Economic glossary of terms

(from the Greek hypothesis - basis, assumption) hypothesis

assumption, which has a scientific basis, which is used to explain economic processes and phenomena and the method of their transfer. In economics, hypotheses are related to both the development of forecasts and the development of new theories.

Glossary of financial terms

HYPOTHESIS

structural part of the rule of law

Glossary of medical terms

Tlumachny Dictionary of Live Language, Dal Volodymyr

hypothesis

and. greek Hypothesis, assumption, guess, intuition. Hypothetical, -tic; witchcraft, fortune telling. Hypotheka w. or mortgage, hypothecary outpost, security, bail outpost, security. Hypotenuse and hypotenuse, math. side of the straight cuticle, protilage to the straight cuticle; palm, kosinets. Hypochondria or hypochondria g. the lowest stage of melancholy, silliness to the point of thoughtfulness, to gloomy thoughts; nudga. Hypochondriac, who has begun to dream of it. Hypochondriac about. The people are susceptible to this illness.

Tlumachny Dictionary of Russian. D.M. Ushakov

hypothesis

hypotheses, g. (Greek hypothesis) (book). It’s a scientific assumption, not completed, but Volodya is very clever and explains a number of phenomena, without anything unreasonable (scientific). Create a hypothesis. Come to the hypothesis. There will be hypotheses. Working hypothesis (div. robotnik 2).

Be it a letdown, let it down, let it go.

Tlumachny Dictionary of Russian. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

hypothesis

Y, f. (Knizhkovy.). Science is understated, which hangs out for clarification. phenomena; vzagali - an indulgence that requires confirmation. Having put forward this hypothesis, R. was confirmed.

New tlumach-verbal dictionary of Russian, T. F. Efremova.

hypothesis

Science is allowed to hang out for the purpose of uniting any kind of people. The evidence will require verification and confirmation by evidence.

rod Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

hypothesis

HYPOTHESIS (Greek hypothesis - basis, assumption) is a universal assumption about the natural (causal) connections of phenomena; Form of development of science.

Great legal dictionary

hypothesis

theoretically, law is a structural element of a rule of law that can be used to determine the minds and actions. Thus, the G. norms of law should allow the court to accept the application from the civil law: non-compliance with the procedure established by law for the preliminary judicial resolution of the dispute; lack of jurisdiction of this court; the application was submitted as an undocumented person.

Hypothesis

Induction(Greek hypothesis - basis, subsumption, vyd hypó - below, below and thesis - position), those that lie at the basis are the cause or reality. For example, the “atoms” of Democritus, the “ideas” of Plato, the “persodvigun” of Aristotle. In the daily life of the word R. - expression in the form of judgement (or judgement) allowed or transfer of something: for example, “transfer of nature” in the formulation of natural laws. Given the primary meaning of the term “G.” we have advanced to the point of replacing the concept of “science R.”, which expresses an incredible judgment about the natural (or causal) connection of phenomena. Behind the words I. Kant, R. - this is not a dream, but a thought about the active stage of speeches, vibrated under the full gaze of the mind. Being one of the ways of explaining facts and maintaining evidence, R. is most often based on the rule: “those that we want to explain are similar to what we already know.” Whether scientific or not, R. begins with cognitive nutrition. For example, “Since the heavenly bodies obey the law of the free fall, then by what order does the possible ruin of the planets?” Nutrition necessitates the need for knowledge to move from ignorance to knowledge, and then it comes down to it, if for confirmation of the new fact there are already given facts, other theories or R. and so on. At the Tsomom Sensі Naukova R., for his gnosaoologic role, the spontaneous lunch of the “knowledge” il “unnecessary” (Zvidsi R. R.'s role in the process of science vidkritty), and behind his logical role - the form of the outburst of nature of nature, sucking out of the way ... ”( Engels F., Div Marx K. and Engels F., Works, 2 editions, vol. 20, p. 555.) The characterization of R. as the main form of obvious mastery of the world reflects not only the role of R. in natural history, but in the common world And its role in modern sciences can serve as an example of K. Marx’s R. materialism in sociology, which, in the words of Lenin, first brought sociology to the stage of science (div. Recent works, 5th edition, vol. 1, p. 136-37, 139-40).

In order to remain scientific, R. must satisfy such demands. 1st reason: scientific R. is obliged to be (at least in principle) re-verified, so that the consequences derived from it by logical deduction, must submit to the last re-verification and confirm (or be satisfied with) the results until following, with caution, obvious factual material, etc. d. Science is the tendency of science to give scientific R. a more precise logical (mathematical) formulation, which will ensure the inclusion of R. as a fundamental principle to a deductive system with further equalization of the results of deduction with the results of caution and experimentation. The purely logical “skeleton” of the procedure for introducing R. (deductive) proof and exclusion of them is given, for example, by the rules of so-called. natural logical concept (div. logic). The technology of methods for confirming R., regardless of its validity at this level of knowledge, is being investigated in the inductive and universal logic (div. Induction), in the theory of statistical data. Yeshen, 2nd benefit: R. is responsible for the mother’s sufficient strength and transferred strength, so explain how the things that I saw there, and the things that were knitted from it. In addition, it is responsible for being the basis for the development of ideas about unknown phenomena (power, characteristic, for the most part, for mathematical R.). 3rd point: R. may be logically super-sensitive. With super-chestful R. Following the rules of logic, one can derive any results that are verified by the senses of the first person, and their lists. Superbly R. is obviously reduced in cognitive value, the 1st and 2nd ones can be seen as scientific R. from the point of view. Robotniks R., who are solely concerned with the “mental explanation” of this phenomenon and do not pretend to represent the “actionable stage of speeches”. Robotniks R. are often vikorist as intermediate lanks in scientific matters due to their didactic value.

Navil E., Logic of Hypothesis, St. Petersburg, 1882; Jevons S., Fundamentals of Science, St. Petersburg, 1881, goal. 23; Asmus St. F., Hypothesis, in the book: Logika, M., 1956; Kuznetsov I. St., About the mathematical hypothesis, “Nutrition of Philosophy”, 1962, ╧ 10; Polya D., Mathematics and truth-telling, Prov. z English, M., 1957; Kopnin P. St., Hypothesis and knowledge of activity, Do., 1962; Novosyolov M. M., Before nutrition about the correct application of scientific methods in the analysis of mental problems, “Nutrition of Psychology”, 1963, ╧ 2; Vilkeev D. St, The role of hypothesis in science, “Radianska Pedagogy”, 1967, ╧ 6; Bazhenov L. B., Such a scientific hypothesis, in the book: Materialistic dialectics and methods of natural sciences, M., 1968.

B.V. Biryukov, M.M. Novosyolov.

Wikipedia

Hypothesis

Hypothesis(- submissiveness; vіd - below, pіd + - thesis) - submissiveness chi zdogad; a statement that conveys proof to the substitution of axioms, postulates that generate evidence. A hypothesis is considered scientific because it satisfies the scientific method, for example, Popper's criterion, so that it can potentially be verified by critical experiment.

It can also be seen as a form of development of knowledge, which is based on the assumptions that are associated with the method of understanding the authorities and the causes of the investigation of the phenomena.

As a rule, a hypothesis is formed on the basis of a number of observations (cases) that support it, and it looks plausible. Hypothesis either bring to the fore, transforming it into an established fact (a marvelous theorem, theory), or idle(for example, butt, pointedly counter-butt), transferring to the category of hibnih firmly.

That unproven hypothesis is called hidden problem.

Hypothesis (mathematics)

hypothesis- a statement that, on the basis of available information, appears to be highly confidently true, but for which it is not possible to reject a mathematical proof. A mathematical hypothesis is an open mathematical problem, and an open mathematical problem, which is a problem of clarity, can be formulated in the form of a hypothesis. Not every mathematical problem can be formulated as a hypothesis. For example, it is impossible to provide a specific solution to a specific evaluation system and specific optimization for 2208 unknowns, otherwise such a solution may not only be a practical, but rather a purely mathematical result

The Riemann hypothesis, Fermat's Last Theorem, Waring's conjecture and other mathematical hypotheses played an important role in mathematics, and as a result of their proof, they led to the creation of new findings and investigation methods.

Apply the word hypothesis to literature.

In the immoderate rank of Kant-Laplasovsk hypothesis and the recognition of the possibility of abiogenesis was associated with dialectical materialism, and their enumeration was considered unacceptable from a dialectical view.

The main components of the investigation were the methods of guarding facts and logical methods - alignment, selection, registration, abstraction, classification, meaning to understand, conclusions, hypotheses etc.

So, by the way, what your Matvy Belov brought to your Leonid Seregin, I don’t include hypothesis Radyan's eternal Agreste about the invasion of the Earth by the people of distant worlds?

“Well,” said Sentsov, “let’s accept Azarov’s dismissal as a worker.” hypothesis.

The whole hour while Sailors talked about his kohana hypotheses Marina, from the same burials, marveled at him, as she marveled at her at the Brest Fort when she heard about the accumulation of energy in the magnetic field of the superconductors.

Hypothesis About the complexity of the elements, it is entirely due to the manifestations of alotropy of Razni speech, which are mentally viewed as simple, can be in several forms, which may vary in different ways of power.

І the share of Solzhenitsyn, і the share of Galich, and the shares of thousands of other dissenters, arrested and exiled, as і the share of Amalrik himself, his simple hypothesis about the daily routine of the police regime.

Vaynek is here and guessing hypothesis about the anisotropy of space: some directions are energetically significant, others are smaller, and the fine structure of space is such that in Russia along straight lines, and behind other major trajectories, energy expenditures in all directions average out , and the anisotropy of space becomes unmistakable.

We, zokrema, wanted to know the arguments for the sake of hypotheses about those that Antarctica is a continent, and not an archipelago of islands, not frozen under ice.

The available data confirm the fantastic hypothesis cosmic bulbs, but we can’t handle anything: the bulbs are unacceptable to you, like Rorik Harutyunyan.

Repeatedly from the bioluminescence of their oceans, the actions of the Europeans hung on the assumption that they were living things, because of their supra-mundane brightness, such supernatural hypotheses.

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and de Blainville saw the vision from different points hypothesis Cuvey, and the incredibly prominent superstructure that spiraled into paleontology, has recently been renewed in a slightly changed form: Professor Huxlet and Aries are one opponent, the other the founder of this hypothesis.

The scheme is given, clearly, it is idealistic, but it is considered as hypotheses There is one advantage: once implemented, the power can really assess the scale of the problem of the lower class and at the same time understand its powers of what can be done to improve it.

However, Alfred Wegener formulated hypothesis, which immediately became the subject of heated discussion.

XX century of vinyl hypothesis, that all the foundations of the Old Testament tradition are based on Babylon.

Hypothesis (dictionary of terms of logic)

(from the Greek hipothesis - basis, subsumption) a-position that hangs in front, a mental explanation of an individual object or group of objects; let go of the present phenomenon. R. may be based on the understanding of the object, the reasons for its guilt, its authorities and associations, the past and future, etc. Based on the basic knowledge about the number of manifestations, R. plays the role of an important principle that directly and moves further caution and experimentation. R. is an indispensable tool for the development of scientific knowledge. As much as there is certain knowledge that has not yet been presented logically and not sufficiently confirmed by evidence to become reliable, R. is not true and not false. One can say about her that she is unimportant, lying between truth and lies. Having rejected the confirmation, R. transforms himself into the truth and to which he attributes his belief. Simply put, G. becomes a gentleman and again ceases to be R.R. hangs out in science for the most important specific problem: explanation of new factual data, elimination of counter-theories with negative results of experiments, etc. The process of Primer R., during any it is either discarded or recreated on a reliable basis (the R. is flared up, so that there is a wide range of phenomena, it becomes a scientific theory), in principle, it does not differ from the establishment of any theoretical framework. Nybilsh with a mileage of the method of the Methods of the Overchance Rodliti on the theoretical TA EMPIRICHICHI, one, one, the same, the yak of the very roserizennya of the theoretical TA of the Emerican Banner. Theoretical methods seek to test R.'s investigation for non-superficiency, for empirical verifiability, for suitability to all classes of investigative objects, for removing it from more obscure provisions, for confirming it through additional re-entry. This is the theory within the framework of which it is hanging. Empirical methods include careful guarding of the manifestations transmitted by R. (wherever possible), and confirmation of evidence that comes from it. One of the criteria for the coverage of R. is based on factual material, on the basis of which, for the purpose of explanation, it is hung; R. is also obliged to conform to the laws, theories, etc. that have become established in science. This is the sound. mental non-superness. Being fundamentally important, it means that with R. it is necessary to force a full, passive commitment to the point that her hanging respects the fact. The facts are not only the final moment of the construction of R., but also the preparation to the end of the day and the possible adjustment of both the assumption that hangs and the facts themselves. In the case of young minds, it is right to tell R. that it is superb to point out well-established facts: emerging facts from a similar theoretical context, it is tempting to look at them from a new point of view and anticipates the possibility of identifying in them those that previously went unnoticed. There is always a need to use R. with theoretical principles established in science: the validity of R. is reasonable until such time as there is a direct affirmation of a beautiful, effective theory, and not just a saving of the old theory. ї. Another thing that is necessary for R.’s mental conditioning is verification, which means that R. is obliged, in principle, to allow the possibility of expression and the possibility of confirmation. R., which does not confirm this, does not indicate a path for further investigation. Such assumptions about the origin of supernatural objects, which do not manifest themselves in anything, but G. about living force

Hypothesis (psychological dictionary)

Gipoteza (vid Grets. Hypothesis - the basis, allowed) - allowed about the skeam of the power of the Power of the Svit, the vinika yak factor of the oriyalosti - ry is bogaying the submarous picture of Svit, and the iznivu in іndiviad. Since the solution to the problem is unknown to the individual, then even hidden hypotheses are formed from the very beginning, and by verifying them, the answer is established directly by search. Like hidden hypotheses, they are necessarily theoretical concepts - the process of developing hypotheses and the nature of the hypotheses themselves can be intuitive, without reflection of logical arguments.

Statistical hypothesis

A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about the specific empirical characteristics of a subgroup in a given group.

Topic VI. Hypothesis

Formal logic is both a form of abstract thought and a form of development of scientific knowledge. Such are the facts of science, which are popularized in the need of their explanation, a scientific problem, the primary problem in the form of a hypothesis, which is confirmed or expressed in the course of proof, and, by definition, a theory that formulates laws.

Between all these forms there is a deep internal connection. The cutaneous attack form includes the most important results of the first. To be precise, let’s look at the attack scheme:

FD - facts of action, which are direct knowledge of people

FN - facts of science (representation of facts of activity in science)

P - statement of the problem (knowledge about the unknown, awareness of the unknown)

G - hypotheses (scientific assumptions about the creation of some invisible phenomenon, about its causes, structure, functions)

D - scientific proof (the process of establishing a hypothesis) T – new theoretical knowledge

As can be seen from the diagrams, The theoretical stage of knowledge begins with a hypothesis, This itself indicates its place in scientific knowledge, and reduces our interest to its logical characteristics.

Logical characteristics of the hypothesis

The knowledge of any manifestation of action, apparently, begins from the collection and accumulation of the surrounding facts that lie before that manifestation. Facts that may be at the beginning of knowledge are always insufficient to summarize and clearly explain this phenomenon, to create a reliable conclusion about what it is, the reasons for its guilt, the laws of development, etc. Therefore, the knowledge of objects and under the external world often proceeds from vicarious hypotheses. Without waiting to accumulate facts for a residual, reliable conclusion (for example, about the nature and reason for the development of the discovered phenomenon), give the beginning of a clear explanation of them, and then develop and complete them. What is a hypothesis?

The reality of the hypothesis

The hypothesis, as well as the concepts, propositions, concepts, as discussed in the previous sections, reflects an objective light. And in this way it is similar to the names of the forms of thought. Now the hypothesis is being challenged by them. Its specificity lies not in what it represents in the material light, but in the fact that yak beats, then. amazingly, amazingly, and not categorically, unreliably. It is therefore unusual that the term “hypothesis” itself means “suspended” in the Greek translation.

It is obvious that when a concept is defined through the closest genus and species subdivision, it is necessary to indicate the essential signs that differentiate this species from other species that are included in the closest genus. The closest genus for a hypothesis as a result of cognitive activity is the concept of “suspense”. What is the specific significance of this type of assumption - hypothesis - compared to other types of assumption, let's say, fantasy, assumption, transference, everyday assumption or guessing? The validity of the hypothesis requires searching in the form not of “About a proposition”, but in the form of “As a proposition”.

Coming from this, it is necessary to see such Essential signs of a hypothesis.

According to the first A hypothesis is a special form of development of scientific knowledge. Once a hypothesis has been established in science, it is possible to go beyond the scientific facts that exist in a phenomenon until they are established and the laws of development of that phenomenon are known.

In a different way, As a result, scientific hypotheses are always accompanied by hypotheses that follow theoretical explanations of the phenomena. It will always appear in the form of a closed judgment or a system of interconnected judgments about the power of single facts and natural connections between phenomena. Judgment is once again more problematic, but it shows a more comprehensive theoretical knowledge. Sometimes the hypothesis arises from the principles of deduction. For example, the hypothesis of K.A. Timiryazev about photosynthesis was derived primarily deductively from the law of conservation of energy.

On the third, a hypothesis is something grounded that rests on specific facts, an assumption. Therefore, the hypothesis is not a chaotic and predictable, but a natural and logical cognitive process that leads people to the acquisition of new knowledge about objective reality. For example, the new heliocentric system of N. Copernicus, which reveals the idea of ​​​​wrapping the Earth around the Sun and put forward by him in the work “On the wrapping of the celestial spheres,” revolved around real facts and brought to light the impossibility of the then-fearful geocentric concept.

These essential signs in their totality are completely sufficient for, on their basis, to formulate a hypothesis from other types of assumptions and to determine their essence. Hypothesis (from the Greek hypothesis - basis, assumption) - this incredible assumption about the cause of any phenomena, the reliability of which in the current state of discovery and science cannot be verified and proven, otherwise it explains the data of the phenomenon, without any information rosumili; one of the methods of cognitive activity.

It is important to remember that the term “hypothesis” has a double meaning. First of all, by hypothesis we understand the assumption itself, which explains the phenomenon that is to be avoided (hypothesis with a narrow meaning). In other words, as a method of thought, which includes the hanging of the assumption, its development and proof (a hypothesis in a broad sense).

Another, more powerfully, and with a complex process of thought that leads from ignorance to knowledge. Tracing the logical form of this process becomes one of the tasks of logic. “With the ever-expanded hypotheses,” said K.A. Timiryazev, “science has turned into a pile of bare facts.”

A hypothesis will often appear as an assumption about the cause of past phenomena, about a natural order that has already begun, but its assumption explains the totality of phenomena that are well known from history or are being wary of at this time. Our knowledge, for example, about the formation of the Sonya system, the formation of the earth’s core, and the evolution of the Earth’s life is hypothetical.

The hypothesis finds its foundation in two ways: firstly, when, having rejected confirmation, it is reinvented on reliable knowledge and becomes part of the theory; differently, if the hypothesis is simple and becomes lost knowledge.

When formulating a hypothesis, it is necessary to ensure such an important characteristic as testability, which conveys the availability of adequate methods and techniques for verifying the hypothesis.

See the hypotheses.

According to the level of sophistication, scientific hypotheses can be divided into private, private, and individual.

A false hypothesis is a scientifically grounded assumption about the causes, laws and patterns of natural and natural phenomena, as well as the patterns of human mental activity. Secular hypotheses are proposed to explain each class of phenomena described, revealing the natural nature of their interactions at any given time.

A private hypothesis is a scientifically grounded assumption about the causes, similarities about the patterns of some objects, seen from the class of objects of nature, married life or mental activity of a person. Private hypotheses are common both in natural sciences and in historical sciences. Private hypotheses are the same assumptions that stagnate in the judicial practice, because here one has to think about the individual cases, the actions of people, in addition to the facts, causally connected with the crime.

A variation of the private hypothesis is the version.

The version is one of the most impersonal and an explanation that does not avoid the others, but is a blurring of the actual fact, appearance, idea.

A single hypothesis is a scientifically grounded assumption about the causes, similarities and patterns of certain facts, specific ideas and manifestations. The doctor will make one hypothesis at a time when treating a specific patient, selecting individual medications and dosing.

In the course of confirmation of hidden, private and individual hypotheses, people will develop working and scientific hypotheses.

The scientific hypothesis explains the patterns of development of natural phenomena, marriage and thought, and may lead to future benefits:

• * being the only analogue of the process, the phenomenon;
• * give an explanation of a large number of furnishings that are associated with this phenomenon;
• * appear in the minds of prophesying other revelations, which do not enter until those, on the basis of which there was a beginning.

A working hypothesis is not an assumption that usually occurs at the first stages of investigation. The working hypothesis does not directly address the actual causes of the observed phenomena, but rather serves as a mental assumption that allows you to group and systematize the results of the warning system and the date of the description of the phenomena that make it possible to be careful. yum.

The specificity of the working hypothesis is in its mental and self-important acceptance. For the investigator, it is extremely important to systematize the obvious factual data at the very beginning of the investigation, rationally process them and identify avenues for further investigations. The working hypothesis still reduces the function of the first systematizer in the process of research.

In shipping practice, when certain surrounding facts and circumstances are explained, there are often low hypotheses that explain these facts in different ways. Such hypotheses are called versions.

Knowledge, separated from additional private versions, is the basis for the investigation, specification and clarification of the official version, which explains the evil deeds as a whole. In my opinion, the hidden version allows me to outline the main directions for hanging private versions of previously unidentified settings.

Based on their functional significance, hypotheses can be divided into types.

informational hypotheses

instrumental hypotheses

Hypotheses of an informational nature are formulated at the initial stage of investigation (or characteristic of pre-earth-earths) and are subject to one change. In other words, the experimenter who begins the investigation will be aware of how and by what means the investigation goal can be achieved. (If you do it this way... then you will see the effect...)

Moving on to the formulation of a multi-factorial hypothesis, the investigator translates this into an instrumental character that transmits to the system of inputs, control inputs, which ensures the achievement of traceability.

Based on the mechanism of formation, hypotheses can be divided into simple (inductive and deductive) and complex (inductive and deductive).

The inductive-deductive hypothesis includes elements of the two previous types of hypotheses, placing the sequence of procedures for the synthesis of theoretical fragments - introducing new theoretical knowledge, based on the analysis of which the transfer of previously unknown aspects is deduced and the authorities of the subject under investigation.

The concept of hypothesis (Greek ὑπόθεσις - “basis, assumption”) is a scientific assumption, the truth of which has not yet been confirmed. A hypothesis can be used as a method for the development of scientific knowledge (experimental verification is excluded), as well as an element of the structure of a scientific theory. The creation of a hypothetical system in the process of creating these and other rational operations allows people to easily negotiate and visually transform the devices of their objects. The process of forecasting in relation to these objects takes on a more concrete and detailed character.

History of the development of the hypothesis method

The use of the hypothetical method marks an early stage in the development of ancient mathematical knowledge. In Ancient Greece, mathematicians used a clear experiment for mathematical proofs. This method is based on a suspended hypothesis with a further development from it and is based on an additional analytical deduction. Meta to the method was applied to the translation of cob sciences to allow and allow. Plato breaks down his powerful analytical-synthetic method. At the first stage, the proposed hypothesis is subject to further analysis; at the other stage, it is necessary to carry out a logical sequence of steps in the reverse order. If this is possible, the final permission must be confirmed.

Just as in ancient science, the hypothetical method stagnates more in the application of form, among other methods, such as the 17th century. the hypothesis begins to be recognized as an independent method of scientific investigation. The greatest development and appreciation of its status within the framework of scientific knowledge is the method of hypotheses, taking away from the work of F. Engels.

A hypothetical idea for a child

The procedure for formulating hypotheses is one of the most important stages in the development of mental health in a child. For example, the Swiss psychologist J. Piaget wrote about this in his work “The Language and Mystery of the Child” (1923).

Applying hypotheses for children can be developed already at the early stages of starting a diet in children. So, children can be prescribed nutritional supplements about those who tell the bird to know the way to the day. The children are beginning to hang out in their own way. Apply hypotheses: “the stinks will follow those birds into the land that already flew the day before”; “orientate yourself by the bushes and trees”; “to feel the warmth of the wind”, etc. At the beginning of the mind of a 6-8 child, the child is oriented toward his centricity; In its own way, the development of a hypothetical mentality makes it possible to capture this super-fineness, satisfying the curiosity with a body of evidence when grounding these and other types of evidence. Further, when moving to secondary school, the process of generating hypotheses becomes increasingly complex and new specifics emerge - a more abstract nature, reliance on formulas, etc.

The effort to develop a hypothetical idea is actively being pursued within the framework of the education of children, inspired by the system of D.B. Elkonina -

Timing is not less, regardless of the formulation, the hypothesis and assumptions about the connection of the two or more changes in the singing context and the obligatory component of the scientific theory.

Hypothesis in the system of scientific knowledge

A scientific theory cannot be formulated using any kind of inductive inductive explanation of scientific evidence. As a middle line, a hypothesis emerges that explains the totality of these and other facts and phenomena. This is the most complex stage in the system of scientific knowledge. Intuition and logic play a leading role here. Purification by powerful forces is still evidenced by science - it is not a crime. Its truth can only be judged by the truth of these premises, on which the stench is based. The task of the investigator at different times lies in the choice between the impersonality of empirical facts and the empirical recognition of the most important, social and scientific background of these facts.

In addition to the validity of the hypothesis with empirical data, it is also necessary that it conform to such principles of scientific knowledge as reasonableness, economy and simplicity of thought. This hypothesis is due to the insignificance of the situation, which is explained in the context of current scientific knowledge. This may also lead to the emergence of super-intelligent judgments on the empirical level. With the help of this analysis, it is necessary to draw up new hypotheses.

Specificity of actual hypotheses

The connection with this is that the hypothesis at its core revolves around the idea of ​​prophecy (prophecy), a trace of the mother’s respect, which is not yet reliable, but a certain knowledge, the truth of which still needs to be proven. In this case, it is your responsibility to swallow all the facts that these scientific gossips are talking about. As R. Carnap points out, since the investigator admits that the elephant is an excellent swimmer, then there is no one specific elephant that could be kept in one of the zoos. Sometimes the English article the (in the Aristotelian sense - plural meaning) is used to talk about a whole class of elephants.

The hypothesis systematizes already existing facts, and also introduces the emergence of new ones. Also, if we look at the application of hypotheses in science, we can call the quantum hypothesis of M. Planck, which he put forward at the beginning of the twentieth century. This hypothesis, in its turn, led to the emergence of such theories as quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics and others.

The main power of the hypothesis

Whatever the hypothesis may be, either confirmation or falsehood can be rejected. In this way, we can cope with such powers of scientific theory as verification and falsification.

The verification process directly establishes the truth of one or another piece of knowledge in the form of an empirical verification, after which the tracking hypothesis is confirmed. An example may be the atomistic theory of Democritus. Also, we can distinguish assumptions that can be subject to empirical revision, and those that, in principle, cannot be verified. Thus, the affirmation: “Olya loves Vasya” cannot at all be verified, while the affirmation: “Olya seems to love Vasya” - can be verified.

Verification can be indirect in nature, if the conclusions are based on logical conclusions with directly verified facts.

The process of falsification, in its own way, directs the establishment of a mild hypothesis in the process of empirical verification. At the same time, it is important to note that the results of testing the hypothesis by power forces cannot be established - an alternative hypothesis is necessary for the further development of further researched knowledge. Since there is no such hypothesis, the first hypothesis is impossible.

Hypothesis in experiment

The hypotheses that are put forward for experimental confirmation are called experimental hypotheses. Given the stench, it is not necessary to rely on theory. V. N. Druzhinin sees three types of hypotheses from the point of view of their approach:

1. Theoretically grounded - which is grounded on theories (models of reality) and forecasts, inheritances of these theories.

2. Experimental sciences also confirm (or simply prove) other models of reality, but they are based not on formulated theories, but on the intuitive assumptions of the investigator (“Why wouldn’t it be so?..”).

3. Empirical hypotheses, formulated according to a specific situation. Apply hypotheses: “Knock the cow on the nose, and wave your tail” (Kozma Prutkov). After confirmation of the hypothesis in the process of experiment, it acquires the status of fact.

The main advantage of all experimental hypotheses is the power of operationalizability, such that hypotheses are formulated in terms of specific experimental procedures. In this context, three types of hypotheses can also be seen:

• hypotheses about the presence of this or another phenomenon (type A);
• hypotheses about connections between boxes (type B);
• hypotheses for the obviousness of a causal link between phenomena (type B).

Apply type A hypotheses:

• What is the explanation of the phenomenon of “zsuvu do rizik” (social psychology term) in the process of group praise and decision?
• What is life like on Mars?
• Is it possible to transmit thoughts to the assembly?

You can also store here the periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendelev, based on the transfer of elements not yet discovered at that time. In this manner, to this type, all hypotheses about facts and phenomena are presented.

Apply hypotheses to type B:

• All external manifestations of cerebral activity can be reduced to fleshy organs (I.M. Sechenov).
• Extroversions tend to be greater than introversions.

Apparently, this type of hypothesis is characterized by the same and other connections between objects.

Apply type B hypotheses:

• Subcentral force is equal to gravity and reduces it to zero (K.E. Tsiolkovsky).
• The child experiences the development of her intellectual abilities

This type of hypothesis is based on independent and independent changes, the connections between them, as well as a number of additional changes.

Hypothesis, disposition, sanction

The applications of these data are considered within the framework of legal knowledge as elements of a legal norm. It should be noted that the nutrition of the structure of legal norms in jurisprudence is the subject of discussion of both domestic and foreign scientific thought.

A hypothesis in jurisprudence is partly a norm, the original mind of a norm, on facts in which it begins to function.

A hypothesis within the framework of law can express such aspects as the place/hour of the song; the subject's allegiance to the singing power; terms of the formality of legal norms; the state of a healthy subject, which includes the possibility of realizing both other rights and others. An example of the hypothesis of the rule of law: “The child of unknown fathers, manifestations of the white of the Russian Federation, becomes a giant of the Russian Federation.” Apparently, the location of the subject of a particular power is indicated. There is a simple hypothesis. The applications of such hypotheses need to be expanded even further. A simple hypothesis is based on one circumstance (fact) that is subject to action. Also, the hypothesis can be complex, since two or more conditions are considered. In addition, there is an alternative type of hypothesis that conveys actions of a different nature, attributed by law to one of these and other reasons.

The disposition is aimed at consolidating the rights and obligations of participants in legal transactions, determining their possible and proper behavior. Like a hypothesis, a disposition can have a simple, complex or alternative form. A simple disposition has one legal inheritance; for folding ones - about two or more, occur simultaneously or in aggregate; in an alternative disposition - about the differences over the nature of the inheritance (“or”).

The sanction, in its entirety, is partly a norm that indicates good approaches to ensure rights and obligations. In many cases, sanctions directly involve specific types of legal liability. In terms of importance, there are two types of sanctions: absolutely significant and clearly penal. At the first stage, we have to deal with legal issues that do not provide the usual alternatives (recognition of inactivity, transfer of ownership rights, fines, etc.). In another case, there may be a number of solution options (for example, in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, there may be a fine or a reduction in liberty; the scope of this line is punished - for example, from 5 to 10 years, etc.). Also, sanctions can be either punitive or legal.

Analysis of the structure of legal norms

Apparently, the structure of “hypothesis – disposition – sanction” (the application of a legal norm) can be presented in the following form: HYPOTHESIS (“like...”) → DISPOSITION (“then...”) → SANCTION (“otherwise...”). However, in reality, all three elements in the rule of law are rarely fulfilled. Most often we see on the right a binary structure, which can be of two types:

1. Regulatory norms of law: hypothesis-disposition. In their chergu, they can develop into goiters that protect and renew.

2. Security rules of law: hypothesis-sanction. There can also be three types: absolutely significant, definitive and alternative (different classification of sanctions).

In this case, the hypothesis cannot necessarily be applied to the beginning of legal norms. The relevance of the song structure undermines the rule of law in the form of individual regulations (covered for a one-time action), as well as the fundamental principles of law (which do not see the hypotheses and sanctions that regulate regulations without special real importance).

Let's look at the applications of hypotheses, dispositions, sanctions in articles. Regulatory norms of law: “Prolific children who have reached the age of 18 are guilty of pitying about unprosperous fathers” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, part 3, art. 38). The first part of the norm is that there is a problem among prime-age children who have reached the age of 18 – this is a hypothesis. Vaughn, according to the hypothesis, to confirm the mental norms - the order of the accumulated rank. An indication of the need to pay attention to unprofitable fathers is a disposition that strengthens the singing obligation. Also, the elements of a legal norm are hypothesis and disposition - the application of a binding norm.

“A contractor who has been appointed to work in an inappropriate manner has no right to complain that the deputy has not exercised control and supervision over his duties, crime...” (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part 4, Article 748). This is the application of the hypothesis and disposition of the protective norm.

Security rules of law: “For school, for those under age, who have not reached the 14th birthday, their fathers say...” (Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part 1, Article 1073). This structure: hypothesis-sanction, butt of an absolutely perfect legal norm. This species is of the same exact mind (skoda, as it is already a minor) in a single exact sanction (similarity of fathers). Hypotheses in funeral legal norms indicate destruction.

An example of an alternative legal norm: “Shahraystvo, committed by a group of individuals behind the front line ... is punishable by a fine of up to 300 thousand. rubles, or in the amount of wages or other income owed for a period of up to 2 years, or by oblast workers for up to 480 years. ." (Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 159, paragraph 2); “Shakhraystvo, committed by a special person with the help of his official position... is punishable by a fine in the range of 100 thousand to 500 thousand rubles” (Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 159, paragraph 3). Apparently, the facts of cheating that are discussed are applications of scientific hypotheses, and other alternatives to accountability for these crimes are applications of sanctions.

Hypothesis within the framework of psychological research

If we are talking about psychological scientific research that revolves around methods, then the hypothesis in this case is obliged to provide us with such advantages as clarity and conciseness. Yak means E.V. Sidorenko follows these hypotheses in the course of degeneration, more firmly, and draws a clear picture of what he has established.

It is common to see the null and alternative statistical hypotheses. The first step deals with the number of values ​​in the following signs, using the formula X1-X2=0. It has its own symbol, X1, X2 - a significant sign for which the setting is carried out. Obviously, the goal of our investigation is to bring the differences between the significant signs and we want to formulate the null hypothesis.

The alternative hypothesis confirms the statistical significance of the differences. Thus, there is an alternative hypothesis - this is a firm conclusion that we can achieve. This is also called an experimental hypothesis. It should be noted that in some cases the researcher may, however, be able to arrive at a null hypothesis that does not meet the goals of his experiment.

You can make the following hypotheses from psychology:

Null hypothesis (H0): There is a tendency for the sign to increase (change) when moving from one selection to another and a phased one.

Alternative hypothesis (H1): The trend of increasing (changing) signs during the transition from one selection to another is not linear.

It is acceptable that a group of children with a high level of anxiety were given a series of trainings to reduce the level of anxiety. The data of this indicator was collected before and after the trainings. It is necessary to establish whether the difference between these species is statistically significant. The null hypothesis (H 0) results in the following view: a trend towards a decrease in the level of anxiety in the group after conducting training sessions. There is an alternative hypothesis (H 1) that sounds like this: the trend of a decrease in the level of anxiety in the group after the training is not linear.

Pixlya is the fastener of that mathematical criterion (set, G-criteriy sign) Doslizdnik can do not know the inconspicuous vision of the statistical significant “Zsuva” of the doslijuvuvannaya sign (RIVNE Trivozhnosti). If the indicator is statistically significant, the alternative hypothesis is accepted and the null is rejected. In the case of the protracted case, however, the null hypothesis is accepted.

Also, psychology can also identify a connection (correlation) between two and several variables, which is also reflected by the follow-up hypothesis. Butt:

H 0: the correlation between the indicator of the student’s concentration of respect and the indicator of success in completing the test does not differ from 0.

H 1: the correlation between the indicator of the student’s concentration of respect and the indicator of success in completing the test is statistically significantly different from 0.

On the other hand, the application of scientific hypotheses to psychological research will require statistical proof; signs can be placed up to the division (empirical and theoretical level), the level of usability of changes (with two signs set). hierarchy) and others.

Hypothesis in sociology

For example, if we talk about the failure of students at the Higher Educational Institution, it is necessary to analyze the reasons. What hypotheses can a sociologist formulate? A.I. Kravchenko suggests the following hypotheses in sociological research:

• Low acidity when laying low objects.
• Volunteering for students depends on the initial process for additional income.
• The low level of efficiency of the administration weighs against the success and discipline of students.
• Few competitive admissions to university.

It is important that the applications of scientific hypotheses provide as much clarity and specificity as possible while addressing the subject of investigation. The competent formulation of hypotheses, therefore, means the competent choice of research methods. This is useful, however, for generating hypotheses in all forms of scientific sociological work - whether it is a hypothesis within the framework of a seminar or a hypothesis within a graduate work. The case of low success rate at the university, once the hypothesis is chosen about the negative influx of students, can be seen within the framework of the method of simple survey of respondents. Once a hypothesis has been chosen about the low acidity of the investment, it is necessary to rely on expert testing. In your case, if you have to deal with the costs of competitive selection, you can use the method of correlation analysis - with the indicators of success of students in this case, we will enter with different minds.

The process can be judged, it is truly despicable. This itself is an indispensable barrier for the development of science.

In this publication we define the concept of “hypothesis”, as well as some shocking hypotheses of the current world.

Significance

Hypothesis (from the Greek hypothesis, which means “substance”) is a forward assumption that explains one phenomenon or a group of phenomena; There may be reasons for his guilt.

The hypothesis itself is not true and false. As soon as the confirmation is removed, this belief becomes true and ceases to exist.

Ushakov’s dictionary has another meaning, that of a hypothesis. This is a scientifically unfinished assumption, which has a melodious credibility and explains phenomena that would be unreasonable without this assumption.

Volodymyr Dal also explains in his dictionary what a hypothesis is. It is important to say that this is a thought, a practical (does not rely on the obvious, abstract) formation. The whole task is easy and short.

The equally well-known dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron also explains what a hypothesis is. The significance that is brought into the new is connected solely with the system of sciences about nature. Behind these words, this is the omission that we define for the darkening of the boxes. People should come to such desires if they can establish the causes of the phenomenon.

Shably development

The process of learning, which is related to the formulation of the assumption, appears to have 2 stages.

The first step, which consists of many stages, is a development of the power of lethargy. At the first stage of this process, the development of the condition is achieved. Most often, I guess, there are often no primings. At another stage, for the additional purpose of the omission, it is necessary to explain previously known facts and those that emerged after the omission appeared.

You must be aware of these dangers:

1. It’s important to teach yourself.

2. You will need to check the position.

3. It is impossible to fully understand these facts, as it does not lie before the hypothesis.

4. It is consistent with the principle of simplicity, i.e. there are no facts, as it explains.

5. Here you can place new material and additional replacement.

At another stage, there is a development of knowledge, as a person rejects additional hypotheses. To put it simply, this is proof and it’s simply a matter of fact.

New hypotheses

Speaking about significance, what is a hypothesis, then gain respect for their actions. The current world has achieved great successes in the field of knowledge and scientific research. Many previously proposed hypotheses fell into disuse and were replaced with new ones. Below are the actions with the most shocking hypotheses:

1. The Universe is an endless expanse, but a material essence, created under a single law. Everyone respects that the All-Light is everything that it turns into.

2. All of us are clones! According to Canadian scientists, we all have cloned origins, custom-created hybrids grown from the same cell in a sample.

3. Problems with health, with reproductive activity, as well as a decrease in sexual activity are associated with the appearance of synthetic speech in women.

Well, the hypothesis has ceased to be reliable knowledge. There is no need to change your mind for this to appear.