: Oleksiy and Oleksandr, the latter of whom died in early childhood.

The legitimate successor to the throne after Peter 1 May became Oleksiy. However, through those that Evdokia tried to remove the man from the throne and transfer power to his sons, everything became completely different.

Lopukhina was placed in a monastery, and Oleksia had to fight outside the cordon. Varto should respect that Oleksiy himself did not praise the father’s reforms, and even called him a despot.

Peter I finishes off Tsarevich Oleksiy. Ge N. N., 1871

U 1717 r. Oleksiya was found and arrested, and then sentenced to death for his fate in the snake. However, he died at the vine, and due to even more mysterious circumstances.

They separated their love from their squad, in 1703. Petro Pershiy buried himself in the 19-river Katerina (with the girl Marta Samuilivna Skavronska). A stormy romance ensued between them, which was tormented for many years.

Over the years they became friends, and even before their marriage, they gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709) as the emperor. Elizabeth later became empress (reigned 1741–1761)

Katerina was a very sensible and penetrating girl. She was the only one who was given for the help of affection and patience to calm the king, if he was suffering from severe headache attacks.

Peter I wears the sign of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called on the black St. Andrew's stripe and a mirror on the chest. J.-M. Natie, 1717

Officially, the stinks became friends for only 1712 rubles. After this stench, 9 more children were born, most of whom died early.

Petro Pershiy truly loved Katerina. In her honor the Order of St. Catherine was founded and the city of Yekaterinburg in the Urals was named. In honor of Catherine I, she also wore the Catherine Palace at Tsarskoye Seli (in honor of her daughter Elizaveta Petrivna).

Suddenly, another wife, Maria Cantemir, appeared in the biography of Peter 1, as the emperor’s favorite lost the rest of her life.

Varto remember that Petro Pershiy was even taller - 203 cm. At that time, he was respected by the right veil, and was on his head for everyone.

However, the size of his leg did not at all indicate growth. The autocrat wears 39 inches tall and is narrower at the shoulders. As an additional support, you have always carried a reed with you, so that you can hide.

Death of Peter

Regardless of those who called Petro 1, although he appeared to be a very good and healthy person, he actually suffered from migraine attacks throughout his entire life.

In the rest of his life, his illness began to torment him, so he tried not to lose his respect.

For a cob 1725 rub. Having become so strong that he could no longer get up from his bed. I became healthy every day, and my suffering became unbearable.

Died Petro 1 Oleksiyovich Romanov 28 sіchnya 1725 r. at the Winter Palace. The official cause of his death was the burning of the legs.

Midny Vershnik - monument to Peter I on Senate Square near St. Petersburg

However, Rostin showed that death came as a result of the burning of the slash fur, which suddenly developed in gangrene.

Peter the Great was buried at the Peter and Paul Fort near St. Petersburg, and his squad, Katerina 1, became the successor to the Russian throne.

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Petro I Oleksiyovych


Coronation:
	Sofia Oleksiivna (1682 – 1689)
Superintendent:	Ivan V (1682 – 1696)
Front:	Fedir III Oleksiyovych
Advancer:	Title beveled

Advancer:	Catherine I
Virus:	Orthodoxy
Narodzhennya:

Pokhovany:	Peter and Paul Cathedral, St. Petersburg
Dynasty:	Romanov
	Oleksiy Mikhailovich
	Natalia Kirilivna
	1) Evdokia Lopukhina 2) Katerina Oleksiivna
	(in 1) Oleksiy Petrovich (in 2) Ganna Petrivna Elizaveta Petrivna Petro (children's room) Natalia (children's room) others died in childhood
Autograph:
Nagorodi:

Peter's first love

Panic of Peter I

Go to Azov. 1695-1696

Great embassy. 1697-1698

Rukh Rossii Skhid

Caspian campaign 1722-1723

Re-creation of Peter I

Person of Peter I

Peter's external appearance

Family of Peter I

Thronesuccession

Nashchadok of Peter I

Death of Peter

Performance evaluation and criticism

Monuments

In honor of Peter I

Peter I at mystetstva

In literature

In cinematography

Peter I on pennies

Criticism and assessment of Peter I

Peter I the Great (Petro Oleksiyovych; 30 years (9 chervenya) 1672 - 28 sіchnya (8 fierce) 1725) - Tsar of Moscow from the Romanov dynasty (from 1682) and the first Emperor of All Russia (from 1721). In Russian historiography, one of the most prominent statesmen is respected, directly indicating the development of the 18th century.

Petro was elected tsar in 1682 by the 10-river ruler, and began to rule independently in 1689. From his youth, showing an interest in science and a foreign way of life, Petro, the first of the Russian kings, took a trip to the extremes of Western Europe. After the return of Petro in 1698, large-scale reforms of the Russian state and a successful dispensation flared up. One of Peter’s main achievements was the significant expansion of the territory of Russia in the Baltic region after victory in the Great Southern War, which allowed him to accept the title of the first Emperor of Russia in 1721 empires. Four years later, Emperor Petro I died, but the power he created continued to expand intensively throughout the 18th century.

Early rocks of Peter. 1672-1689 rocks

Petro was born on the night of the 30th of May (9th chernia) 1672 in the Terem Palace of the Kremlin (7235 according to the accepted chronology “in the wake of the creation of the world”).

Father - Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich - has the largest number of descendants: Petro was the 14th child, and the first from another squad, Tsarina Natalia Narishkina. On the day of Saints Peter and Paul, the princes were baptized at the Miracle Monastery (for other dates at the Church of Gregory of Neocaesarea, in Derbitsy, by Archpriest Andriy Savinov) and named Peter.

Having become a queen, he was given to nannies for grooming. On the 4th century of Peter's life, 1676, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich died. His brother, the baptized father, and the new Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich became the guardian of the Tsarevich. Dyak N. M. Zotov gave Peter letters from 1676 to 1680.

The death of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the reign of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Illivnya, daughter of Miloslavskaya) thrust Tsarina Natalya Kirilovna and her family, the Naryshkini, into the background. Tsarina Natalia was afraid to fly to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

Streltsy riot of 1682 when Sofia Oleksiivna came to rule

The Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan and Princess Sophia by their mother, sought to suppress their interests in Peter’s vote as king. The archers, of which there were over 20 thousand in Moscow, had long shown dissatisfaction and restlessness; And, perhaps, under the storm of the Miloslavskys, on May 15 (25), 1682, they spoke openly: with cries that the Narishkins had strangled Tsarevich Ivan and destroyed them all the way to the Kremlin. Natalya Kirilivna, hoping to calm the rebels, together with the patriarch and boyars led Peter and his brother to Chervoniy Hanok.

The rebellion has not died down. In the first year, the boyars Artamon Matveev and Mikhailo Dolgoruky were killed, then other friends of Queen Natalia, including two of Naryshkin’s brothers.

On the 26th of May, elective troops from the Streltsy regiments appeared at the palace and began to demand that the elder Ivan be known as the first tsar, and the young Petro as the other. Fearing a repeat of the pogrom, the boyars waited, and Patriarch Joakim immediately performed a prayer service at the Assumption Cathedral for the health of the two named kings; and 25 chernies crowned them to the kingdom.

On the 29th of May, the archers attacked so that Tsarina Sofia Oleksiyevna took control of the state through her young brothers. Tsarina Natalia Kirilovna and her son - the other king - went from the courtyard to the palace near Moscow near the village of Preobrazhenskoye. At the Royal Chamber of the Kremlin, a double throne was kept for the young kings with a small crown at the back, through Tsarina Sophia and those nearby who told them how to behave and what they said during the time of palatial ceremonies.

Transfiguration and quiet shelves

1686 to the fate of the 14-river Peter the Great with his “potish” artillery. Firefire Meister Fedir Sommer showing the king a grenade and a fireball on the right. 16 harmats were delivered to Pushkarsky's order. To supply important equipment, the tsar, having received from the Konyushenny order, adult servants who were willing to receive military information, who were dressed in uniforms of a foreign cut and were appointed as funny gunners. First dressed in a foreign uniform Sergiy Bukhvostov. Zgod Petro washed his bronze chest first Russian soldier As he called Bukhvostov. The quiet regiment became known as Preobrazhensky, and the place of its quartering was the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow.

At Preobrazhensky, opposite the palace, on the Yauzi birch, a “quieter place” was created. Towards the hour of the fort's awakening, Petro himself actively worked, helping to cut the deck and install the harmati. Peter’s creations “The Greatest, All-Drinking and Divine Cathedral” - a parody of Orthodox Church. The fort itself is named Preshburg Indeed, in the name of the famous at that time Austrian fort of Pressburg (nine Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia), about how he felt the sight of Captain Sommer. Then, in 1686, the first powerful ships appeared near Preshburg on the Yauza - the Great Shnyak and the Strong Iz Chovny. Petro's family became obsessed with all the sciences related to military law. Under the influence of the Dutchman Timmerman Having studied arithmetic, geometry, and military sciences.

Taking a walk one day near the Timmerman village of Izmailovo, Petro Zaishov walked to the Linen Door, who knew an English boot. In 1688 the family was entrusted to the Dutchman Carsten Brandt repair, rebuild and equip this boat, and then lower it to the Yauza.

However, the Yauza and Prosyanii became too crowded for the ship, so Petro destroyed it at Pereslavl-Zalessky, to Lake Pleshcheev, and slaughtered the first shipyard for the construction of ships. There were already two “Potishny” regiments: Semenivsky reached Preobrazhenskoye, which spread out in the village of Semenivskoye. Preshburg had already thrown himself into the right fort. For commanding regiments and acquiring military science, people with knowledge and evidence were needed. There were no Russian courtiers. So Petro appeared at the German Sloboda.

Peter's first love

The German Sloboda was the closest “next door” to the village of Preobrazhenske, and Petro had long been amazed at its wonderful life. There were more foreigners at the court of Tsar Peter, for example, Franz Timmermanі Karsten Brandt, were immigrants from the German Freedom. Everything inevitably led to the fact that the king became a partial guest of the Freedom, and suddenly appeared as a great mischief maker of an unaffected foreign life. Petro lit a German cradle, began to celebrate German evenings with dancing and drinking, got to know Patrick Gordon, Franz Yakovich Lefort - Peter's future associates, began an affair with Anna Mons. Petrova’s mother stood up against him. In order to fool the 17-year-old son, Natalya Kirilivna decided to befriend him with Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of the okolnych.

Petro was not very responsive to his mother, and on 27 September 1689 the fate of the “young” tsar was played out. Less than a month later, Petro left his squad and went to Lake Pleshcheevo for several days. From whose beloved Petro there were two brothers: the eldest, Oleksii, who was successor to the throne until 1718, the young Oleksandr died in childhood.

Panic of Peter I

Peter's activity greatly agitated Princess Sophia, who realized that with the approach of her adopted brother's birth, she would have to be separated from power. In due course, the queen’s friends had a plan for coronation, and Patriarch Joachim was categorically against it.

Campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, formed in 1687 and 1689 by the princess’s favorite V.V. Golitsin, were not very successful, but were presented as great and generously harvested victories, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the rich.

On June 8, 1689, at the Holy Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the first public conflict between the married Peter and the Ruler arose. That day, after the start of the march from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral, began. After the end of the day, Petro went to his sister and voted that she should not dare to leave with the people at the process. Sophia accepted the cry: she took the image of the Most Holy Theotokos in her hands and followed the crosses and crowns. Without preparing for such a result, Petro left the house.

On the 7th of September 1689, fate was not in favor of everyone, and a rising crisis arose. On this day, Tsarina Sophia ordered the chief of the Streltsy, Fyodor Shaklov, to arrange for more of his people at the Kremlin, in order to escort them to the Don Monastery for farewell. Suddenly, the news spread that Tsar Petro had planned to occupy the Kremlin with his “sweethearts” at night, kill the princess, Tsar Ivan’s brother and seize power. Shaklovity gathered the Streltsy regiments to march in “great gatherings” on Preobrazhenska and beat all Peter’s henchmen for their intention to kill Princess Sophia. Then they sent three high-ranking guards to work in Preobrazhenskoe to inform them that Tsar Petro was somewhere alone or with regiments.

Peter's followers among the Streltsy sent two like-minded people to Preobrazhensky. After the report, Petro and his small retinue galloped in a carriage to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The legacy of the survivors of the shooting attacks was Peter's illness: for his strong praise, convulsive roars of denunciation began. On September 8, the offended queens, Natalya and Evdokia, arrived at the monastery, followed by the “potish” regiments with artillery. On the 16th of September, a letter arrived from Peter, ordering commanders and 10 privates each to be sent to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Tsarina Sophia defended this order under fear of death, and Tsarina Peter sent a letter informing that it was in no way possible to dismiss this hex.

On the 27th of September, a new letter from Tsar Peter arrived - all regiments should march to Triitsa. Most of the army submitted to the rightful queen, and Princess Sophia had to learn the defeat. She herself destroyed the Trinity Monastery, and then in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, Peter’s envoys arrived with orders to turn back to Moscow. Nezabar Sophia was placed in the Novodivychy Monastery under the watchful eye.

7 history of accumulations and then depletions Fedir Shaklovity. The elder brother, Tsar Ivan (or John), supported Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and actually gave him all power. Since 1689, he did not take part in the government, although he remained a co-tsar until his death on the 29th century (8 August) 1696. Little did Petro himself take the fate of the ruler, giving new importance to the Narishkin family.

The beginning of Russian expansion. 1690-1699

Go to Azov. 1695-1696

The priority of the activities of Peter I during the first years of the unity was the continuation of the war with Crimea. During the 16th century, Muscovite Rus' fought against the Crimean and Nogai Tatars for Volodinia, the great coastal lands of the Black and Azov Seas. During this struggle, Russia came into contact with the Ottoman Empire, which was guarded by the Tatars. One of the military strongholds in these lands was the Turkish fort of Azov, built at the confluence of the Don River into the Sea of Azov.

The first Azov campaign, which began in the spring of 1695, ended shortly in the spring of the same fate due to the availability of the fleet and the unpreparedness of the Russian army to operate on the outskirts of the supply bases. It's already spring. In 1695-96, preparations for a new campaign began. The activity of the Russian rowing flotilla flared up near Voronezh. In a short hour, a flotilla of various vessels was formed along with the 36-garmat ship “Apostle Petro.” In the spring of 1696, the 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Generalsimus Shein again captured Azov, only this time the Russian flotilla blocked the fort from the sea. Petro accepted the fate of the captain in the gallery. Without waiting for the assault, on the 19th of July 1696 the fort gave way. Thus was Russia's first exit from the flooded sea.

The result of the Azov campaigns was the burial of the fort of Azov, the beginning of life in the port of Taganrog, and the possibility of an attack on the Crimean peninsula from the sea, which significantly secured the Russian cordons. However, Peter was not able to cut off the exit to the Black Sea through the Kerch Channel: he lost his power under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Russia is still not short of strength for a war with Turechina, as well as a full-fledged naval fleet.

To finance the fleet, new types of taxes will be introduced: landowners will receive 10 thousand from the rank of merchants. courtyards, whose skins are in exchange for their wealth, are not enough to stay the ship. It is then that the first signs of dissatisfaction with Peter’s activity appear. The call of Tsikler, who wanted to organize the Streltsy uprising, was rejected. In 1699, the first great Russian ship “Fortetsya” (46-garmat) carried the Russian ambassador to Constantinople for peace talks. The very creation of such a ship killed the Sultan until the end of the world in 1700, which deprived Russia of the fortress of Azov.

At the hour of the awakening of the fleet and the reorganization of the army, Petro was tempted to hide on the foreign fakhivs. Having completed the Azov campaigns, he is likely to send young nobles to military service behind the cordon, and inevitably he himself is heading towards Europe.

Great embassy. 1697-1698

Petro visited Riga, Koenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, with plans to visit Venice and the Pope.

The embassy recruited hundreds of naval officers to Russia and purchased military and other equipment.

At the end of the negotiations, Petro devoted a lot of time to the history of shipbuilding, military affairs and other sciences. Petro worked as a forge in the shipyards of the East India Company, and the ship “Peter and Paul” was commissioned by the Tsar. In England, he saw a brewery, an arsenal, parliament, Oxford University, the Greenwich Observatory and the Mint, which at that time was discovered by Isaac Newton.

The Great Embassy of the Headquarters did not reach: a coalition against the Ottoman Empire could not be created through the preparation of the low European powers before the War of the Spanish Fall (1701-14). However, the end of this war created favorable minds for Russia’s struggle for the Baltic. Thus, there was a reorientation of the foreign policy of Ukraine and Russia from the current one to the traditional one.

Turn around. Turning points for Russia 1698-1700

Tsarina Sophia was tonsured in bilberry under the name of Susanna and sent to the Novodivychy Monastery, where she spent the remainder of her life. The same fate befell Peter’s unloved squad, Evdokia Lopukhin, who was forcibly sent to the Suzdal monastery to fight against the will of the clergy.

During his 15 months in Europe, Petro gained a lot and learned a lot. After the return of the Tsar on September 25, 1698, his re-creative activity began, and immediately there was a change in external signs that disrupted the Old Slavic way of life from the Western European one. At the Preobrazhensky Palace, Petro began to cut the beards of nobles and already on September 29, 1698, the famous decree “About the wearing of German cloth, about the shin beards and vouss, passed to the dissenters in the dress prescribed for them”, which harrowing from 1 veresnya nosinnya borid.

The new 7208th river according to the Russian-Byzantine calendar (“from the creation of the world”) becoming the 1700th according to the Julian calendar. Petro entered and celebrated the 1st day of New Rock, and not on the day of the Autumn Eid, as was celebrated before. This special decree stated:

Creation of the Russian Empire. 1700-1724 rocks

The Old War with Sweden (1700-1721)

After returning from the Great Embassy, the Tsar began to prepare for war with Sweden to reach the Baltic Sea. In 1699, the Union of Nations was created against the Swedish king Charles XII, before which, in addition to Russia, Denmark, Saxony and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth went along with the Saxon elector and the Polish king Augustus II. The ruinous force of the alliance was the attempt of Augustus II to take Livonia from Sweden, for the assistance of the Russians in promising to return the lands that had previously belonged to the Russians (Ingermanland and Karelia).

In order for Russia to enter the war, it was necessary to make peace with the Ottoman Empire. After reaching a truce with the Turkish Sultan for 30 years, Russia, on September 19, 1700, declared a war against Sweden in order to take revenge for the image given to Tsar Peter in Risia.

Charles XII's plan was to defeat his opponents one by one with the help of low-level landing operations. Nezabar, after the bombing of Copenhagen, Denmark left the war on September 8, 1700, even before Russia entered it. Not long after, Augustus II’s attempts to buy Riga ended.

The defeat of the Russian army ended the attempt to seize the Narva fort. 30 leaf fall 1700 (under the new style) Charles XII with 8500 soldiers attacked a tabir of Russian troops and completely defeated the 35-thousand weak Russian army. Petro I himself had left the army from Novgorod 2 days earlier. Considering that Russia was still weakened, Charles XII spoke to Livonia in order to direct all his forces against the main enemy, as it seemed, - Augustus II.

Prote Petro, our leader reorganized the army according to the European model, reviving combat operations. Already in 1702 (11 (22) June), Russia buried the fort of Noteburg (renamed to Shlisselburg), and in the spring of 1703 - the fort of Nienschantz near the Nevi River. Here, on May 16 (27), 1703, the life of St. Petersburg began, and on the island of Kotlin the base of the Russian fleet was located - the Kronshlot fortress (formerly Kronstadt). The exit to the Baltic Sea is broken through. In 1704, Narva and Dorpat were taken, and Russia consolidated its position in the Skhidnaya Baltitsa. Putting light on the proposition, Peter I rejected Vidmova.

After the dismissal of Scythe II in 1706 and his replacement by the Polish king Stanislav Leszczynski, Charles XII launched a fatal campaign against Russia. Having buried Minsk and Mogilev, the king did not dare to go to Smolensk. Having secured the support of the Little Russian hetman Ivan Mazepa, Karl destroyed the army for the day from food shortages and with the intention of empowering the army with Mazepi's henchmen. On June 28, 1708, the Swedish corps of Levenhaupt, who united with the army of Charles XII of Livonia, was defeated by the Russian army under the command of Menshikov. The Swedish army lost reinforcements and a convoy of military supplies. Petro later identified this battle as a turning point in the Eastern War.

At the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709, the army of Charles XII was defeated, the Swedish king with a small number of soldiers was taken from the Turkish Volodynia.

In 1710, the Turechchina became the enemy of the war. After the defeat in the Prut campaign of 1711, Russia turned Azov to Turkey and destroyed Taganrog, but for the sake of which it was possible to arrange a truce with the Turks.

Peter once again became involved in the war with the Swedes; in 1713, the Swedes suffered defeats in Pomerania and spent all of Volodynia in continental Europe. However, due to Sweden's war at sea, the Swedish War dragged on. The Baltic Fleet was only created by Russia, but otherwise it would be victorious in the Battle of Gangut in 1714. In 1716, Petro's army acquired a combined fleet from Russia, England, Denmark and Holland, but due to divisions in the Allied camp, it was not possible to organize an attack on Sweden.

In the world, the value of the Baltic Fleet of Russia and Sweden saw the insecurity of the invasion of its lands. Peace negotiations began in 1718, interrupted by the Rapt death of Charles XII. The Swedish queen Ulrika Eleonora initiated the war, asking for help from England. Russian landing forces in 1720. On the Swedish coast, Sweden was advised to continue negotiations. On the 30th sickle (10th spring) 1721, the Treaty of Nystadt was established between Russia and Sweden, ending the 21-River War. Russia seized access to the Baltic Sea, annexed the territory of Ingria, part of Karelia, Estland and Livonia. Russia became a great European power, to commemorate this on the 22nd of June (2 leaf falls) 1721 Petro took the title of senators Father of Vitchizny, Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great:

... we thought, from the example of the ancients, especially the Roman and Greek peoples, to take courage from the day of celebration and the stupor they caused. V. by the means of all Russia, deprived of the glorious and prosperous world, according to the reading of its treatise in the church, for our entire contribution to the knowledge of that world, bring our confession to you publicly, so that you can be received from us, as in From his faithful tributes, the title of Father of the Ancient Empire, Emperor of All Russia, Peter the Great, as he was honored by the Roman Senate for honoring the emperors, such titles were publicly presented to them as gifts and on statues for memory they have eternal canopies signed.

Russian-Turkish War 1710-1713

After the defeat in the Battle of Poltava, the Swedish king Charles XII gathered near the Volodynia of the Ottoman Empire, the town of Bendery. Petro I Lysd Dogovir Iz Turechchinoy about Vidvorenny Karl XII of the Turkish Teritor, Potim Swedish Queen allowed to stick out of the pywn cordon for the premium of the Ukrainian Cossack Tatars. Harassing the hangings of Charles XII, Petro I began to threaten Turecchin with war, and at the end of the 20th leaf fall of 1710, the Sultan himself voiced war in Russia. The main reason for the war was the sinking of Azov by Russian troops in 1696 and the appearance of the Russian fleet in the Sea of Azov.

The war on the side of Turkey was punctuated by the winter raid of the Crimean Tatars, vassals of the Ottoman Empire, on Ukraine. Russia waged a war on 3 fronts: there were campaigns against the Tatars in Crimea and the Kuban, Peter I himself, rushing to the aid of the rulers of Wallachia and Moldova, decided to launch a deep campaign to the Danube, desiring to climb the boron to fight with the Turks as Christian vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

6(17) Birth of 1711 Peter I departed from Moscow before the war with his faithful friend Katerina Oleksiyevna, as he ordered him to respect his retinue and the queen (even before the official wedding, which took place in 1712). The army crossed the cordon of Moldova in 1711, and then in 20 June 1711, 190 thousand Turks and Crimean Tatars pressed the 38 thousand Russian army to the right bank of the Prut River, completely retreating. In what seemed to be a hopeless situation, Peter was able to negotiate with the great vizier the Prut peace treaty, after which the army and the tsar himself were completely saved, but the place of which Russia gave Azov to the Turkish region and lost its way to Azov this sea.

Since the beginning of 1711, there have been no military operations, but in order to comply with the residual treaty, Turechina threatened to renew war several times. In 1713, the Andrianopol peace treaty was lost, which confirmed the minds of the Prut region. Russia refused the opportunity to continue the Eastern War without a 2nd front, although it wanted to waste the conquest of the Azov campaigns.

Rukh Rossii Skhid

The expansion of Russia was not supported by Peter I. In 1714, Buchholz's expedition fell asleep on the day before Irtish in Omsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semipalatinsk and other forts. In 1716-17, before Central Asia, Bekovich-Cherkassky was hunted down with the goal of deposing the Khan of Khiva before becoming a citizen and developing routes to India. However, the Russian regime was subject to impoverishment by the khan. Kamchatka was annexed to Russia by the reign of Peter I. Petro had planned an expedition across the Pacific Ocean to America (planning to establish Russian colonies there), but he did not realize his plan.

Caspian campaign 1722-1723

Peter's greatest foreign policy after the Pivnichny War was the Caspian (or Persian) campaign in 1722-1724. The plans for the campaign arose as a result of the Persian civil strife and the actual collapse of the former state.

On the 18th of June 1722, after the massacre of the son of the Persian Shah Tokhmas-Mirzi, the 22-thousand-year Russian era was carried out from Astrakhan along the Caspian Sea. Derbent was hit hard, after which the Russians, due to problems with the product, turned to Astrakhan. The offensive of 1723 brought about the conquest of the western shore of the Caspian Sea with the forts of Baku, Rasht, and Astrabad. The further action was marked by the threat of the Ottoman Empire entering the war, which began to invade central Transcaucasia.

On the 12th of April 1723, the Treaty of St. Petersburg with Persia was signed, which included the entry into the Caspian Sea with the places of Derbent and Baku and the provinces of Gilan, Zenderan and Astrabad. Russia and Persia also formed a defensive alliance against Turecchin, which, however, turned out to be ineffective.

Following the Treaty of Istanbul (Constantinople) dated 12 June 1724, Turechina recognized all the annexations of Russia in the western part of the Caspian Sea and was convinced of further attacks on Persia. The line of cordons between Russia, Turkey and Persia was installed at the place where the river Araks and Kura flows. Persia was in turmoil, and the Turkic region contradicted the provisions of the Istanbul Treaty, the first lower border was clearly established.

It is worth noting that after the death of Peter, the Volodin campaign was spent due to the high costs of garrisons due to illness, and, in the opinion of Queen Anna Ioanivna, the lack of prospects for the region.

Russian Empire for Peter I

After the victory in the Pivnichny War and the establishment of the Nishtadt Peace in the spring of 1721, the Senate and the Synod decided to present Peter with the title of Emperor of All Russia with the following formulas: “ how to ask the Roman Senate for the honor of the emperors, their titles are publicly given to them as gifts and on statutes for commemoration they have everlasting signatures.»

22 autumns (2 leaf falls) 1721 Peter I having accepted the title is not easy to honor, but to inform about the new role of Russia on the right. Prussia and Holland soon learned the new title of the Russian Tsar, Sweden in 1723, Turkey in 1739, England and Austria in 1742, France and Spain in 1745, Nareshti, Poland in 1764.

Secretary of the Prussian embassy to Russia 1717-33, J.-G. Fokkerodt, in response to Voltaire’s lamentation, worked on the history of Peter’s reign, writing legends about Russia for Peter. Fokkerodt tried to estimate the population of the Russian Empire until the end of the reign of Peter I. According to his data, the number of people in the taxation camp became 5 million 198 thousand people, according to The number of villagers and townspeople, including especially women, was estimated at approximately 10 million. Many souls were recruited by landowners, The repeated audit increased the number of taxable souls to 6 million people. There were up to 500 thousand Russian nobles from families; officials up to 200 thousand. and spiritual persons from families up to 300 thousand. shower.

Residents of the root regions, who do not suffer from the general taxation, put together an estimate of 500 to 600 thousand. shower. Cossacks with families in Ukraine, on the Don, Yaitsi and in border areas were paid between 700 and 800 thousand. shower. The number of Siberian peoples was unknown, until Fokkerodt put it up to a million.

Thus, the population of the Russian Empire increased to 15 million, and the number of taxes transferred to Europe was greater than that of France (about 20 million).

Re-creation of Peter I

The entire power of Peter can be mentally divided into two periods: 1695-1715 and 1715-1725.

The peculiarity of the first stage was the hasty nature of the first thought that was explained by the conduct of the Pivnichny War. The reforms were aimed primarily at collecting money to wage the Pivnichny War, were carried out using a violent method and often did not lead to the desired result. At the first stage of the sovereign reforms, great reforms were carried out to change cultural life.

Peter carried out the penny reform, as a result of which transactions began to be carried out in rubles and kopecks. Srіbna kopіyka (Novgorodka) of the pre-reform school continued to grow until 1718 for the outskirts. The copper coin has gone up since 1704, and the copper ruble has also begun to grow. The reform itself began in 1700 when coins were issued (1/8 kopecks), pivshka (1/4 kopecks), denga (1/2 kopecks), and in 1701 ten groschens (five kopecks) were issued. , ten kopecks (ten kopeks), half a penny (25 kopecks) and pivtin. The boulevard was fenced with rakhunok for dengi and altini (3 kop_ki). The first Gwent pres. appeared for Peter. During the reign, the quality of coins decreased several times, which led to the rapid development of counterfeiting. In 1723, five kopeks (cross nickel) were introduced into the coin. After a few steps of protection (a smooth field, especially the consistency of the sides), the particles began to be carved not in an artisanal way, but in foreign mints. Khrestov's pennies have been minted into kopecks (for Elizabeth). Behind the European Union, gold chervinets began to be carved, and later they were used for the value of a gold coin with a face value of two rubles. Petro planned to pay 1725 a copper ruble payment for the Swedish education, but this payment was made by Catherine I.

In other periods, reforms were more planned and directed towards the internal development of the power.

In general, Peter's reforms were directly aimed at the appreciation of the Russian state and the acquisition of the ruling sphere to European culture with the overnight strengthening of the absolute monarchy. Until the end of the reign of Peter the Great, the entire Russian Empire was created, with an emperor who held absolute power. During the course of the reforms, the technical and economic advancement of Russia from the European powers, the conquest of access to the Baltic Sea was completed, and a transformation was carried out in all spheres of life of the Russian marriage. At the same time, the people's forces were completely weakened, the bureaucratic apparatus grew, a change of mind was created (the Decree on the Succession to the Throne) for the crisis of the supreme power, which led to the era of “palace coups.”

Person of Peter I

Peter's external appearance

Even as a child, Petro enticed people with the beauty and zest of his denunciation and posture. Through his tall height – 200 cm (6 ft 7 in) – he was able to reach his entire head. At the same time, for such a great growth, the wine was 38 in size.

Even the strongest judgmental denunciations blared loudly, especially in the rage and spiritual censure. These convulsive groans were attributed to the childish shock during the hour of the Streltsy riots and the attempt to resign by Tsarina Sophia.

At the hour of Petro's visit to Europe, a clack of sophisticated aristocrats with a rude manner of spitting and simplicity of giving. Elector Sophia of Hanover wrote about Peter like this:

Later, already in 1717, during the hour of Peter’s stay in Paris, the Duke of Saint-Simon wrote down his enmity about Peter:

« He was tall in stature, well-built, skinny, with a round face, a high forehead, and beautiful eyebrows; It’s too short, but it’s not necessary, and there’s a lot of stuff left until the end; the lips are large, the color of the face is dark and dark, beautiful black eyes, large, lively, penetrating, flaming in shape; the look is majestic and welcoming, if he watches over himself and streams, otherwise savage and wild, with judgments on the accusations that are not repeated often, but rather contradict the eyes of everyone present. The trial would inevitably take one minute, and then his look would be wondrous, almost ruined, then everything would suddenly take on a strange look. All his outward appearance showed intelligence, thoughtfulness and greatness and was not spared.»

Family of Peter I

Petro first became friends at the age of 17 with his dear mother Evdokia Lopukhina in 1689. Through the river, Tsarevich Oleksiy was born to them, who followed his mother in concepts that were far removed from Peter’s reform activities. The other children of Peter and Evdokia died shortly after the nuptials. In 1698, Evdokia Lopukhina was involved in the Streltsy rebellion, as a result of which her son was elevated to the kingdom, and was sent to a monastery.

Oleksiy Petrovich, the official successor to the Russian throne, having judged the reinstatement of his father, and decided to withdraw from Viden under the intercession of a relative of his friend (Charlotte of Brunswick) Emperor Charles VI, ki in the ruins of Peter I. In 1717, the weak-willed tsar was taken away under wartu. 24 chervenya (5 linden) 1718 rock The Supreme Court, which was formed in 127 years, vinіs mortal virok Oleksiya, who recognized him as guilty of the sovereign's health.

On 26 chervenya (7 linden) 1718, the prince died at the Peter and Paul Fort, without finishing the viconn. The exact cause of death of Tsarevich Oleksiy has not yet been established.

Due to his love affair with Princess Charlotte of Brunswick, Tsarevich Oleksiy lost his son Peter Oleksiyovich (1715-1730), who became Emperor Peter II in 1727, and his daughter Natalia Oleksiyivna (1714-1728).

In 1703, the birth of Peter I from the 19th-river Catherine, daughter of Martha Skavronska, was buried by the Russian military as a military species during the capture of the Swedish fort of Marienburg. Petro took a lot of servants from the Baltic villagers from Alexander Menshikov and killed her with a khankoy. At 1704 r. Katerina peoples the first place, named by Peter, the fate of Paul (the resentment died for a reason). Even before her legal marriage to Peter, Katerina gave birth to daughters Anna (1708) and Elizabeth (1709). Elizabeth later became empress (reigned 1741-1761), and Anne's direct successors ruled Russia after Elizabeth's death, from 1761 to 1917.

Katerina alone could fight with the king in his attacks of anger, and with affection and patient respect calm the attacks of Peter’s judgmental headache. The sound of Katerina’s voice calmed Peter; then there:

The official wedding of Peter I and Katerina Oleksiyevna took place on the 19th of 1712, shortly after turning back from the Prut campaign. In 1724, Petro crowned Catherine as empress and ruler. Katerina Oleksiivna gave birth to 11 children, but most of them died in childhood, except for Anna and Elizabeth.

After the death of Peter in 1725, Katerina Oleksiyevna, with the support of the serving nobility and guard regiments, became the first ruling Russian Empress Catherine I, but she died shortly after her death in 1727. reclaiming the throne for Tsarevich Pyotr Oleksiyovich. The first squad of Peter the Great, Evdokiya Lopukhina, outlived his lucky super-nice and died in 1731, having become the king of his onuk Peter Oleksiyovich.

Thronesuccession

The final fate of the reign of Peter the Great was the succession to the throne: who would take the throne after the death of the emperor. When Oleksiy Petrovich was declared successor to the throne, Tsarevich Petro Petrovich (1715-1719, son of Katerina Oleksiivna) died in childhood. The son of Tsarevich Oleksiy and Princess Charlotte, Petro Oleksiyovich, became a direct descendant. However, if we were to vote for the son of the disgraced Oleksiy, the hopes of opponents of the reforms to reverse the old order were dashed, and on the other hand, there were fights among Peter’s comrades, who voted for the stratum of Oleksiy.

5 (16) of the year 1722 Petro issued the Decree on the succession to the throne (conquered by Paul I after 75 years), which confirmed the ancient principle of transferring the throne directly to the people along the human line, and not allowing recognition of the descendant good people from the will of the monarch. The text of this most important decree, bringing the need for this approach:

The decree was so unprecedented for the Russian marriage that it was possible to clarify it and extract it from the swearing-in. The schoolchildren were overwhelmed: “Having taken a Swede for yourself, the queen will not give birth to children, and issued a decree to kiss the cross for the future sovereign, and kiss the cross for the Swede. Definitely the reigning Swede.”

Petro Oleksiyovich was thrust into the throne, but the information about the succession to the throne was no longer open. Who cares that the throne will be taken by either Anna or Elizabeth, Peter’s daughters in love with Katerina Oleksievna. In 1724, Anna began to imagine some kind of claim to the Russian throne after marrying the Duke of Holstein, Karl-Friedrich. If the throne was taken by the young daughter Elizabeth, who was 15 years old (1724), then in her stead the Duke of Holstein ruled, who wanted to help Russia reclaim the lands conquered by the Danes.

Peter and his nieces, daughters of his elder brother Ivan, did not rule: Hanna Kurlyandska, Katerina Mecklenburzka and Paraska Ivanivna.

Having lost only one candidate - Peter's squad, Empress Katerina Oleksievna. Peter needed a human being so that he could continue to deliver the letter to his right, his re-creation. On May 7, 1724, Petro crowned Catherine empress and ruler, and a short hour later he became suspicious of his friends (on the right of Mons). The decree of 1722 destroyed the basic structure of succession to the throne, and Petro’s decline before his death did not occur.

Nashchadok of Peter I

	date of people	date of death	Notes
With Evdokia Lopukhina
Oleksiy Petrovich			Having respected the official successor to the throne until his arrest. The friendship began in 1711 with Princess Sophia-Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbitel, sister of Elizabeth, squad of Emperor Charles VI. Children: Natalia (1714-28) and Petro (1715-30), later Emperor Petro II.
Oleksandr Petrovich
With Katerina
Ganna Petrivna			In 1725 she married the German Duke Charles Frederick. She traveled to Kiel, where she gave birth to a son, Karl Peter Ulrich (later Russian Emperor Peter III).
Elizaveta Petrivna			The Empress from 1741. In 1744 she entered into a secret love affair with A.G. Rozumovsky, from whom, according to the witnesses, she gave birth to many children.
Natalia Petrivna
Margarita Petrivna
Petro Petrovich			Respected as an official descendant of the crown from 1718 until his death.
Pavlo Petrovich
Natalia Petrivna

Most books on history, including some popular Internet resources, usually contain fewer children of Peter I. This is due to the fact that they reached adulthood and lost their singing voice Id in history, under the name of Other children who died in early childhood After other years, Peter I on May 14 were officially registered and recorded on the family tree of the Romanov dynasty of children.

Death of Peter

In the last days of the reign, Petro was very ill (immorably, Kam'yana ailment, uremia). In the summer of 1724, his illness got worse, and in the spring he felt better, but after a dozen hours the attacks got stronger. At the village, Petro decided to take a look at the Ladozky Canal and ran for the sake of his physician, Blumentrost. From Olonts Petro drove to Old Rus' and at the fall of leaves by water he went to St. Petersburg. At Lahti, you had the opportunity to stand waist-deep in the water, fight with soldiers, and sit down in the middle of nowhere. The attacks of illness became stronger, but Petro, not caring about them, continued to take care of the sovereign rights. On the 17th of today, 1725, it happened to him so badly that he ordered to put a church in the courtyard next to his bedroom, and on the 22nd of today he confessed. The forces began to extinguish the sick man, no longer screaming as before, in the face of severe pain, but only just stopped.

On the 27th (7th of February) all sentences to death or penal servitude were amnestied (for murder and convicts in multiple robberies). That same day after another year, Petro grabbed the paper and began to write, but the pen fell from his hand, and only two words could be deciphered from what was written: "Give me everything..." The Tsar ordered him to call to Donna Ganna Petrivna so that she could write under his dictation, but when she arrived, Petro had already forgotten. The story about the words of Peter “Give up everything...” and the order to call Hanna Vidomy for the notes of the Holstein secret guard G. F. Bassevich; to M. I’s thought Pavlenko and V.P. Kozlov, with a tendency to imply the rights of Ganni Petrivna, a friend of the Holstein Duke Charles Frederick, to the Russian throne.

Once it became obvious that the emperor was dying, it became clear who would take Peter’s place. The Senate, the Synod and the generals - all established that they had no small formal right to dispose of a share of the throne, even before the death of Peter, they gathered in the night from 27 to 28 September 1725, in order to create information about the attacker of Peter the Great. Guards officers entered the meeting hall, two guards regiments entered the square, and to the beating of drums, the army led by the party of Katerina Oleksievna and Menshikov, the Senate praising the unanimous decision before the 4th anniversary of the 28th chnya. The throne was ceded to the Senate by Peter's squad, Katerina Oleksiivna, who became the first Russian Empress on 28 June 1725 under the name of Catherine I.

On the cob of the sixth godini wound 28 sіchnya (8 fierce) 1725 Peter the Great died. The funeral service was held at the Peter and Paul Fort Cathedral near St. Petersburg.

The famous court icon painter Simon Ushakov painted the image of the Life-Giving Trinity and the Apostle Peter on a cypress tree. After the death of Peter I, this icon was installed above the imperial tombstone.

Performance evaluation and criticism

In the letter to the French ambassador to Russia, Louis XIV wrote about Peter in this way: “This sovereign shows his concern with preparations for military service and about the discipline of his troops, about the initiation and enlightenment of his people, about not foreign officers and all kinds great people. This mode of action and its increased potential, which is greatest in Europe, can be dangerous for its neighbors and cause even more serious retardation.”

Moritz of Saxony called Peter the greatest man of his century.

S. M. Solovyov expounded Petra in sultry tones, attributing to him all the successes of Russia, both in the internal right and in the current politics, showing the organic nature and historical preparation of reforms:

The historian is aware that the head emperor was responsible for the internal re-creation of Russia, and the Eastern War with Sweden was also a factor for this re-creation. To Solovyov’s thought:

P. M. Milyukov, in his works, develops the idea that the reforms were carried out by Peter spontaneously, hour after hour, under the pressure of specific situations, without any logic or plan, they were “reforms without a reformer.” The same goes for those who “at the cost of ruining the land, Russia was elevated to the rank of a European power.” According to Milyukov, during the reign of Peter, the population of Russia around 1695 was cut short by uninterrupted wars.

S. F. Platonov lay down to the apologists of Peter. In his book “Speciality and Activity,” he wrote:

M. I. Pavlenko noted that the re-creation of Peter is a great step towards progress (even within the framework of feudalism). There is a lot of information about him from today’s important Radian historians: E. V. Tarle, N. N. Molchanov, V. I. Buganov, looking at reforms from the perspective of Marxist theory.

Voltaire wrote more than once about Peter. Before the end of 1759, the first volume was published, and in the year 1763 another volume, “History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great,” was published. The head of the Petrovsky reforms Voltaire Voltaire progress, the Yako Rosiyani hung up for 50 rocks, INNSHIY NAVEL NOT ONE TSEO I reached 500. Petro I, the Yogo Reform, the valuable of the Voltaire Succances Ta Rousseau.

M. M. Karamzin, who recognizes the Great Sovereign, sternly criticizes Peter’s overworldly burying of foreigners and his desire to create Russia with the Netherlands. The drastic change in the “old” way of life and national traditions, introduced by the emperor, in the historian’s opinion, was far from justified. Through the war, Russian sanctified people “became the giants of the world, until they ceased to be, at some point, the giants of Russia.”

V. O. Klyuchevsky gave a super-qualified assessment of Peter’s re-creations. “The reform (of Peter) arose by itself from the urgent needs of the state and the people, instinctively inspired by a powerful people with a sensitive mind and strong character, talents... The reform introduced by Peter the Great had no small direct effect on being neither political nor suspicious, no moral order What had become of this state was not directly related to the task of putting Russian life on an unimportant European basis, introducing a new concept into it, but was interspersed with the goal of reestablishing the Russian state and the people are ready with advanced European means, rational and material, and this very material, and this in essence, it is becoming a thing in Europe... Begun and led by the supreme power, the leader of the people, it has acquired the character and acceptance of a violent coup, a kind of revolution on the minds and nerves of the people.

V. B. Kobrin confirmed that Petro did not change the cornerstones of the most important: serf law. Kriposnytska industry. The current increase in pressure today has marked Russia as facing a crisis in the future.

For R. Pipes, Kamensky, E. V. Anisimov Peter's reforms were extremely generous in character. The Kriposnytsky methods and repressions led to an overstrain of the people's forces.

E. V. Anisimov, taking into account that, regardless of the introduction of the whole, low innovations in all spheres of life of the marriage and the state, reforms were carried out until the conservation of the autocratic-serf system in Russia.

The thinker and publicist Ivan Solonevich gave an extremely negative assessment of Peter’s specialness and the results of his reforms. In my opinion, under the influence of Peter’s activity, there was a break between the ruling elite and the people, the denationalization of the former. Peter himself was guilty of gluttony, incompetence and tyranny.

A. M. Burovsky calls Peter I, among the Old Believers, “the Tsar-Antichrist,” and “an insatiable sadist” and “a crooked monster,” firmly asserting that his activity ruined and corrupted Russia. In his words, everything good that is attributed to Peter was known long before, and Russia, until now, was richly apologetic and free, even after.

Memory

Monuments

Monuments have been erected in honor of Peter the Great in various places in Russia and Europe. The largest and most famous is the Copper Top of St. Petersburg, created by the sculptor Etienne Maurice Falconet. Its preparation and preparation took over 10 minutes. The sculpture of Peter by B.K. Rastrelli was created earlier than the Copper Summit, but was installed in front of the Mikhailovsky Castle later.

In 1912, on the eve of the holy day of the 200th anniversary of the Tula Zbroyov plant, a monument to Peter as the founder of the plant was erected on its territory. Years ago, the monument was erected in front of the factory entrance.

The largest in size of installations in 1997 in Moscow on Moskva-ritsa, sculptor Zurab Tsereteli.

In 2007, a monument was erected to fate in Astrakhan on the Volga embankment, and in 2008 to fate - Sochi.

May 20, 2009 at the Moscow Children's Sea Center named after. Peter the Great” was installed on the chest of Peter I within the framework of the “Alley of Russian Glory” project.

Peter's family is connected with massacre natural objects. So until the end of the 20th century, oak was preserved on Kamyanoy Island in St. Petersburg, with plantings especially ordered by Peter. At the site of his last feat, there was also a pine tree with a memorable inscription near Lahti. Now a new one has been planted in this place.

Orders

1698 – Order of the Subtlety (England) – the order was awarded to Peter during the Great Embassy from diplomatic ceremonies, aka Peter from the city.
1703 – Order of St. Andrew the First-Called (Russia) – for the capture of two Swedish ships from the Neva River.
1712 – Order of the White Eagle (Rich Pospolita) – at the confirmation of the enthronement of the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Augustus II with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
1713 – Order of the Elephant (Denmark) – for success in the Eastern War.

In honor of Peter I

The Order of Peter the Great - a city at 3 steps, originated from the huge organization of the Academy of problems of security of defense and law and order, which was liquidated by the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, splintered fictitious cities, speaking with officials on cities with orders and medals.

Peter I at mystetstva

In literature

Tolstoy A.N., “Peter the First (novel)” - the most popular novel about the life of Peter I, his visions of 1945.
Yuri Pavlovich German - “Russia is Young” - novel
A. Z. Pushkin, having deeply studied the life of Peter and making Peter the Great the hero of his songs, sings “Poltava” and “The Copper Height”, and recalls the novel “Arap of Peter the Great”.
Merezhkovsky D.S., “Petro and Oleksiy” - novel.
Anatoly Brusnikin - “The Nine Savior”
Yuri Tinyanov’s story “Waxy Person” describes the remaining days of the life of Peter I, clearly characterizing the era closest to the decline of the emperor.
A. Volkov’s story “Two Brothers” - describes the life of the various faiths of marriage for Peter and the rise of Peter before them.

At the music

"Peter the Great" (Pierre le Grand, 1790) - opera by Andre Grétry
“The Youth of Peter the Great” (Das Petermännchen, 1794) – opera by Joseph Weigl
“Tsar Tesslyar, or the Life of a Woman” (1814) - singspiel by K. A. Lichtenstein
"Petro the Great, Tsar of Russia, or Livonian smith"
"The Burgomaster of Saardam" (Il borgomastro di Saardam, 1827) - opera by Gaetano Donizetti
“The Tsar and the Teslar” (Zar und Zimmermann, 1837) - operetta by Albert Lortzing
“Pivnichna Zirka” (L'étoile du nord, 1854) - opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer
“Tyutyun’s Captain” (1942) – opera by V. V. Shcherbachov
"Peter I" (1975) - opera by Andriy Petrov

In addition, in 1937-1938, Mikhailo Bulgakov and Boris Asaf'ev worked on the libreto of the opera "Peter the Great", which was lost as an unrealized project (the libreto was published in 1988).

In cinematography

Peter I is a character in dozens of feature films.

Peter I on pennies

Criticism and assessment of Peter I

In a letter to the French ambassador to Russia, Louis XIV wrote about Peter in the following way: “This sovereign shows his concern with preparations for military service and about the discipline of his troops, about the education and enlightenment of his people y, about the capture of foreign officers and various kinds of local people. This mode of action and its increased potential, which is greatest in Europe, can be dangerous for its neighbors and cause even more serious retardation.”

Moritz of Saxony called Peter the greatest man of his century

August Strindberg described Peter as “The barbarian who civilized his Russia; Vіn, who was a place, but he himself did not want to live with them; “Who cared for his squad and gave the women wide freedom - his life was great, rich and beautiful in the husband’s life, and in the private world, as it turned out.”

The Westerners positively assessed Peter's reforms, which is how Russia became a great power and reached European civilization.

The historian S. M. Solovyov spoke about Peter in buried tones, attributing to him all the successes of Russia, both in the internal right and in the modern politics, showing organicity and historical preparation reforms:

The historian took into account that the emperor was in charge of the internal re-creation of Russia, and the Pivnichny War with Sweden was just before this re-creation. To Solovyov’s thought:

P. M. Milyukov, in his works, develops the idea that the reforms were carried out by Peter spontaneously, hour after hour, under the pressure of specific situations, without any logic or plan, they were “reforms without a reformer.” The same goes for those who “at the cost of ruining the land, Russia was elevated to the rank of a European power.” According to Milyukov’s thought, under the hour of Peter’s reign, the population of Russia at the borders of 1695 r. passed away due to uninterrupted wars.
S. F. Platonov lay down to the apologists of Peter. In his book “Speciality and Activity,” he wrote:

In addition, Platonov gives a lot of respect to Peter’s peculiarities, seeing his positive qualities: energy, seriousness, natural intelligence and giftedness, the need for everyone to grow themselves.

M. I. Pavlenko noted that the re-creation of Peter is a great path to progress (even within the framework of feudalism). There is a lot of information about him from today’s important Radian historians: E. V. Tarle, N. N. Molchanov, V. I. Buganov, looking at reforms from the perspective of Marxist theory. Voltaire wrote more than once about Peter. Before the end of 1759, the first volume was published, and in the year 1763 another volume, “History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great,” was published. The head of the Petrovsky reforms Voltaire Voltaire progress, the Yako Rosiyani hung up for 50 rocks, INNSHIY NAVEL NOT ONE TSEO I reached 500. Petro I, the Yogo Reform, the valuable of the Voltaire Succances Ta Rousseau.

M. M. Karamzin, who recognizes the Great Sovereign, sternly criticizes Peter’s overworldly burying of foreigners, his desire to create Russia as Holland. The drastic change in the “old” way of life and national traditions, introduced by the emperor, in the historian’s opinion, was far from justified. Through the war, Russian sanctified people “became the giants of the world, but then ceased to be, at some point, the giants of Russia.”

V. O. Klyuchevsky thought that Petro was afraid of history, but did not understand it. To seize Fatherland from its enemies, devastating it more than any enemy... Afterwards, the power became strong, and the people became poor. “All his creative activity was motivated by the thought of the necessity and omnipotence of the Primus; he was determined to forcefully impose his blessings on the people. b: “The king leads us to goodness, and Isn’t it so bad that this torment won’t bring the stench to the torment that lasts for hundreds of years?

B. U. Kobrin confirmed that Petro did not change the cornerstones of the most important: serf law. Kriposnytska industry. The current increase in pressure today has marked Russia as facing a crisis in the future.

Behind R. Pipes, Kamyansky, N.V. Anisimov, Peter’s reforms have a very super-cheerful character. The Kriposnytsky methods and repressions led to an overstrain of the people's forces.

N.V. Anisimov, taking into account that, regardless of the introduction of the whole, low innovations in all spheres of life of the marriage and the state, reforms were carried out until the conservation of the autocratic-kryposnytsky system in Russia.

Boris Chichibabin. Curse Petra (1972)
Dmitro Merezhkovsky. Trilogy Christ and Antichrist. Petro and Oleksiy (novel).
Friedrich Gorenstein. Tsar Petro and Oleksiy(Drama).
Oleksiy Tolstoy. Petro Pershiy(Novel).

ROMANOVI IN PAINTING (PART 33 - PETER I IN THE GENRES OF PAINTING)

This is the third, final part of the materials about Peter the Great. It consists of three posts. In order to systematize the pictures, we go through the biography of the emperor, taken from the “omniscient” Wikipedia.

Early rocks of Peter. 1672-1689 rocks

Petro was born on the night of the 30th of May (9th of chernia) 1672 in the Terem Palace of the Kremlin (7180 according to the accepted chronology “in view of the creation of the world”).
Father - Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich - has the largest number of descendants: Petro was the 12th child, and the first from another squad, Tsarina Natalia Narishkina. On the day of Saints Peter and Paul, the princes were baptized at the Miracle Monastery (for other dates at the Church of Gregory of Neocaesarea, in Derbitsy, by Archpriest Andriy Savinov) and named Peter.
Having become a queen, he was given to nannies for grooming. On the 4th century of Peter's life, 1676, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich died. His brother, the baptized father, and the new Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich became the guardian of the Tsarevich. Dyak N. M. Zotov gave Peter letters from 1677 to 1680.
The death of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich and the reign of his eldest son Fyodor (from Tsarina Maria Illivnya, daughter of Miloslavskaya) thrust Tsarina Natalya Kirilovna and her family, the Naryshkini, into the background. Tsarina Natalia was afraid to fly to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.

The People of Peter the Great.
Engraving before the illustrated History of the Russian State by M. M. Karamzin. Vidanna Malovnichy Karamzin or Russian history in paintings, St. Petersburg, 1836

Streltsy riot of 1682 when Sofia Oleksiivna came to rule

27th quarter (7th May) 1682 year after 6 years of my rule, the liberal and sick Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich died. It’s time for someone to relinquish the throne: the eldest, sick and half-witted Ivan, now known as the young Peter. Having secured the support of Patriarch Joakim, Narishkin and his followers on the 27th of April (7 May) 1682 brought Peter to the throne.
The Miloslavskys, relatives of Tsarevich Ivan and Princess Sophia by their mother, sought to suppress their interests in Peter’s vote as king. The archers, of which there were over 20 thousand in Moscow, had long shown dissatisfaction and restlessness; and, perhaps, under the influence of the Miloslavskys, 15 (25) Travnya 1682 r. They spoke openly: with cries that the Narishkins had strangled Tsarevich Ivan and were destroying them all the way to the Kremlin. Natalya Kirilivna, hoping to calm the rebels, together with the patriarch and boyars led Peter and his brother to Chervoniy Hanok. The rebellion has not died down. In the first year, the boyars Artamon Matveev and Mikhailo Dolgoruky were killed, then other friends of Queen Natalia, including two of Naryshkin’s brothers.
On the 26th of May, elective troops from the Streltsy regiments appeared at the palace and began to demand that the elder Ivan be known as the first tsar, and the young Petro as the other. Fearing a repeat of the pogrom, the boyars waited, and Patriarch Joakim immediately performed a prayer service at the Assumption Cathedral for the health of the two named kings; and 25 chernies crowned them to the kingdom.
On the 29th of May, the archers attacked so that Tsarina Sofia Oleksiyevna took control of the state through her young brothers. Tsarina Natalia Kirilovna and her son - the other king - went from the courtyard to the palace near Moscow near the village of Preobrazhenskoye. At the Royal Chamber of the Kremlin, a double throne was kept for the young kings with a small crown at the back, through Tsarina Sophia and those nearby who told them how to behave and what they said during the time of palatial ceremonies.

Oleksiy Korzukhin Striletsky was stabbed to death 1682 r. 1882 r.

Mikola Dmitriev – Orenburg Streltsy riot. 1862 r.

Transfiguration and quiet shelves

Petro spent the entire free hour far from the palace - in the villages of Vorobyovo and Preobrazhensky. Due to the fate of the skin, there is a growing interest in military affairs. Petro dressed up and dressed up his “thick” army, which was formed from the same yearlings in clapping games. In 1685, the “potishni”, dressed in foreign captana, marched through Moscow from Preobrazhenskoye to the village of Vorobyovo under the beating of drums in a regimental formation. Petro himself served as a drummer.
1686 to the fate of the 14-river Peter the Great with his “potish” artillery. Firefighter Master Fedir Sommer showed the Tsar a grenade and a fireball on the right.
16 harmats were delivered to Pushkarsky's order. To supply important equipment, the tsar, having received from the Konyushenny order, adult servants who were willing to receive military information, who were dressed in uniforms of a foreign cut and were appointed as funny gunners. The first to wear a foreign uniform was Sergey Bukhvostov. Years ago, Petro washed the bronze chest of this first Russian soldier, as he called Bukhvostov. The quiet regiment became known as Preobrazhensky, and the place of its quartering was the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow.
At Preobrazhensky, opposite the palace, on the Yauzi birch, a “quieter place” was created. Towards the hour of the fort's awakening, Petro himself actively worked, helping to cut the deck and install the harmati. Peter’s creations “The All-Holy, All-Dirty and Divine Council” - a parody of the Orthodox Church – were immediately housed. The fortress itself was named Presburg, most likely, after the then famous Austrian fort of Presburg (nine Bratislava - the capital of Slovakia), because of Captain Sommer. Then, in 1686, the first powerful ships appeared near Preshburg on the Yauza - the Great Shnyak and the Strong Iz Chovny. Petro's family became obsessed with all the sciences related to military law. Under the tutelage of the Dutchman Timmerman, he studied arithmetic, geometry, and civil sciences.
Taking a walk one day near the Timmerman village of Izmailovo, Petro Zaishov walked to the Linen Door, who knew an English boot. In 1688, the family entrusted the Dutchman Carsten Brandt with repairing, repairing and equipping this boat, and then lowered it to the Yauza. However, the Yauza and Prosyanii became too crowded for the ship, so Petro destroyed it at Pereslavl-Zalessky, to Lake Pleshcheev, and slaughtered the first shipyard for the construction of ships. There were already two “Potishny” regiments: Semenivsky reached Preobrazhenskoye, which spread out in the village of Semenivskoye. Preshburg had already thrown himself into the right fort. For commanding regiments and acquiring military science, people with knowledge and evidence were needed. There were no Russian courtiers. So Petro appeared at the German Sloboda.

Illya Repin Arrival of Tsars John and Peter Oleksiyovich to the Semenivsky Potishny Door with escorted mail 1900 rub.

German settlement is the first whore of Peter

The German Sloboda was the closest “next door” to the village of Preobrazhenske, and Petro had long been amazed at its wonderful life. More and more foreigners at the court of Tsar Peter, such as Franz Timmermann and Karsten Brandt, came from the German Freeland. All this inevitably led to the fact that the tsar became a frequent guest of the free world, and suddenly appeared as a great master of the unaffected foreign life. Petro lit a German cradle, began to celebrate German evenings with dancing and drinking, got to know Patrick Gordon, Franz Yakovich Lefort - Peter's future associates, began an affair with Anna Mons. Petrova’s mother stood up against him. In order to fool the 17-year-old son, Natalya Kirilivna decided to befriend him with Evdokia Lopukhina, the daughter of the okolnych.
Petro was not very responsive to his mother, and on 27 September 1689 the fate of the “young” tsar was played out. Less than a month later, Petro left his squad and went to Lake Pleshcheevo for several days. From whose beloved Petro there were two brothers: the eldest, Oleksii, who was successor to the throne until 1718, the young Oleksandr died in childhood.

Preobrazhenskoe and potishni police (engraving)

Mikola Nevrev Petro I in the foreign assembly before his mother Queen Natalia, Patriarch Andrian and Venerable Zotov. 1903 r.

Dmitro Kostilov Vibir shlyahu. Petro Pershiy at the German Sloboda, 2006

Panic of Peter I

Peter's activity greatly agitated Princess Sophia, who realized that with the approach of her adopted brother's birth, she would have to be separated from power.
The campaign against the Crimean Tatars, formed in 1687 and 1689 by the princess’s favorite V.V. Golitsin, was unsuccessful, but was presented as great and generously harvested victories, which resulted in the dissatisfaction of the rich.
On June 8, 1689, at the Holy Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, the first public conflict between the married Peter and the Ruler arose. That day, after the start of the march from the Kremlin to the Kazan Cathedral, began. After the end of the day, Petro went to his sister and voted that she should not dare to leave with the people at the process. Sophia accepted the cry: she took the image of the Most Holy Theotokos in her hands and followed the crosses and crowns. Without preparing for such a result, Petro left the house.
7 serpnya 1689 rub. Unbeknownst to everyone, the situation became overwhelming. On this day, Tsarina Sophia ordered the chief of the Streltsy, Fyodor Shaklov, to arrange for more of his people at the Kremlin, in order to escort them to the Don Monastery for farewell. Suddenly, the news spread that Tsar Petro had planned to occupy the Kremlin with his “sweethearts” at night, kill the princess, Tsar Ivan’s brother and seize power. Shaklovity gathered the Streltsy regiments to march in “great gatherings” on Preobrazhenska and beat all Peter’s henchmen for their intention to kill Princess Sophia. Then they sent three high-ranking guards to work in Preobrazhenskoe to inform them that Tsar Petro was somewhere alone or with regiments.
Peter's followers among the Streltsy sent two like-minded people to Preobrazhensky. After the report, Petro and his small retinue galloped in a carriage to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The legacy of the survivors of the shooting attacks was Peter's illness: for his strong praise, convulsive roars of denunciation began. On September 8, the offended queens, Natalya and Evdokia, arrived at the monastery, followed by the “potish” regiments with artillery. On the 16th of September, a letter arrived from Peter, ordering commanders and 10 privates each to be sent to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Tsarina Sophia defended this order under fear of death, and Tsarina Peter sent a letter informing that it was in no way possible to dismiss this hex.
On the 27th of September, a new letter from Tsar Peter arrived - all regiments should march to Triitsa. Most of the army submitted to the rightful queen, and Princess Sophia had to learn the defeat. She herself destroyed the Trinity Monastery, and then in the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, Peter’s envoys arrived with orders to turn back to Moscow. Nezabar Sophia was placed in the Novodivychy Monastery under the watchful eye.
7 history of accumulations and then depletions Fedir Shaklovity. The elder brother, Tsar Ivan (or John), supported Peter in the Assumption Cathedral and actually gave him all power. Since 1689, he did not take part in the government, although he remained a co-tsar until his death on the 29th century (8 August) 1696. Little did Petro himself take the fate of the ruler, giving new importance to the Narishkin family.

Go to Azov. 1695-1696 rocks

The priority of the activities of Peter I during the first years of the unity was the continuation of the war with Crimea. The first Azov campaign, which began in the spring of 1695, ended shortly in the spring of the same fate due to the availability of the fleet and the unpreparedness of the Russian army to operate on the outskirts of the supply bases. During the winter of 1695-96, preparations began for a new campaign. The activity of the Russian rowing flotilla flared up near Voronezh. In a short hour, a flotilla of various vessels was formed along with the 36-garmat ship “Apostle Petro.” In the spring of 1696, the 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Generalsimus Shein again captured Azov, only this time the Russian flotilla blocked the fort from the sea. Petro accepted the fate of the captain in the gallery. Without waiting for the assault, on the 19th of July 1696 the fortress gave way to fate. Thus was Russia's first exit from the flooded sea.
At the hour of the awakening of the fleet and the reorganization of the army, Petro was tempted to hide on the foreign fakhivs. Having completed the Azov campaigns, he is likely to send young nobles to military service behind the cordon, and inevitably he himself is heading towards Europe.

K. Porter Azov. Take the fort

Andriy Lisenko Petro I at the forge

Yuri Kushevsky Nova is on Russia's right! Descent of the "Principium" gallery at the Voronezk shipyard 3rd quarter 1696 2007 r.

Great embassy. 1697-1698 rocks

In the beginning of 1697, a Great Embassy was sent to Western Europe through Livonia, the main purpose of which was to find allies against the Ottoman Empire. Admiral General F. Ya. Lefort, General F. A. Golovin, and Head of the Embassy Department P. B. Voznitsin were appointed as great ambassadors. In total, up to 250 people reached the embassy, among whom Tsar Petro I himself was under the command of the officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment Peter Mikhailov. Petro was officially not like a tsar. First of all, the Russian Tsar raised prices for the borders of his powers.
Petro visited Riga, Koenigsberg, Brandenburg, Holland, England, Austria, with plans to visit Venice and the Pope. The embassy recruited hundreds of naval officers to Russia and purchased military and other equipment.
At the end of the negotiations, Petro devoted a lot of time to the history of shipbuilding, military affairs and other sciences. Petro worked as a forge in the shipyards of the East India Company, and the ship “Peter and Paul” was commissioned by the Tsar. In England, he saw a brewery, an arsenal, parliament, Oxford University, the Greenwich Observatory and the Mint, which at that time was discovered by Isaac Newton.
The Great Embassy of the Headquarters did not reach: a coalition against the Ottoman Empire could not be created through the preparation of the low European powers before the War of the Spanish Fall (1701-14). However, the end of this war created favorable minds for Russia’s struggle for the Baltic. Thus, there was a reorientation of the foreign policy of Ukraine and Russia from the current one to the traditional one.

Great embassy of Peter I to Europe 1697-98. Right-handed portrait of Peter in a sailor's robe at the hour of his visit to the Dutch Saardam. Engravings by Marcus. 1699 rub.

Daniel Maclise Mid-nineteenth century. Peter I in Deptford in 1698 From collections of the London Gallery

Dobuzhinsky Mstislav Valerianovich. Peter the Great near Holland. Amsterdam, shipyards of the East India Company. (baby) 1910 rub.

Turn around. Turning points for Russia 1698-1700

At the Lipnya of 1698, the embassy was interrupted by a sound about a new Streltsy being stabbed to death near Moscow, who had been oppressed even before Peter’s arrival. After the arrival of the Tsar to Moscow (25 Serpnya) a riot and discord began, the result of which was a one-time punishment of about 800 Streltsy (except for those killed during the suppressed rebellion), and then thousands more until the spring of 1699.
Tsarina Sophia was tonsured in bilberry under the name of Susanna and sent to the Novodivychy Monastery, where she spent the remainder of her life. The same fate befell Peter’s unloved squad, Evdokia Lopukhin, who was forcibly sent to the Suzdal monastery to fight against the will of the clergy.
During his 15 months in Europe, Petro gained a lot and learned a lot. After the return of the Tsar, his transformational activity began, and new signs were immediately changed, which undermined the Old Slavic way of life from the Western European one. Immediately after the first battle, the nearby boyars lost their borid. At the beginning of 1699, Petro’s birth directly on the bench, cutting off the traditional Russian state attire of dignitaries with scissors. The new 7208th river according to the Russian-Byzantine calendar (“from the creation of the world”) becoming the 1700th according to the Julian calendar. Petro Vvіv and the Holy Day of the 1st day of New Rock.

Vasil Surikov Wound of Streltsy cur. 1881 r.

THERE WILL BE...

Petro the First was born on May 30 (9 chervenya) 1672 near Moscow. In the biography of Peter 1, it is important to say that he was the young son of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich and had an affair with Tsarina Natalia Kirillivna Narishkina. For one fate I got involved with nannies. And after the death of his father, his brother and the new Tsar Fedir Oleksiyovich became Peter’s guardian.

Since the age of 5, little Peter began to be taught by the Abets. Lessons were given to you by M. M. Zotov. However, the enlightenment of the future king left him weak and without literacy.

Coming to power

In 1682, after the death of Fyodor Oleksiyovich, the 10-river Petro and his brother Ivan were voted out by the tsars. It was their elder sister, Tsarina Sofia Oleksievna, who took over.
At this hour, Petro and his mother, in confusion, moved away from the courtyard and moved to the village of Preobrazhenskoye. Here Peter 1 became interested in military activity and created “quiet” regiments, which later became the basis of the Russian army. The ships will burst into flames on the right. It’s a lot to spend an hour at the German Freedom, it’s like being a part of European life, making friends.

In 1689, Sofia was separated from the throne, and power passed to Peter I, and the administration of the region was entrusted to his mother and uncle L. K. Narishkin.

Rule of the Tsar

Petro continued the war with Crimea, taking the fortress of Azov. Further, Peter I directed the creation of a strong fleet. Foreign policy Peter I at that time was alert to the allies in the war with the Ottoman Empire. With this method, Petro collapsed to Europe.

The very activity of Peter I was lost on the political elite. It includes shipbuilding, shipbuilding, and the culture of other countries. Turning to Russia after the news about the stabbing of a Streltsy. Due to the increased desire to change Russia, a number of innovations were created for this purpose. For example, the Julian calendar has been introduced.

For the development of trade there would be a need for access to the Baltic Sea. The next stage of the reign of Peter I was the war with Sweden. Having stolen the world from Turechchina, having buried the fortress of Noteburg, Nienschanz. Travna 1703 was inspired by the life of St. Petersburg. May the fate of the future come to you - the sons of Narva and Dorpat. At the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Sweden was defeated. Nezabar, after the death of Charles XII, made peace between Russia and Sweden. New lands were acquired before Russia, and access to the Baltic Sea was cut off.

Reform of Russia

In the late 1721, the biography of Peter the Great received the title of Emperor.

Kamchatka, the conquered shore of the Caspian Sea, was also accepted for his rule.

Petro carried out the military reform several times. Basically, it was about collecting pennies for the maintenance of the army and navy. It was carried out, briefly, seemingly, forcibly.

Further reforms of Peter I accelerated the technical and economic development of Russia. He carried out church reform, financial reform, industrial reform, culture, and trade. The world also carried out a number of reforms created for mass enlightenment: a private school for children and the first Russian gymnasium (1705).

Death is a mess

Before his death, Petro was very ill, but had not yet ruled the state. Petro the Great died on 28 September (8 August) 1725 due to the fire of a fire pit. The throne passed to the squad - Empress Catherine I.

The specialness of Peter I is strong, who, having refused to change as a power, and its people, played most important role History of Russia.

The place was named after the Great Emperor after his death.

Monuments to Peter I were erected in Russia, and in many European countries. One of the most famous ones is the Copper Top in St. Petersburg.

The person of Peter 1 is connected with a lot of historical causes that are important for our state.

It is not surprising that the same fact about the life and work of Peter 1 is becoming the subject of heated debate among historians: what of the known facts about this extraordinary person is reliable, and what is a guess? Important facts from the biography of Peter 1 overwhelmed us; they reveal his positive and negative sides, both the king and the common people. The important facts are the facts of the activities of Peter I, who lost a serious trace in the history of the Russian Empire. All these facts about Peter 1 have accumulated more than one volume of scientific research and filled with themselves hundreds of popular publications.

1. The great Russian Tsar, and then Emperor, Peter 1 ascended the throne on September 18, 1682, and from that hour his troubling period of rule began. Petro successfully ruled the region for 43 years.

2. Peter 1 became Tsar of Russia in 1682. And since 1721 - Great Petro - the first Russian Emperor.

3. Among the Russian emperors there will be more ambiguous and mysterious positions than Petro the Great. This ruler has established himself as a talented, energetic and, at the same time, ruthless leader of the state.

4. Having ascended to the Russian throne, Peter the Great rose up and led the patriarchal land to European leaders. His role in the history of our Fatherland is invaluable, and his life is still amazing.

5. Emperor Petro the Great, who deserved this title due to the significant role he played in the history of Russia, was born on the 30th of May (9th century) 1672. The future emperor’s fathers were Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich Romanov and his friend’s squad Natalia Kirilivna Narishkina.

6. Nature blessed all of his father’s first children with good health, even though Petro was born without any illness. This gave rise to evil people to question the Fatherlandism of Oleksiy Mikhailovich.

7. When the boy turned 4 years old, his father died, and his elder brother, the son of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, took over the disputed throne from his first love with Maria Illivna Miloslavskaya - Fedir Oleksiyovich, who had grown up to ancient history as the sovereign of Ussia Russia Fedir III.

Fedir Oleksiyovych

8. As a result of this reign, Peter’s mother significantly spent her time at court and was destroyed at once, depriving the capital, and destroying the village of Preobrazhenskoe in the Moscow region.

Petro 1 at ditinstvi

9. Preobrazhensky passed through the childhood and youth of Peter 1, who, at the time of the fall of the European thrones, from early rocks became the most prominent teachers of their time, having received illumination, be among the most literate guys. However, the inevitable gap in knowledge in such situations was compensated by the great number of innate talents.

10. During this period, the sovereign lived without noisy games, which took up most of his day. You will soon become thirsty and want to turn to food and drink.

Peter 1 becomes king in 10 years - 1682

11. In his childhood, the king himself was associated with those who, throughout his life, would be his loyal companion and trusted person. Mova go about Oleksandr Menshikov, who took part in all the childish amusements of the future emperor. It’s great that the ruler was absolutely not bothered by the lack of garnish coverage from the sovereign’s official.

12. What is the fuss of this special life. In the 17th century, Petro, who decided to promote the German Freedom, began an affair with Anna Mons, and his mother, in order to break the hateful relationship, forcibly befriended his son with the daughter of a okolnichy, Evdokia Lopukh. differently.

13. This whore, whose young people entered the primus, turned out to be extremely unhappy, especially for Evdokia, who as a result ordered Petro to be tonsured as a monk. It is possible that the very core of his conscience has bothered him to issue a decree that would protect his daughters from marrying without any help.

14. As you can see, the king has two daughters’ friendships. His first retinue was a girl of noble descent, just as the other was a village daughter. Catherine I, a friend of Peter’s squad, was very close to their affairs.

15. Empress Katerina was actually called Martha Samuilivna Skavronskaya. The empress's mother and father were simple Livonian villagers, and she herself began to practice her hand. Martha was once a blonde, but throughout her life she wore dark hair. Take walking low the squad is of great importance to the emperor. Catherine I is the first woman who fell in love with the Emperor. The tsar often discussed important issues of the state with her and listened to her wishes.

16. First, who riveted the cows to the point of being blown, was Petro the Great. On the right, in the past, horses were simply tied up to the point of shock with motorcycles and belts. And the idea of the now familiar shawls, attached to the soles of the booties, was brought by Peter I from Holland in the course of time becoming more expensive in western countries.

17. In order for the fighters of your army to separate the rights and left side, the king ordered them to tie hay on their left leg, and straw on their right leg. The sergeant-major, during drill training, gave the commands: “hay - straw, hay - straw,” and then the company led the squad. Nowadays, in the rich European nations, three centuries ago, the concepts of “right” and “left” were separated by people who were not fully understood. The villagers didn’t care.

18. From Holland, Petro brought a lot of great speeches from Russia. Among them are tulips. Tsibulini of these Roslins appeared in Russia in 1702. The reformer was enchanted by the plants that grow near the palace gardens, having created a “garden office” specifically for issuing overseas tickets.

19. During the hours of Peter, counterfeiters practiced at the sovereign mints as punishment. Counterfeiters were reprimanded for their presence of “up to one ruble, five altins, and groschen pennies of one karbuvanny.” At that time, it was impossible for the sovereign mints to issue any new money. And those who are their Mav are hundred-hundred-hundred dollar counterfeiters. The purpose of the evildoers is to clearly produce new Petro coins for the benefit of the state. The wretched evildoers were sent as punishment to one of the mints to cart coins there. So, in less than one year, 1712, thirteen such “clever ones” were minted at the mint.

20. Peter I – this super-intelligent historical peculiarity is even more impressive. Before speech, the accent, which, timidly stretching out the steps, could stand on itself physical features sovereign. There has been a lot of speculation about the legend about his subversion, which happened just before the border to the edge of Western Europe (1697 - 1698). There were subtle feelings among those who were being encouraged by the same oppositionists about his substitution at the hour of young Peter’s trip with the Great Embassy. So, members of the party wrote that the embassy was a young man of twenty-six years of age, more than average height, generous build, physically healthy, with a mole on his left cheek and wiggling hair, miraculously bright, loving all the time Yes, an Orthodox Christian, who knows the Bible in memory' Yes and so on. But two years later she turned into a completely different person - that it was practical not to speak Russian, to hate everything Russian, to the end of her life without having learned to write in Russian, having forgotten everything that she had before leaving for the Grand Embassy and in a wondrous manner at add new skills and memory. And, we find that the calls have changed again. His growth grew so much that he had to re-sew his entire wardrobe, and his birthmark disappeared into obscurity. Zagalom, turning to Moscow, looked like a 40-year-old man, although at that hour he had just passed 28 years. Everything happened during the two years of Peter’s presence in Russia.

21. As long as historical documents are not compromised, the emperor is growing, who can delay a lot of current basketball players - more than 2 meters.

22. For such a high growth, it is even more surprising that he has a “modest” size: 38th.

23. It’s amazing that the legendary ruler of the Russian Empire could boast of his great status. As historians know, Petro 1 wore a size 48 coat. Descriptions of the autocrat's appearance, denied by his companions, indicate that he was broad-shouldered and had a disproportionately small head.

24. Tsar Petro 1, having rested until the opponents of alcoholism were baked. Before the fight against the veneration of their subjects, the ruler in 1714 began to fight with his powerful humor. He won to reward bad alcoholics with medals. Perhaps world history has never seen an important medal, other than the one that was found by the roasting emperor. For this creation, vikorystovaya chavun, without lance, a similar virib weighing about 7 kg or a little more. The award was given at the police station where alcoholics were taken. They put them on the neck, vikorist and lantsyugi. Moreover, they reliably sealed it, behind the charge of self-employment. Nagorodzheny p'yanitsa mav pass in such a way for a long time.

25. To doubt the reliability of the fact that Petro 1 was of high stature, obscures the lack of obvious facts. Having seen the museums of the region, in the exhibitions of which the peculiarities of speech are presented, the clothes (48 in size!) and the sovereign’s vuzutta, it doesn’t matter to jump into what they would have been impossible to get used to, as if the growth of Peter the 1st is truly the foundation of significant growth. The stench would be just faint. The same thought is suggested by the few beds that were saved, on which, with growth, having exceeded 2 m, it would have been possible to sleep sedentary. Before speaking, the references to the rise of the Tsar allow us to measure with absolute accuracy the size of Peter 1’s leg. So the axis, it was established, that in our days the wines were bought up... 39 in size! Another argument that is mediated by the simple hidden manifestations of the growth of the king, perhaps the loss of his beloved horse Lisetti, is presented in the St. Petersburg Zoological Museum. The horse would have been quite additive, and it would have been difficult for the tall man to sit on it. And, you will decide, it remains: how could Petro 1 genetically achieve such growth, since all his ancestors, as far as we can tell, did not differ in special physical parameters?

26.What could have given rise to the legend about the king’s unique stature? It has been scientifically proven that in the process of evolution over the last 300 years, the growth of people increased by an average of 10-15 cm. catcher, but not for anyone, but for those who it's been a long time since we left. By the end of the world, if the growth of 155 div was completely normal. Today, the size of the legs of Peter 1, the installations behind the images are up, bring up to the top, so that his growth has exceeded 170-180 div.

27. Having seen in 1696 the famous decree “Sea vessels should be kept”, he quickly realized that, in addition to enthusiasm and penny investments, for the success of the paper, the necessary knowledge in the galuz of a ship and a shipmaster Innya. For these very reasons, the warehouse of the Russian embassy (or incognito) was destroyed by Holland, which was also one of the leading maritime powers in the world. There, at the small port town of Saardami, Petro 1 took a course in carpentry and shipbuilding, having quite reasonably judged that the first one is superior to others, requiring himself to learn the secrets of the craft.

28. So, at the sickle of 1697, at the shipyard that belonged to the Dutch shipbuilder Lienst Rogge, a new worker, Petro Mikhailov, appeared, exposing his rice and his youthful delivery extremely similar to the Russian Tsar. At the same time, there was no doubt in anyone’s mind, especially since the Dutch could hardly see themselves as a monarch in a work apron and with a sword in his hands.

29. This overseas voyage of the sovereign significantly enriched the palette of Russian life, and he tried to transfer the richness from what he had a chance to experience there to Russia. For example, Holland was the country where Petro brought potatoes. In addition, from this small power, which is washed by the Plain Sea, Russia wasted by the same fate: tyutun, kava, tulip cibulins, as well as a large set of surgical instruments. Before the speech, the idea of shading their beards arose from the sovereign just as he was leaving Holland.

30. This shows the king’s partiality in a number of ways, not characteristic of other august persons. Zagalnovydom, for example, has a passion for turning. Dosі vіdvіduvachі St. Petersburg Museum "Budinochok Peter I" can see the verstat on which the sovereign hand weaved the various woodworks.

31. An important step in bringing Russia up to the standards accepted by Europe was the introduction of the Julian calendar for Peter the 1st. The colossal number of years, which began to spread to the world, became very difficult to cope with the realities of life in the 18th century. In connection with the 15th anniversary of 1699, the king issued a Decree, apparently before any revolution, the fates began to lead apparently to the calendar adopted behind the cordon, introduced by the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. In this way, 1st Russia, together with the rest of the civilized world, entered not the 7208th year of the Creation of the world, but the 1700th year of the Birth of Christ.

32. The words of the Viyshov and the Decree of Peter 1 about the celebration of the New Year on the first day of today, and not on Veresna, as was the case before. One of the innovations is to decorate your home with new yalinkas.

33. Many important facts about Peter 1 are connected with his burials, among which even the most unexpected ones were buried. Petro spluttered with medicine. I tried myself in surgery and actively studied the anatomy of the human body. Dentistry was the biggest concern for the Tsar. It was fitting for him to suffer from bad teeth. Apparently, with the help of tools brought from Holland, their courtiers often suffered dental problems. At whose place the king began to snort. Then their healthy teeth could be used for distribution.

34. The Emperor thoroughly mastered Volodya with fourteen crafts. However, not all the crafts that Petro tried to master during his life were submitted to him. Just in time, the emperor tried to learn how to weave his legs, but nothing came of it. From that time on, we were cleverly rising to the level of “wise men” who decided to dismantle the science that had seemed so complicated to me.

35. Behavior, external look, the signs of tribute - the sphere of human life is unlikely to have been lost, since Petro 1 did not interfere with his decrees.

36. The most vehement boyars cried out for the order that the borid was in trouble. The Emperor, who wanted to establish European orders in Russia, categorically ordered to shave off the roots of accusations. The protestors of the insurrection quickly acquiesced, and in another attack they received a large donation.

37. Having seen the famous king and the impersonality of other humorous decrees. For example, one of the orders was to prohibit the designation of people with mining hair on the state plantings.

38. Zumiv wants to become famous and fight against national costumes. Some facts from the life of the sovereign confirm that among his decrees there are orders about the wearing of European clothing. I myself appreciated the beautiful reason for wearing low-cut cloth instead of sundresses, and for men - camisoles and shortened trousers.

39. Many miraculous speeches would have appeared in Russia, as if by Petro 1. All the facts are connected with potatoes. Residents of our region were familiar with this vegetable until the tsar brought it from Holland. The first attempts to get rid of potatoes and everyday hedgehogs turned out to be failures. The villagers ate food from the poor looking, not knowing what to bake or cook, and as a result they were convinced of such tasty and life-giving vegetables. Also, in the time of Peter I, rice was first brought to the territory of Russia.

40. Tulips are garnitures, the growth of which in the state also began with the flowers of Peter the Great. Tsibulini of these Roslins, having delivered the autocrat to the brink of Holland, it was about an hour before the end of the war. The Emperor now organized a gardening office, the main purpose of which was to sell overseas contracts.

41. The first museum, the Kunstkamera, was founded by Peter, to house special collections brought from different parts of the world. All the collections of the Tsar in 1714 were transported to the Summer Palace. This is how the Kunstkamera Museum was created. Everyone who visited the Kunstkamera drank alcohol without harm.

42. Katerina I had few impersonal affairs and often pleased the Tsar. Kokhants of the king's squad, Willim Mons, 13 leaf fall 1724 r. after the death ceremony was carried out - through the draining of the head on the 16th of leaf fall in St. Petersburg, and his head was preserved in alcohol and placed in the queen's bedroom.

43. The king issued a decree: all the villains who stole from the sovereign treasury more than the value of a motuzka, shall hang on this motuzka.

44. Petro 1 at the reception in Nimechchina, not knowing how to use serverets and everything with his hands, thereby impressing the princesses with his ineptitude.

45. Petro dreamed of earning a military career as an admiral of the Russian, Dutch, English and Danish fleets.

46. Morska and Viyskova on the right were the king’s favorite spheres. Petro fell asleep in Russia's regular fleet and army. We have steadily begun and picked up new knowledge from these galuzahs. The Naval Academy in Russia was founded by the Tsar in 1714.

47. The Tsar received taxes on the camps that were held by the private authorities. Tsomu wants a rozvitok lazen zagalnogo koristuvannya.

48. In 1702, Peter I was able to take the strong Swedish forts. In 1705, due to the Tsar's forces, Russia was denied access to the Baltic Sea. In 1709, the legendary Battle of Poltava took place, which brought great glory to Peter I.

49. Strengthening the military power of the Russian state was the right of the entire life of the emperor. During the reign of Peter I, the obligatory military obligatory was issued. To create an army, taxes were collected from local residents. The regular army began operating in Russia in 1699.

50. The Emperor achieved great successes in navigation and ships. He was also a wonderful gardener, painter, able to work for a year and paint. Petro 1 often amazed everyone with his virtuoso piano playing.

51. The king saw a letter that ordered the squads to take away drunken men from pubs. In addition, the king was against the wives on the ship, and took them at their worst.

52. During the reign of Great Peter, a number of successful reforms were carried out in the education, medicine, industrial and financial sectors. The first gymnasium and private school for children were opened during the reign of Peter I.

53. Petro was the first to travel far to the European lands. Petro 1 allowed Russia to pursue a full-fledged foreign economic policy and progressive reforms.

54. One of the direct activities of Peter I was the creation of an active fleet in the Sea of Azov, which as a result succumbed to destruction. The exit to the Baltic Sea was specially prompted by the development of trade. The emperor managed to conquer the shores of the Caspian Sea and annex Kamchatka.

55. The foundation of St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 by order of the Tsar. It was only Petersburg who was allowed to make a kamyanitsi since 1703. The Emperor spoke loudly to transform St. Petersburg into the cultural capital of Russia.

56. The king was ordered to choose the title “Emperor Immediately”, depending on what he saw.

57. Today the exact cause of the king’s death is not known. For some reason, Petro suffered from the illness of the mikhur. For others, the most common illness is pneumonia. The king continued to rule the state until the end of the day, regardless of his severe illness. Petro 1 died 1725. Poems at the Peter and Paul Cathedral.

58. The king did not manage to write the commandment, depriving him of a serious trace in the history of the Russian Empire. Catherine 1 passed the rule of the Russian Empire after the death of Peter. After the death of the king, the era of palace coups began.

59. In many neighboring countries there were monuments to Peter 1. The Copper Tower near St. Petersburg is one of the famous monuments to Peter 1.

60. After the death of the king, places began to be named in his honor.

photo from the Internet