The child has a fever after vaccination - what to do? Vaccination reactions. Temperature after vaccination

What is vaccination

Vaccination is called vaccination - a method based on the introduction of immunobiological preparations (vaccines) into the body to form active artificial immunity against pathogenic agents (causative agents), as well as their toxins. The meaning of using the drug is that the body, faced with a weakened or inactivated form of a pathogenic agent, can subsequently “recognize” the pathogen and activate protective reserves. The main goal of vaccines is prevention infectious diseases, although some types are used to treat an already existing pathology.

The basis of vaccines can be:

1. Live, but weakened microorganisms.
2. Inactivated (killed) bacteria and viruses.
3. Antigens of microorganisms.
4. Toxins or neutralized toxins of pathogenic agents.
5. Artificially synthesized antigens of bacteria and viruses.

Vaccines can be divided into three large groups: live, recombinant and inactivated.

The live vaccine contains microorganisms that are devoid of pathogenicity or initially non-pathogenic strains, whose antigens are similar to those of pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Also, live vaccines can be created using strains obtained using genetically engineered methods - they are called recombinant. Inactivated vaccines contain non-viable viruses or bacteria, the introduction of which causes the immune system to react and form an immune response.

Combined or associated vaccines, which contain antigens of different pathogens or antigens of different strains of the same pathogenic agent, have become widespread. Also vaccines include:

• preservatives;
• stabilizers;
• adjuvants.

Preservatives are necessary to maintain the sterility and quality of the drug, to create the possibility of long-term storage under proper conditions. Stabilizers include substances that ensure the stability of immunogenicity - monosodium glutamate, sucrose, lactose. Adjuvants are understood as components that enhance immunogenicity - these are organic mercury salt (thiomersal or merthiolate), aluminum hydroxide or phosphate, polyoxidonium, etc. Thanks to adjuvants, a "depot" is formed at the injection site, which contributes to the prolonged release of antigens and longer contact with the immune system. Adjuvants also stimulate the capture of antigen by immunocompetent cells, causing a local inflammatory reaction that affects the reactivity of the immune system. By introducing adjuvants into the vaccine, a multiple increase in immunogenicity is achieved, which affects the quality of immunization.

A number of requirements are imposed on drugs for vaccination, including:

• safety;
• the ability to create strong immunity;
• low frequency of vaccination reactions and post-vaccination complications;
• high-quality composition and the possibility of long-term storage.

"Side effects" of vaccinations

Vaccination fever is one of the most common complaints that a pediatrician hears during an appointment. Parents discuss the problem of temperature rise after vaccination on forums or ask questions to doctors on Internet portals. Fever can be a manifestation of a general post-vaccination reaction, but the possibility of an infectious disease cannot be ruled out. The temperature change after vaccination is characterized by different numbers - from 37 ° C and above.

Post-vaccination reactions are manifestations that develop in patients after using a vaccine preparation:

• local (changes are localized at the injection site, look like edema combined with redness);
• general (change in the patient's well-being, the appearance of cramps, rash, sore throat, temperature after vaccination).

Local manifestations persist from several hours to 2 days and do not require special treatment. The development of general reactions usually occurs after 4-5 hours and no later than 48 hours from the time of vaccination. If live vaccines are used, the timing of the possible occurrence of post-vaccination reactions is significantly shifted and ranges from 4 to 42 days, depending on the type of vaccine preparation. The temperature after vaccination at three months or at another age is an unpleasant but expected symptom - despite the fact that the vaccination process should proceed without any deviations in the child's health, in practice, the probability and frequency of their occurrence cannot be predicted.

In addition to post-vaccination reactions observed for a limited amount of time, a group of post-vaccination complications is distinguished, which include persistent disorders that are a consequence of vaccination (osteomyelitis, arthritis, etc.).

Temperature and vaccination

If, after vaccination at 3 months or at a different age, the temperature rises, it is natural to want to know the causes of the fever and information about the likely danger to the child's health. According to the recommendations, a febrile reaction is not classified as a serious complication, provided there is an adequate response to antipyretic drugs and the absence of hyperpyrexia (an increase in body temperature to 40 ° C).

It is believed that pyrogens (substances that provoke temperature reactions), which are contained in vaccines, can cause fever.

In this case, the temperature after vaccination in a child aged 3 months or older begins to rise already on the first day after the administration of the vaccine preparation, the duration of the febrile period ranges from 24 to 48 hours. If fever is observed after 3 days or later (provided that an inactivated vaccine is used), it is necessary to think about the reasons not related to vaccination.

The temperature after vaccination against diseases such as measles, rubella and mumps is indicated in the instructions for the vaccine in the list of post-vaccination reactions. The CPC vaccination is characterized by low reactogenicity, but the temperature after administration of the drug can be combined with conjunctivitis, rash.

If the temperature rises after the diphtheria vaccine, the vaccine is not always to blame. The time of drug administration could coincide with the end of the incubation period of the infectious disease. Infection - possible reason fever in a child aged 3 months, which is regarded as a fever after vaccination. A child can become infected the day before vaccination or just before the procedure. Fever, runny nose and cough in this case are not a vaccination reaction, but manifestations of an acute respiratory diseasecaused by a virus or bacteria. The temperature after vaccination at 4 months of age or at another age should be evaluated along with other symptoms, if any.

Fever management

What to do if the temperature rises after vaccination? The best solution is to consult a pediatrician to know for sure whether a true post-vaccination reaction or an infectious pathology has developed. If it is not possible to consult a doctor, you must remember about the rules for helping a child, which apply independently. High temperature in the post-vaccination period, it can and should be reduced. Dr. Komarovsky himself assures that the temperature after vaccination is a condition in which it is necessary to have antipyretic drugs (antipyretics) and powders on hand for the preparation of solutions that replenish the fluid deficiency.

Temperature 38 ° C after inoculation (starting at 37.3 ° C with axillary thermometry, i.e. measured in armpit) - an indication for the use of antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen). In addition, during a febrile period, you need:

• optimal "climate" in the room (air temperature from 18 to 20 ° C and humidity from 50 to 70%);
• plentiful drinks (water, tea, compotes), oral rehydration solutions (rehydron, glucosolan);
• refusal to eat abundant food before vaccination and in the post-vaccination period;
• replacement of bathing with wipes with wet wipes;
• limiting contact with people around (prevention of infection).

Can I walk if my temperature rises after vaccination?

Until the body temperature returns to normal, especially when it is very hot or, conversely, cold outside, it is better to refrain from walking. Bathing should also be resumed after the temperature drops to normal values.

For the prevention of infectious diseases, it is better to avoid shops, public transport, all kinds of queues 2-4 days before vaccination and for several days after it.

What to do if the temperature after vaccination is very high, does not get confused by antipyretic drugs, and the child feels worse and worse? In this case, you cannot do without medical care... Before the patient is examined by a doctor, it is necessary to adhere to the principles described above (moist cool air, abundant drink), do not wrap up or force to eat. In case of seizures, it is necessary to prevent injury (transfer the child from the bed with a back to the sofa, remove sharp and hard objects), call the emergency medical team.

Newborns (on the first day of life):

• first vaccination against viral hepatitis B

3-7 days:

• vaccination against tuberculosis (BCG, BCG-M)

1 month:

• second vaccination against viral hepatitis B according to schemes 0-1-6 and 0-1-2-12
  (HB Back II, Euvax B, Engerix B, Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant yeast liquid, Eberbiovac, Bubo-M)

2 months:

• third vaccination against viral hepatitis B for risk groups according to the scheme 0-1-2-12
  (HB Back II, Euvax B, Engerix B, Hepatitis B vaccine, recombinant yeast liquid, Eberbiovac, Bubo-M)

3 months:

• first vaccination against diphtheria
  
• first vaccination against whooping cough
  
• first vaccination against tetanus
  
• the first vaccination is carried out with an inactivated vaccine against poliomyelitis
  
• first vaccination against hemophilic infection (children at risk)
  

4.5 months:

• second vaccination against diphtheria
  (DPT-vaccine, AD-M toxoid, ADS-toxoid, ADS-M toxoid, DT Vaks, Imovaks D.T.Adult, Tetrakok 05, Infanrix, Bubo-M, Pentaxim)
• second vaccination against whooping cough
  (DTP vaccine, Tetracock 05, Infanrix, Pentaxim)
• second vaccination against tetanus
  (DTP vaccine, ADS-toxoid, ADS-M toxoid, DT Vax, Imovaks D.T.Adult, Tetrakok 05, Infanrix, Bubo-M, Pentaxim)
• the second vaccination is carried out with an inactivated vaccine against poliomyelitis
  (Tetrakok 05, Oral poliomyelitis vaccine 1, 2, 3 types, Imovax polio, Polio Sabin Vero, Pentaxim)
• second vaccination against hemophilic infection (children at risk)
  (Act-HIB, Pentaxim, Hiberiks)

Attention!

Vaccination is performed only if the child is healthy. Before vaccination, the child must be examined by a pediatrician, and the temperature must be measured. It is also recommended to take blood and urine tests and only after receiving the results to make a decision on vaccination.

2-3 days before vaccination, in consultation with your doctor, you can start giving antihistamines in order to reduce a possible allergic reaction to the vaccine. It is not necessary to introduce a new complementary food on the eve of vaccination. Allergic children should not receive new foods or foods to which they are allergic before vaccination.

After the vaccination has been administered, it is recommended to stay in the clinic for half an hour in case of an acute allergic reaction to the vaccine. There are no absolutely safe vaccines, therefore, a local or general post-vaccination reaction of the body is possible.

A local reaction is in the form of tissue hardening, redness, and sometimes mild soreness at the injection site. These phenomena develop immediately after the administration of the drug and disappear within a few days.

The general reaction is manifested by an increase in temperature, short-term intoxication (its symptoms are malaise, headache, sleep disturbance, appetite). In agreement with the doctor, the child is given antipyretic.

If, for some reason, vaccinations are not made within the dates indicated in the calendar, they can be done later.

Vaccination in the Russian Federation is carried out on a voluntary basis.

Vaccinations have existed since the days of Catherine. Thanks to them, thousands of victims were avoided. Undoubtedly, there is always a risk of side effects after vaccination, but the task of every parent is to protect their child from serious diseases. Only a competent approach to vaccinations and awareness will help to avoid dire consequences. Next, we will consider what Komarovsky is - a well-known children's doctor, who will help with his advice to prepare a child for vaccination and possible side effects.

Deciphering DTP

What do these letters mean?

A - adsorbed vaccine.

K - whooping cough.

D - diphtheria.

C - tetanus.

The vaccine consists of weakened bacteria - causative agents of the above diseases, sorbed on the basis of aluminum hydroxide and merthiolate. There are also acellular vaccines, more purified. They contain particles of microorganisms that stimulate the body to produce the necessary antibodies.

Note what Dr. Komarovsky says: “The DPT vaccination is the most difficult and can be difficult for a child to tolerate. The pertussis element contained in it complicates its tolerance.

One vaccine will protect against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. These diseases can lead to a sad outcome, and how dangerous they are, we will consider further.

Dangerous diseases

The DPT vaccine will protect against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. Why are these diseases dangerous?

Whooping cough is a disease caused by acute infection... Very coughing, which can provoke respiratory arrest, convulsions. The development of pneumonia is a complication. The disease is very contagious and dangerous, especially for children under 2 years of age.

Diphtheria is an infectious disease. Easily spreads by airborne droplets. Strong intoxication occurs, with a dense plaque formed on the tonsils. Edema of the larynx may occur, there is a great threat of disruption of the heart, kidneys and nervous system.

Tetanus is an acute and infectious disease. The nervous system is damaged. Reduces muscles on the face, limbs, back. Difficulty swallowing, hard to open the jaw. Dangerous violation of the respiratory system. In most cases, death. The infection is transmitted through damage to the skin and mucous membranes.

When and to whom do DPT

From the very birth of the child, a vaccination schedule is established. If you comply with all the terms of the vaccinations, the effectiveness will be high, the child in this case is reliably protected. DTP vaccination, Komarovsky draws attention to this, must also be done in a timely manner. Since the baby is protected by the mother's antibodies only in the first 6 weeks from birth.

Vaccination can be made domestically or imported.

However, all DPT vaccines, regardless of the manufacturer, are administered in three stages. Since immunity weakens after the first vaccination, it is necessary to re-vaccinate. There is a rule for DTP vaccination:

1. The vaccine should be administered in three stages.
2. In this case, the interval between vaccinations should be at least 30-45 days.

If the graph is missing, it looks like this:

• 1 vaccination - at 3 months.
• 2 vaccinations - at 4-5 months.
• 3 vaccinations - at 6 months.

In the future, the interval should be at least 30 days. According to plan dTP vaccination held in:

• 18 months.
• 6-7 years old.
• 14 years old.

Adults can be vaccinated once every 10 years. In this case, it is necessary to observe the interval between vaccinations, it should not be less than a month and a half.

Very often, one vaccine contains antibodies against several diseases. This does not burden the child's body at all, since they are easily transferred. So, for example, if DPT and poliomyelitis are inoculated, Komarovsky notes that they can be done at the same time, since the latter has practically no side effects.

The vaccine against poliomyelitis is oral, "live". After it, it is recommended not to contact unvaccinated children for two weeks.

How long does the protection last?

After the DPT vaccination is made (Komarovsky explains it this way), the immune system begins to produce antibodies to measles, diphtheria and tetanus. So, it was found that after vaccination in a month the level of antibodies in the body will be 0.1 IU / ml. How long the protection will last depends largely on the characteristics of the vaccine. As a rule, the immune protection is calculated for 5 years. Therefore, the interval of scheduled vaccinations is 5-6 years. In an older age, it is enough to do DPT once every 10 years.

If the DTP vaccine is given, then the probability of getting diphtheria, tetanus or measles is very low. It is believed that the person in this case is protected from these viruses.

In order not to harm the body, you must remember that there are a number of contraindications.

Who is not allowed to do DPT

DPT is one of the vaccines that is difficult to tolerate in childhood... And if before that there were no reactions to vaccinations, then it can cause side effects. In order not to cause unwanted DTP vaccination consequences, Komarovsky advises to pay attention to the reasons why vaccination should be canceled.

The reasons can be temporary in nature, these include:

• Colds.
• Infectious diseases.
• Increased body temperature.
• Aggravation chronic diseases.

In such cases, it is necessary to cure the child, and only two weeks after complete recovery you can do DTP.

The DPT vaccine cannot be done if you have the following diseases:

• Deviations in the work of the nervous system, which progress.
• Previous vaccinations were very difficult to tolerate.
• The child had a history of seizures.
• Previous vaccinations caused
• Immunodeficiency.
• Particular sensitivity or intolerance to the components of the vaccine.

If your child has any illness, or you are afraid that the consequences of unwanted DPT vaccination will result, you should consult a doctor. You may be given a vaccine that does not contain pertussis toxoid, which can cause adverse reactions.

Also, vaccination can be postponed if the child:

• Diathesis.
• Little weight.
• Encephalopathy.

In these conditions, vaccination is possible, but preparation for the DTP vaccination, Komarovsky especially notes, should consist in stabilizing the state of health. It is best to use highly purified acellular vaccine for these children.

Possible conditions after vaccination

What are the possible consequences after the DPT vaccination is given? Komarovsky cites various reviews. And all side effects can be divided into mild, moderate and severe.

Typically, a reaction to the vaccine occurs after 3 doses. Perhaps because it is from this moment that the immune defense begins to form. The child should be monitored, especially in the first hours after vaccination and for the next three days. If the baby gets sick on the fourth day after the vaccination, then it cannot be the cause of the disease.

The occurrence of adverse reactions after vaccination is a very common occurrence. Every third person may have them. Mild reactions that disappear within 2-3 days:

Moderate to severe side effects

The manifestation of more serious side effects cannot be ruled out. They are much less common:

• Body temperature can rise to 39-40 degrees.
• Febrile seizures may occur.
• The injection site will become significantly reddened, exceed 8 centimeters and edema of more than 5 centimeters will appear.
• Diarrhea and vomiting will occur.

If such reactions to vaccination occur, it is urgent to show the child to the doctor.

In very rare cases, manifestations of more severe adverse reactions are possible:

DPT is a vaccination (Komarovsky notes this especially), which causes such side effects in one case in a million.

This reaction may appear within the first 30 minutes after the injection. Therefore, the doctor recommends not leaving immediately after vaccination, but staying near the medical facility during this time. Then you should show the child again to the doctor. All this is done in order to be able to provide the necessary assistance to the baby.

What to do after vaccination

In order for the child to tolerate the vaccine easier, it is necessary not only to prepare for it, but also to behave correctly after it. Namely, follow some rules:

• The child should not be bathed in the bathroom or wet the injection site.
• Dr. Komarovsky recommends walking, but no need to walk in public places.
• Spend these 3 days at home without visitors, especially if the baby is tempestuous or naughty.
• The air in the room should be moist and fresh.
• A new product should not be introduced into the diet a week before and after vaccination. If the baby is on breastfeedingMom shouldn't try new foods.
• Parents of children with allergies should be especially careful. Talk to your doctor about what antihistamines should be given before and after vaccination.

How to behave in the event of adverse reactions

The manifestation of mild adverse reactions is still possible. Since the DPT vaccine is considered the most difficult for the body, especially if the child previously had negative reactions to vaccinations. What to do in case of side effects after the DPT vaccination is given:

• Temperature. Komarovsky recommends constantly monitoring her. You should not wait for 38, you should give antipyretic as soon as it starts to rise.
• If there is swelling or redness at the injection site, show the child to a doctor. Perhaps this drug did not get into the muscle, but into the subcutaneous fat, because of this, swelling and induration may appear. In any case, a doctor's consultation is necessary in order to alleviate the child's condition and exclude possible complications. If it's just a slight redness, it will go away within 7 days and you don't need to do anything.

In order to avoid side effects, you should take seriously the preparation of the child for vaccination. More on this later.

How to prepare your child for the DPT vaccine

Komarovsky gives some simple and necessary advice:

Should you do DTP?

It is now possible to observe Remember: the disease threatens with much greater problems than the consequences that arise after the DPT vaccination. Komarovsky's reviews, he said, heard different about vaccination, but there are always more pros than contra. After all, having had diphtheria or tetanus, there is no immunity to these diseases. Medicine is moving forward and vaccines are becoming more purified and safer. It is worth considering this. There is no need to risk the health and life of the child. A high-quality vaccine, an attentive doctor, can reduce the risks of developing side effects. Health to you and your children.

Horror stories about the consequences vaccinations children are familiar to all parents. Not only the Internet is full of information about this, but also all mass media. Therefore, most parents do not immediately dare to vaccinate their child, trying to protect him from an unwanted reaction to the vaccine.

In fact, not all reactions organism vaccinations are dangerous. You should not be afraid if the child has a fever after vaccination. This is how the child's immunity reacts to the introduction of neutralized pathogens into the body. After all, vaccination is a procedure in which weakened or killed microbes, or substances that are waste of these microbes, are introduced into the body.

It is very important that the body baby reacted to the vaccine with formation, only then can the child be protected from serious diseases and complications associated with them. Therefore, a slight increase in body temperature in a child should be considered as a completely normal phenomenon associated with the development of immunity. But the lack of temperature after vaccination does not mean that the vaccination did not bring the desired effect. Your child's body reacts differently to vaccination, it is just that your child has a completely different reaction to the vaccine.

Any vaccination becomes stress for the child's body, therefore, before going to the clinic, pay attention to the condition of your child. You cannot vaccinate a child if he is sick or if he has an exacerbation of chronic diseases. If the child has already been ill, then the vaccination can be done only 14 days after recovery. Before vaccination, the therapist must examine the child, conduct a blood test, listen to breathing and pulse.

If you have an allergy baby it is imperative to inform the doctor about this, depending on the age and well-being of the child, the doctor may recommend taking antihistamines. After the vaccination, it is recommended not to bathe the child for two days, but to protect him from hypothermia and drafts for a month. You should also not worry if the child does not eat well for a couple of days. Some babies are prone to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite after vaccination.

If these phenomena appear only once, this is the body's normal response to the vaccine. But when the temperature rises above 38 degrees, with repeated vomiting and prolonged diarrhea, you must call a doctor home. Paracetamol and ibuprofen are best given to your child before bed. It is forbidden to reduce the temperature of children with aspirin. Children who are weak and prone to febrile seizures should be started on medication as soon as the vaccine is given.

Every vaccine will certainly have an impact on overall well-being. baby... Parents should know what to do if the child has a fever after vaccination and in what cases it is necessary to urgently call a doctor.

1. Hepatitis B vaccine... All children are vaccinated against hepatitis B while still in the hospital, on the first day of birth. Some babies experience slight weakness and fever after vaccination, and all babies have a slight lump at the vaccine site. All these phenomena are considered normal, and with other changes in the condition of the newborn, you must inform the doctor.

2. BCG... They give the BCG tuberculosis vaccine in the hospital before discharge, usually 4-5 days from birth. After a month, an infiltrate with a diameter of up to 8 mm appears at the vaccination site, which after a while becomes covered with a crust. And only after three to four months a scar forms at the site of the crust. You should consult a doctor after BCG if the crust after vaccination begins to fester and does not heal.

3. Polio vaccine... Normally, there are no reactions after polio vaccination, so if you have any concerns about your child, you should see a doctor.

4. DTP... The most common complications after vaccination are observed after DPT - vaccines against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. It is normal to have an increase in the child's body, which can last up to 5 days and a slight discomfort. The DTP injection site thickens and turns red, sometimes a lump appears at the site of inoculation. As a rule, within a month, the bumps by themselves gradually disappear, but it is imperative to insure yourself and see a doctor when a large bump appears. Also, other reactions of the child's body to DPT, such as vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, temperature above 38 degrees and anxiety, cannot be ignored. A visit to a doctor in these cases will not be superfluous. Particular attention should be paid to the condition of children after the tetanus vaccination. When sharp rise temperature in children prone to allergies, urgently call a doctor. From this vaccination, they can develop anaphylactic shock.

5. Vaccination against mumps or mumps... Fever after mumps vaccination is very rare, but there may be short-term abdominal pain and slight enlargement of the parotid glands. At the site of inoculation, a slight compaction sometimes appears. It is necessary to see a doctor if the child is anxious, intense fever and indigestion.

6. Measles vaccine... The measles vaccine is given once, when the child is one year old. Changes in the child's condition and temperature are rare. Only in weakened children, two weeks after vaccination, signs of measles, such as fever, skin rashes and a runny nose, may appear. If these symptoms do not disappear within two to three days, and the child's condition worsens, then it is necessary to urgently call a doctor home.

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