Modern people are used to a wide variety of medicines in pharmacies. If necessary, each person takes means to maintain health, strengthen the immune system. Bacteria and viruses constantly live around people. Why are viruses dangerous? What consequences do they lead to? This article can answer these questions.
Consequences of viral diseases
Viral infections can cause great harm to the human body. As a rule, a person is exhausted, and his state of health is far from the best. Many medicines for viral infections are sold on the Internet, including the capsid antigen of the Epstein-Barr virus, which is presented on this site.
If such infections are treated on time, seek help from specialists and take special means, then viruses will not have time to greatly harm a person, he will be able to get rid of them.
However, if a person does not heal viral disease, it becomes chronic, which can affect the work of human organs, the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system. Viruses make the body weaker. A person often feels weak and tired. Viral infections must be treated without fail. At the first symptoms, you need to see a doctor.
Some infections are transmitted by airborne droplets. Experts advise avoiding places where there are many people. Be sure to wash your hands before eating. Vegetables and fruits should also be washed before eating. Many infections are spread precisely because a person does not wash their hands in time. This must be done.
Thus, viral infections are called dangerous diseases that are treated with special drugs. Only a specialist can prescribe the correct, suitable drug. To buy medicine on your own, not to see a doctor is the wrong way of treatment. In case of ailments, you must contact a specialist. As you can see, viruses are very dangerous for humans, but the observance of basic hygienic rules will help to bypass these dangers.
How to protect yourself from viruses, avoid viral diseases? Why are viruses dangerous? (10+)
Viral infections. Danger. Prevention
How do viruses live and reproduce?
First, let's figure out how viruses live and multiply. The virus is a nucleus with an enveloped DNA. That is, a virus is genetic information sealed in a capsule. Viruses have no mechanism for reproduction and nutrition. Viruses cannot themselves consume energy and nutrients from the environment or share. A virus needs a cell to continue its kind. Only after getting into it does he begin to use her mechanisms of nutrition and reproduction to reproduce himself. A viral infection occurs.
Why viral infections are dangerous
During viral infection, foreign DNA is introduced into the cells of the body. The penetration of alien DNA into the human body is sometimes described in horror films, but in fact it occurs constantly in the form of viruses.
But here I will briefly list simple rules. Follow your daily routine and get adequate sleep and rest. Do not stress yourself, take everything calmly. A short burst of emotion stimulates the immune system, but constant stress suppresses the body's defenses. Eat right. Do not overeat, eat more dietary fiber and natural vitamins, fewer calories. Moderate physical activity is good for the immune system, overload is harmful. Do not use antibiotics or hormones without a doctor's prescription. Even if a doctor has prescribed them to you, you must first consult with another doctor, make sure that such treatment is necessary, and only then decide on treatment with these dangerous drugs. Engage in intimacy regularly or refuse sex altogether. The fact is that testosterone strongly suppresses the immune system. By the way, testosterone is secreted in both men and women. Everything said here is true for both sexes. If you give up sex, then in a year or three the level of this hormone in most people will decrease, the attraction will practically disappear, everything will be fine with immunity. Regular closeness also helps maintain normal levels of this hormone. But periods of abstinence, alternating with great activity in this area, can finish off almost any immunity. Avoid sudden and frequent changes in climate, latitude, and time zones. Do not smoke, do not abuse alcohol.
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Ebola
An interesting fact is that the development of vaccines and special drugs was stopped in 2012, due to the fact that large pharmaceuticals. the companies considered research costs unprofitable due to the lack of a sales market.
Marburg virus
This disease is considered the most deadly in the world, in itself it is very similar to the Ebola virus, but in an even worse form. The virus causes a similar clinical picture to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. There is a vascular lesion along with hemorrhagic syndrome, which ends up with multiple organ failure and death. The mortality rate of this virus after the last outbreak in Angola was 80% of the number of cases.
HIV, and the AIDS it causes, is a widely discussed and solved problem. However, no major breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of this type of virus. At the moment, a pandemic of this virus reigns in the world. It has spread to all continents and countries of the globe, and rightfully belongs to the group of "the most dangerous viruses". The virus itself belongs to the group of retroviruses. Its danger lies in the fact that it knocks out a very important link of the immune system in the human body, due to which a person “loses” immunity and dies from a secondary infection. At the moment, no vaccines or drugs have been invented, however, schemes of supportive retroviral therapy have been developed, which allow people with HIV-positive status to be alive for decades.
Flu virus
Despite the fact that we meet with the flu almost every year, and many have had this disease without dangerous consequences, it is a deadly disease. Over the past 200 years, different strains of the influenza virus have claimed more lives than HIV and Ebola combined. What is the danger of the flu virus? First of all, in unpredictability. The flu mutates almost faster than all viruses known to mankind, each time, it is not known what it will be in severity, and how to change the vaccine. It is enough to recall the avian and California flu epidemics in order to understand that this disease can kill thousands of people. Despite the fact that a huge number of people in the world fall ill and recover every year, it is not known how the virus will mutate next year, and how dangerous it will be. It is for this reason that strains of the influenza virus should be noted as the most dangerous representatives of viruses.
Rabies
Hepatitis
Conclusion
Ebola hemorrhagic fever - a highly contagious viral disease, to which pathogens are susceptible to humans, primates and some artiodactyls, in particular, pigs and goats.
Occasionally, Ebola was recorded in people from the Philippines and even Russia. In the course of identifying the sources of infection, it was revealed that all the patients had contact with the inhabitants of Africa or conducted medical experiments.
Hepatitis is transmitted:
With blood transfusion
In medical institutions
Household way
Prevention of hepatitis
Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis E
Who should be vaccinated?
1st stage
- Military personnel;
Ebola
This virus, from the filovirus family, has made quite a splash recently around the world. Ebola causes the most severe form of hemorrhagic fever in humans. Its danger lies in the fact that with the most severe clinical picture in patients, there is no specific therapy and vaccines against the virus. The Ebola virus infects almost all human organs and systems. The incubation period for this virus is 3 to 22 days. The disease begins with sharp rise body temperature, this is joined by pain in the muscles, head, throat, bones. The function of the liver, kidneys, respiratory and cardiovascular systems is impaired. Without the necessary replacement therapy, multiple organ failure and death of the patient develops. As noted above, there is no specific therapy, therefore, the disease is treated with "prosthetics" of the lost functions of organs and systems. Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used, massive infusion therapy, hemodialysis may be needed, and the connection of the patient to an artificial respiration apparatus.
Marburg virus
AIDS virus
Flu virus
Rabies
There is no cure, but there is a vaccine. The rabies virus is less and less talked about these days. Correct medical and veterinary control helped to defeat this disease. Despite this, cases of rabies infection are still found in the world. The danger of this virus is that if a person is sick, he will die. The rabies virus attacks the nervous system and cannot be survived.
Hepatitis
The hepatitis virus has many variants. The most dangerous and widespread are hepatitis C and hepatitis B. At the moment, there are successful methods of treatment against these diseases and there is a specific vaccination. In addition, a person can recover by himself. However, if the cases are severe and no treatment occurs, the person will inevitably develop cirrhosis of the liver and death. The problem with treating viral hepatitis is the cost of drugs. Antiviral therapy courses cost the patients enormous sums of money. The treatment itself also has a very detrimental effect on the human body due to pronounced side effects drugs.
Conclusion
The above viruses are classified as the most dangerous in the world. Their incidence and the epidemic situation around the world suggests that each of us may be in danger. Nevertheless, the world health organization is actively researching and introducing measures to prevent and combat this group of viruses. It remains, he hopes, that over time, mankind around the world will come to a certain point of self-awareness and joint efforts will overcome dangerous viruses.
For the first time, Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans was detected in 1976 in the Congo (formerly Zaire), the provinces of Sudan. The causative agent of the disease was isolated by medical personnel from areas of the Ebola River, hence the name.
In a short period of time after the identification of the virus, more than 500 people were affected by the disease, 2/3 of whom died within 3 days after the onset of symptoms. Soon the entire territory of the African continent was familiar with the fatal disease.
In the same 1976, the first case was identified in the UK - it turned out to be a scientist who contracted the virus as a result of laboratory tests.
Thanks to the actions of the regional bodies of the WHO, during the period of the epidemic, strict quarantine measures were established at border crossings of states and customs points, all this time the spread of the Ebola virus was contained, however, for almost 40 years, the African continent is still considered epidemiologically unfavorable due to spontaneous outbreaks this disease in humans. So, during this period, due to infection with the virus in the region, about 2,000 people died, while almost the same number suffered an illness and recovered.
Despite the efforts of doctors, the leaders of European countries and the quarantine measures taken, an unprecedented epidemic of the disease has been observed in the countries of Central and West Africa since the beginning of 2014. As of August this year, 2,500 citizens of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Lyon were diagnosed with Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and more than 1,500 Africans are believed to have died from this disease.
On August 8 this year, representatives of the WHO dubbed Ebola "a global threat", and on August 12, the first death in Europe from this disease in the last 2 decades was registered - a Spanish resident who recently visited Liberia died.
Despite large-scale and many years of research, it is not known for certain how exactly the Ebola virus enters the body. Scientists believe that the gates of infection are microtraumas of the mucous membranes of the body, where the pathogen enters with the physiological fluids of infected humans and animals.
At the site of the introduction of the virus, usually no visible transformations are observed.
The latent (incubation) period of the disease ranges from 2 days to 3 weeks and depends on the type of virus and the general state of health of the infected person.
Like any hemorrhagic fever, the ailment begins with general intoxication of the body and is manifested by attacks of severe headache, pain in the abdomen and muscles, fever up to 39-41 degrees, diarrhea, vomiting, lesions of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and eyes. Later, a dry, hacking cough joins these symptoms, half of the patients have a rash that looks similar to the manifestations of chickenpox.
A person with the Ebola virus rapidly becomes dehydrated (dehydrated), which can lead to liver and kidney damage, causing internal bleeding. This course of the disease is observed in about 50-60% of patients, and if the victim does not recover within 2 weeks, the fever usually ends in death. In this case, death occurs due to massive blood loss.
Blood tests of patients indicate a clotting disorder (thrombocytopenia), an increase in the number of leukocytes due to an increase inflammatory processes (leukocytosis) and a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin (anemia). These indicators, coupled with general symptoms, indicate damage to the hematopoietic system in humans.
Only young patients who do not have any chronic diseases have a favorable prognosis. It is a scientifically proven fact that most of the inhabitants of the African continent have already acquired immunity to the disease, since, throughout their lives, they had a very large number of chances to become infected and safely transfer Ebola without symptoms due to infection with special strains of the virus. This explains the selectivity of the death of patients.
It is sometimes mistaken for malaria and other tropical diseases due to similar symptoms.
It is possible to establish whether a particular patient is sick with this ailment after conducting specialized laboratory tests, clinical symptoms and analysis of the prerequisites for the disease (contacts with patients, stay in disadvantaged regions).
Despite modern scientific developments and research, there is no Ebola vaccine yet, and treatment for patients is symptomatic. Patients require careful care and relief of dehydration - by introducing large amounts of fluid using intravenous and jet injections, as well as orally.
It is widely believed among the medical community that any hemorrhagic fever can be eradicated, including Ebola, however, since the vast majority of cases are residents of the Third World countries, the development of vaccines and drugs against regional deadly diseases will not bring pharmaceutical companies any tangible arrived.
Today, the growth of the disease progresses, taking human lives every day.
A dentist's office, a hairdresser's, an operating room, your own house - in all these places a person can become infected with the hepatitis B virus. Moreover, infected people become a source of danger for their loved ones.
Are at serious risk and medical workerswho often come into contact with blood. These are surgeons, laboratory staff, dentists. And besides, it is even possible that a person who has not yet been born can become infected - from his mother during pregnancy or during childbirth.
In our country, about 50,000 people are infected with the hepatitis B virus every year and there are about 5 million chronic carriers of this virus, which pose a real threat to others, being a potential source of infection.
Many chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus develop a chronic form of the disease over time, which turns into cirrhosis and liver cancer. Sometimes infection of a person with hepatitis B leads to a fulminant form of the disease, which most often ends in death.
Methods of Hepatitis B Virus Infection
- Transfusion of blood, or its components;
- direct contact with contaminated blood, for example, during its transfusion;
- indirect contact with contaminated blood - the so-called "syringe route" of infection, which is common among drug addicts, as well as human infection through non-disposable medical instruments, razors and combs;
- sexual intercourse, in which the virus is transmitted along with vaginal secretions, sperm, as well as blood from microcracks and ruptures, and the risk of infection is directly proportional to the frequency of contact with an infected person;
- vertical transmission of the virus from mother to her child during intrauterine development or during childbirth, while it is believed that if the baby did not become infected with the hepatitis B virus during childbirth, then if he is not vaccinated, he will certainly be infected within the next five years;
- household contacts with chronic carriers of the virus or patients, especially relevant for families where there are chronic carriers of the infection.
The incubation period of hepatitis B lasts from 45 to 180 days, on average it is 120 days. It is believed that from the time of infection until the moment when the disease becomes inevitable, there are 1-2 weeks when emergency prevention can be carried out in the form of vaccination according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme and the introduction of immunoglobulin to prevent the disease.
Hepatitis B is especially dangerous for, because if it is transferred to early age, then with a probability of 50-95% it will go into a chronic form, which will further lead to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The younger infected child, the higher the risk that he will become a chronic carrier of the hepatitis B virus. In newborns, in 90% of cases, viral hepatitis proceeds without any symptoms, and in 70-90% of cases it becomes the cause of chronic carriage of the virus, and in 40-50% - chronic hepatitis.
For adults, the statistics are different. The risk of infection spillover into a chronic form is lower - 6-10%, and the frequency of diseases with jaundice is higher - 30-40%. This is due to the maturity of the immune system, since the better it works, the brighter the disease progresses, the less the risk of chronic infection. A feature of the hepatitis B virus is the fact that it does not by itself destroy human liver cells, but is only a consequence of an attack on them by the immune system. Thus, hepatitis B is an autoimmune disease.
One of the symptoms of hepatitis is jaundice, which manifests itself as yellowness of the skin and whites of the eyes, darkening of urine, discoloration of feces. In some cases, hepatitis is similar to the flu. Patients experience loss of appetite and weakness. The disease is not registered as hepatitis and is diagnosed some time later, when tested for the "Australian antigen".
Death rarely occurs after a fulminant and extremely severe form of infection, the danger of which increases when a person has liver disease. Death is more likely to occur only after 35-40 years, as a result of primary liver cancer, about 65% of which occurs as a consequence of chronic hepatitis B.
Treatment of this dangerous disease is often ineffective, does not allow for complete recovery and has many side reactions. In addition, there are no treatment options that would relieve an infected person from chronic carriage of the virus.
The only way to avoid contracting the hepatitis B virus today is to get vaccinated.
Any type of hepatitis B, C, D poses a threat and is quite serious for the human body. Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. With hepatitis B, C, D, there is a great likelihood that the disease will be very difficult and turn into a chronic form. Chronic forms are when the virus continues to multiply for many years. With hepatitis B and C, acute symptoms may not be visible. The acute form of hepatitis often occurs without jaundice. How can a person get hepatitis? Today we will consider one of the possible situations that can lead to infection. Few people thought that dental manipulations as a source of hepatitis B C and D.
What is hepatitis B? The peculiarity of hepatitis "B" is that the acute form is difficult, with pronounced jaundice. But, as a rule, a person recovers. However, mild forms pass without jaundice, are more difficult to recognize and, as a result, pass into the chronic stage of the disease. Most often, the chronic form is observed in children with infection during childbirth. In chronic hepatitis B, inflammation of the liver occurs, and this process leads to cirrhosis of the liver, sometimes even to liver cancer. The hepatitis B virus is more resistant than the hepatitis C virus and HIV. It is not destroyed by boiling, therefore, it is much easier for them to become infected.
The main source of hepatitis B and its transmission is: blood transfusions, dental procedures, surgery, acupuncture, intravenous injections, the use of non-sterile syringes, tattoos, piercings, and the general use of hygiene items.
With hepatitis C, the main source of infection is blood! Dental manipulations carry a huge degree of risk, since they are associated with mucosal injuries and constant contact with blood. Hepatitis C can also be sexually transmitted. To prevent infection, it is worth taking precautions. Hepatitis can be contracted through blood transfusions.
The hepatitis C virus itself dies in the external environment, it can be killed by boiling. To avoid infection and to protect yourself as much as possible, it is worth taking precautions, resorting to disinfection. Control over the careful handling of medical partings, especially those related to dentistry, is necessary. With quality treatment, dental procedures will be safer. In fact, hepatitis C virus is less contagious than hepatitis B virus and HIV.
It should be clearly understood that dental manipulations can be a source of hepatitis B, C, D. Their direct connection with blood is the root cause of infection.
Only with the presence of the hepatitis B virus can the hepatitis D virus exist. Patients who already have a chronic form of hepatitis B are especially vulnerable and more susceptible to infection with the hepatitis D virus. Such an infection carries a severe, life-threatening form of acute hepatitis.
No less cruel - acute virus hepatitis "C", it can only result in recovery in 20% of cases. The percentage of the transition of hepatitis "C" into the chronic form is 85-90%. Because of this, the form of this hepatitis is considered the most dangerous. There is no corresponding vaccine for hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis "C" is quite common and leads to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The disease proceeds in hidden form, without special symptoms, and the disease can be detected only at the last stage. And in the later stages of the disease, cirrhosis of the liver is detected, which is the most difficult to treat. Forecast this disease adverse. A common symptom of hepatitis C is weakness, and jaundice itself is not observed. Also focus on the following symptoms - joint pain, fever, skin rashes. There are changes in the blood and urine tests, and because of this, the diagnoses can be erroneous.
Visiting the dentist, a person takes a risk, he may not even be aware of it. Unfortunately, all drugs that traditionally treat hepatitis B, C and D. Do not completely kill viruses and people can suffer almost their entire lives. This is because slagging in liver cells allows viruses to hide from exposure antiviral drugs... Viruses also hide behind fatty inclusions, and it is difficult for drugs to “cover” them. Medicines fail to achieve a uniform therapeutic concentration. Liver cells clogged with fat interfere with this. It is necessary to cleanse cells of toxins, fat, toxins and only after that kill the virus. Understand that toxins and toxins can come into chemical attack with antiviral drugs, due to which the activity is inert antiviral agents... All medications must be strictly prescribed by a doctor. There is no need to resort to self-medication, this can lead to serious consequences.
Dental manipulations are a source of infection risk not only for patients, but also for staff. It is likely that the doctor's instruments and hands will become infected, precisely because of injuries and bleeding. Doctors very often suffer from such infections. Dental manipulations are among the most at risk. Before choosing a dental office, make sure the qualifications of the working staff. Look at the sanitary standards that are adopted in this office. Pay attention to instruments, syringes, gloves and other utensils that the dentist works with.
Listen to the opinions of people who visit a particular medical facility. After all, cleanliness and hygiene are the key to health. Hepatitis is one of the worst viral infections and, believe me, it can cause a lot of problems for everyone.
Scientists all over the world are looking for means of combating hepatitis. And on this path, considerable success has already been achieved - after all, 10 years ago there was no cure for this disease. Defeating the insidious virus, the scale of the spread of which has been compared with a medieval epidemic, will help both certain precautions and vaccinations against hepatitis. What are the causes of the disease and the treatment of hepatitis?
According to the World Health Organization, every twelfth inhabitant of the planet is infected with the chronic hepatitis virus. There are different types - A, B, C, O, E, and they all find a new victim surprisingly easily. Some viruses (A and E) enter a person through water or dirty hands. In places where wastewater disinfection is insufficiently effective and the technology for purifying tap and drinking water is violated.
The source of infection with other viruses (B, C,) can be traces of blood left on common shaving devices, manicure accessories, reflexology needles, on instruments in the office of a dentist, gynecologist, surgeon. Even a small scratch on the body is enough for the virus to enter the body. Therefore, the risk of contracting hepatitis B and C exists in those medical institutions and beauty salons where proper safety measures are not followed. Ideally, disposable instruments should be used. If they are reusable, then sterilization is needed at all stages. The dentist is obliged to change not only the bur, but also the tip of the drill (the doctor must take it out of the sterile package with you). The pulp extractor (nerve removal device) should be disposable, and so should the canal cleaning instruments. This rule also applies to the devices of the cosmetologist, acupuncturist - each client is given a sterile kit.
According to the rules, donated blood must be checked for viruses, but sometimes these tests do not detect an infection. The chances are high that the newborn will receive the virus from the mother. But the most at risk are people who use intravenous drugs and practice unprotected sex with casual partners (the infection in the latter case is transmitted through mucous membranes). By the way, very often infection occurs precisely through sexual contact. The chances of catching the virus increase with oral sex, and for a woman, the period before the onset of menstruation (when the vessels in the uterine cavity open) and immediately after menstruation (when the vessels are not yet closed) are especially dangerous.
Sometimes the virus does not manifest itself in any way, but it is important to know that prolonged infection can lead to cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Today, more and more viruses B and C (there is no vaccine against the latter yet) act together, and their joint sabotage is the most dangerous, since it leads to irreversible changes in the liver. At the same time, the virus spreads very quickly throughout the body. Having reached the liver, it penetrates into its hepatocyte cells, and their vital activity is disrupted: the cell structures begin to work on the synthesis of new viral particles, they infect neighboring healthy cells. If the disease goes away without proper treatment, it leads to the death of liver cells.
After infection with the hepatitis virus, for the causes of the disease, it takes from two weeks to six months before the sclera of the eyes and skin may turn yellow. However, acute hepatitis often occurs without noticeable symptoms (for example, in 70% of cases of hepatitis B infection). A person simply does not suspect that he is sick, or else he writes off increased fatigue, a slight increase in temperature, aches in the joints and muscles for SARS and a cold. Hepatitis A always ends with recovery, but for hepatitis B and C, a transition to a chronic form is possible. But usually even then there is no suspicion of illness. Very often a person feels healthy, perhaps a little tired, and the disease is detected by chance.
Most often, trouble with the causes of the disease is found in a biochemical blood test. This inexpensive informative test is prescribed by a physician and is available in most laboratories. The most important indicators for the diagnosis of hepatitis are the levels of the enzymes ALT (alanine notransferase) and AST (aspartate notransferase). Although it happens that these indicators are within the normal range, this does not mean that there is no hepatitis virus in the body. The next step is to find a gastroenterologist or infectious disease specialist who specializes in hepatitis. For clarification, the doctor will refer the patient to tests that will help detect viruses, including PCR diagnostics. By the way, you can go for PCR within 10 days after a dangerous contact. An antibody test will only be needed after 1-3 months.
A timely study of the causes of the disease is needed not only to determine whether you have become infected or not, but also to allow your loved ones to get vaccinated on time and protect themselves. But for treatment it is no longer so important whether the diagnosis is made in a few days or a few weeks. Doctors say: a delay in therapy, even for several months, will not worsen the result, it is dangerous to delay taking medications for a long time. Treating viral hepatitis is difficult, time consuming and expensive. The chance to cure hepatitis C is great, but this is not always possible. And with hepatitis B, the results of therapy are not so optimistic. But courses of drugs stop the multiplication of the virus and reduce the likelihood of complications - fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver.
The best medicine is taking care of your health. This saying will be relevant when it comes to hepatitis. Prevention of hepatitis how to protect yourself from infection because the first symptoms of this disease appear when hepatitis takes on a chronic form, which can no longer be cured. It is better not to bring yourself to such a state, arm yourself with knowledge so that this virus does not enter our body.
Hepatitis is transmitted:
When using syringes and needles from a patient with hepatitis
We are talking about drug addicts, they are the main victims of B and C. Among them there are people under 30 years old, their average life does not exceed forty years.
With blood transfusion
The hepatitis B virus is more infectious than HIV, the duration of the latent period is when the virus is in the blood, and the incubation period ranges from 37 days to 87 days. And in the hepatitis C virus, the incubation period is longer and ranges from 54 days to 192 days. All this time, the donor (carrier) feels great and does not suspect that he is the carrier of this disease.
With unprotected sex
The hepatitis virus, in addition to blood, is contained in the patient's tears, sweat, vaginal secretions, semen, from where it easily penetrates the blood through cracks and microtraumas on the skin and mucous membranes.
In medical institutions
The risk of getting infected has significantly decreased in hospitals, but there is still a chance to get infected from surgical instruments, gynecological mirrors, other devices, from dental drills that have not been properly processed.
Household way
The disease can also be transmitted by everyday means. A deadly virus can be obtained by using manicure accessories, a shaving machine, a toothbrush, that is, those things that a patient with hepatitis used.
When piercing, when piercing the ears
The source of infection is the "pistols", they make a piercing of the ears, this instrument is difficult to disinfect. There is a very high risk of contracting hepatitis B when applying tattoo, tattooing.
Through food and water
This transmission of the virus is only relevant for hepatitis A, which causes an intestinal infection. It is believed that the disease is not serious, but it does not pass without leaving a trace for the body and is a risk factor for cholelithiasis.
Prevention of hepatitis
Vaccination is the main method of preventing hepatitis B. Vaccinations are needed for infectious drug users, sex workers, babies born to a sick mother, patients who often undergo surgery, family members with a virus carrier or hepatitis B infection, medical students and doctors that work with blood.
Hepatitis A vaccine
Such vaccination is given to those who are going to the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, (unsafe countries for hepatitis A), those who suffer from chronic hepatitis, who have had hepatitis B and C. There is no other effective vaccine for hepatitis C.
How can I avoid getting hepatitis?
Infection can be prevented by blocking the path of the virus.
In hepatitis A, it is hand hygiene and the use of food and water that are free of other germs and viruses. With hepatitis B and C, this is protection against blood poisoning in any way and protected sex.
Everyone should get the hepatitis vaccine. Today, vaccination against hepatitis B is included in the list of vaccinations. Vaccination has recently begun, and the majority of the population is still not protected from hepatitis B. Studies have shown that vaccination against hepatitis B in developed countries helped to reduce the disease. And if the vaccine is done in a timely manner, it gives protection against hepatitis for many years. If you do the appropriate tests, you can determine whether or not hepatitis vaccination is shown to you personally. If no protective antibodies are found, then you do not need the vaccine. We hope this information will help you take control of viral hepatitis, protect yourself from its consequences and protect yourself from infection.
Liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, is an ailment that can cause various viruses... The result of infection can be both acute hepatitis, recovery from which occurs within one to two months, and chronic hepatitis. The liver is a vital organ. It performs many functions, including the elimination of toxic substances. In hepatitis, the virus enters the body and causes inflammation of the liver tissue, often with serious consequences.
There are many types of hepatitis viruses today, some of which are more common than others. Hepatitis A is more commonly diagnosed in children, and hepatitis B and C are an important causative factor in serious health problems and death worldwide. Some forms of hepatitis A and E have a rapid course (acute hepatitis). Others can lead to progressive damage to liver cells (chronic hepatitis) and cause cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis A and E viruses cause an acute infectious process, which usually has a mild course and does not lead to chronicity:
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is much more common in developing countries. Sometimes it is asymptomatic. Outbreaks of hepatitis A are periodically recorded in schools and other places where children gather. In adults, the infection is more severe.
Travelers visiting various countries are at risk of contracting the virus. Hepatitis A has a short incubation period of 1–2 weeks. Symptoms are fatigue, malaise, and sometimes tenderness in the right hypochondrium (liver). These manifestations often precede jaundice (yellowing of the skin as a result of excess bilirubin). During the pre-icteric period, the infection can also be transmitted to other people. The jaundice goes away after a few weeks and comes on complete recovery... Hepatitis A never becomes chronic, and the virus is unable to persist in the body.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is similar downstream to hepatitis A and is often the cause of epidemics in developing countries. It usually goes away without treatment and, like hepatitis A, rarely has a severe course. In pregnant women, however, the disease can be life threatening due to high risk development of acute liver failure, leading to the death of the mother and fetus.
Hepatitis viruses are transmitted in various ways:
Hepatitis A is spread by eating contaminated foods;
Hepatitis B is spread through infected blood or through unprotected sex. Infection can occur with the use of a common needle by drug addicts, as well as from the mother to the fetus in the prenatal period;
Hepatitis C is usually transmitted through infected blood, often as a result of the use of a single needle by addicts.
In the past, there have been cases of infection with the virus through transfusion of blood products, before donor screening was introduced. In some countries, past outbreaks of hepatitis C have been caused by the use of contaminated needles used for medical purposes, such as the mass vaccination of children. Hepatitis B and C viruses can cause chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and cancer in the body. Globally, hepatitis B is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. The virus can cause acute hepatitis with symptoms similar to hepatitis A, but most people are asymptomatic. Despite the absence of clinical signs, markers of the hepatitis virus are found in the blood of patients. Progressive liver inflammation often goes unnoticed by the patient until a severe stage of the disease is reached.
Thus, in many countries, a high percentage of the population is infected with the hepatitis B virus. Many of them are asymptomatic carriers of the virus. Health education helps prevent the sexual transmission of hepatitis B, and all blood donors are screened to rule out infection. An effective vaccine has been developed against hepatitis B.
Like viral hepatitis B, hepatitis C is responsible for a significant proportion of liver disease and death worldwide, but its importance has only been identified in recent years. Hepatitis C rarely causes acute liver damage and is much more likely to be detected by chance on a blood test. Once infected, it is extremely difficult to eliminate the virus from the body. It can be assumed that 80% of those infected develop some degree of liver damage due to chronic inflammation, however, according to recent data, only a small proportion of them have severe liver disease. Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. There is currently no vaccine against this virus, so prevention of infection is at the forefront.
Hepatitis D, or delta-viral infection, can develop only against the background of infection with the hepatitis B virus. Delta-virus infection is most often found in streets who use intravenous drugs, and worsens the course of hepatitis B. In most cases, acute viral hepatitis is suspected in the presence of characteristic symptoms. To confirm the diagnosis, a blood test is performed, which detects an increase in the level of liver enzymes and the presence of virus markers. To assess the extent of liver damage in chronic hepatitis, blood tests and liver biopsy (under local anesthesia) are performed, followed by microscopic examination of the sample.
Acute viral hepatitis resolves on its own. There is no specific treatment for this disease. Patients are not allowed to drink alcohol, as this can worsen symptoms. In very rare cases, hepatitis A can cause severe liver inflammation, leading to acute liver failure. It is a life-threatening condition that may require organ transplantation.
Case history of viral hepatitis B in which it plays a leading role
- quite common infection, the causative agent of which is the hepatitis B virus. With a pronounced manifestation of the hepatitis B virus, the symptomatology is different, with no less different consequences of the disease, but it is necessarily associated with the phenomena of general intoxication and acute liver dysfunction.
Despite the clinical diversity of the course of the disease, it is the medical history of viral hepatitis B that causes the vast majority of deaths in the statistics of all hepatitis. Pathology got its name in 1973 from the WHO Scientific Expert Group. The former name sounded like "serum hepatitis" / No less popular was the name "hepatitis with parenteral transmission", etc.
What is the danger of viral hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Equally important is the fact that the disease can cause primary liver cancer and its sclerosis, in chronic course, and more likely in people who fell ill in childhood. In total, there are about two billion people infected with hepatitis B in the world, of which 2 million die a year because of this disease. The infection spreads from people with acute or chronic forms, and from virus carriers (300 - 350 million people) who are often unaware of the presence of the virus.
Who should be vaccinated?
Step-by-step application of immunoprophylaxis of viral hepatitis B in children and among risk groups in adults in case histories.
1st stage
1) newborn children, from mothers who are virus carriers, or suffering from hepatitis B;
2) all newly born children in the regions with a carrier frequency of HbsAg over 5%;
3) children who come into contact with a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with chronic HBV in the family;
4) children from boarding schools and orphanages
5) children who periodically receive blood products and children on hemodialysis;
The 2nd stage of vaccinations involves the introduction of mass vaccination of children in the vaccination calendar program
The third stage involves vaccination among all adolescents.
Among adult groups, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation recommends the following:
a) medical workers who are exposed to biological fluids, primarily blood - surgeons, obstetricians, gynecologists, dentists, manipulative nurses, employees of the departments of blood transfusiology, hemodialysis, laboratory employees, etc.
1) people with hemophilia who receive donor blood, donors, patients receiving organ transplants;
2) people using beauty services
3) police officers, military, firefighters, rescue workers, mortuary staff, etc .;
4) tourists traveling around the world and Russia;
5) people who use drugs by intravenous route;
6) close people and family members of HbsAg carriers;
7) other groups of the population, for which immunization may be useful;
8) the entire population of Russia can be attributed to the high-risk group, since in our state the incidence of the disease is extremely high (35 cases per 100,000 population in European countries).
Medical history viral hepatitis A is, as it is not difficult to guess, a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. As a rule, the disease is accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting and jaundice. It happens that the patient has a serious condition, like the flu, which can last for several weeks.
At the same time, icteric forms of viral hepatitis A are also noted without. But they equally remain a dangerous source of infection.
The main route by which the disease is transmitted is fecal-oral. In most cases, medical history of viral hepatitis A, imply infection through food, water, indirect and direct contact.
Anyone can get the disease, but about 50% of all cases are in adolescents and children. The most severe course of this disease is fulminant hepatitis, which can be fatal as a result. Among people over 40 years of age, the mortality rate is 0.1%, and the hospitalization rate for this group of patients is more than 40%.
There is currently no specific treatment for hepatitis A.
Why is the relevance of vaccination against hepatitis A so high in Russia today?
The overall improvement in sanitary and hygienic conditions on a global scale has significantly reduced the spread of the hepatitis A virus. As a result, the number of those who have had hepatitis, and, accordingly, people who have immunity against the disease, have decreased in the world. Today, in most regions of Russia, about half of young people, according to medical histories, do not have immunological protection against this disease, therefore, the risk of contracting an acute form of hepatitis A significantly increases. Considering that the most difficult course of the disease is observed in people of mature age, then subject to the aggravation of the general epidemiological situation in the incidence of hepatitis A, a sharp increase in the number of complications and severe course of this disease is possible.
The only one effective method prevention of disease and protection against it is vaccination.
Who should be vaccinated?
- Those who are going on a business trip or a trip to epidemically disadvantaged regions;
- Those who are in close contact with the infected;
- Pupils of schools and pupils of preschool institutions;
- Military personnel;
- Those who have an increased risk of contracting the disease in their professional activities: employees of children's institutions, medical personnel, workers of sewage and cleaning services;
- Those who pose the greatest danger after the disease: employees of warehouses, catering establishments;
- Those who are at risk of getting sick due to poor sanitary and hygienic conditions;
- Those who are directly in the foci of the disease.
The virus of this disease is able to stay in human blood for 3-5 days, after which clinical symptoms appear. Therefore, it can be a source of contaminated donor plasma. Such plasma poses a risk of infection with hepatitis A, even after long-term storage in a frozen state.
It is also necessary to vaccinate patients with hemophilia, drug addicts, homosexuals, patients with chronic diseases liver, which hepatitis A can significantly worsen.
Ebola
This virus, from the filovirus family, has made quite a splash recently around the world. Ebola causes the most severe form of hemorrhagic fever in humans. Its danger lies in the fact that with the most severe clinical picture in patients, there is no specific therapy and vaccines against the virus. The Ebola virus infects almost all human organs and systems. The incubation period for this virus is 3 to 22 days. The disease begins with a sharp increase in body temperature, and pain in the muscles, head, throat, bones is added to this. The function of the liver, kidneys, respiratory and cardiovascular systems is impaired. Without the necessary replacement therapy, multiple organ failure and death of the patient develops. As noted above, there is no specific therapy, therefore, the disease is treated with "prosthetics" of the lost functions of organs and systems. Steroid anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used, massive infusion therapy, hemodialysis may be needed, and the connection of the patient to an artificial respiration apparatus.
An interesting fact is that the development of vaccines and special drugs was stopped in 2012, due to the fact that large pharmaceuticals. the companies considered research costs unprofitable due to the lack of a sales market.
Marburg virus
This disease is considered the most deadly in the world, in itself it is very similar to the Ebola virus, but in an even worse form. The virus causes a similar clinical picture to Ebola haemorrhagic fever. There is a vascular lesion along with hemorrhagic syndrome, which ends up with organ failure and death. The mortality rate of this virus after the last outbreak in Angola was 80% of the number of cases.
AIDS virus
HIV, and the AIDS it causes, is a widely discussed and solved problem. However, no major breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of this type of virus. At the moment, a pandemic of this virus reigns in the world. It has spread to all continents and countries of the world, and rightfully belongs to the group of "most dangerous viruses". The virus itself belongs to the group of retroviruses. Its danger lies in the fact that it knocks out a very important link of the immune system in the human body, due to which a person “loses” immunity and dies from a secondary infection. At the moment, no vaccines or drugs have been invented, however, schemes of supportive retroviral therapy have been developed, which allow people with HIV-positive status to be alive for decades.
Flu virus
Despite the fact that we meet with the flu almost every year, and many have had this disease without dangerous consequences, it is a deadly disease. Over the past 200 years, different strains of the influenza virus have claimed more lives than HIV and Ebola combined. What is the danger of the influenza virus? First of all, in unpredictability. The flu mutates almost faster than all viruses known to mankind, each time, it is not known what it will be in severity, and how to change the vaccine. It is enough to recall the avian and California flu epidemics in order to understand that this disease can kill thousands of people. Despite the fact that a huge number of people in the world fall ill and recover every year, it is not known how the virus will mutate next year, and how dangerous it will be. It is for this reason that strains of the influenza virus should be noted as the most dangerous representatives of viruses.
Rabies
There is no cure, but there is a vaccine. The rabies virus is less and less talked about these days. Correct medical and veterinary control helped to defeat this disease. Despite this, cases of rabies infection are still found in the world. The danger of this virus is that if a person is sick, he will die. The rabies virus attacks the nervous system and cannot be survived.
Hepatitis
The hepatitis virus has many variants. The most dangerous and widespread are hepatitis C and hepatitis B. At the moment, there are successful methods of treatment against these diseases and there is a specific vaccination. In addition, a person can recover by himself. However, if the cases are severe and no treatment occurs, the person will inevitably develop cirrhosis of the liver and death. The problem with treating viral hepatitis is the cost of drugs. Antiviral therapy courses cost the patients enormous sums of money. The treatment itself also has a very detrimental effect on the human body due to the pronounced side effects of the drugs.
Conclusion
The above viruses are classified as the most dangerous in the world. Their incidence and the epidemic situation around the world suggests that each of us may be in danger. Nevertheless, the world health organization is actively researching and introducing measures to prevent and combat this group of viruses. It remains, he hopes, that over time, mankind around the world will come to a certain point of self-awareness and joint efforts will overcome dangerous viruses.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a highly contagious viral disease, to which humans, primates and some artiodactyls, in particular pigs and goats, are susceptible.
For the first time, Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans was detected in 1976 in the Congo (formerly Zaire), the provinces of Sudan. The causative agent of the disease was isolated by medical personnel from areas of the Ebola River, hence the name.
In a short period of time after the identification of the virus, more than 500 people were affected by the disease, 2/3 of whom died within 3 days after the onset of symptoms. Soon the entire territory of the African continent was familiar with the fatal disease.
In the same 1976, the first case was identified in the UK - it turned out to be a scientist who contracted the virus as a result of laboratory tests.
Ebola fever was occasionally recorded in people from the United States, the Philippines and even Russia. In the course of identifying the sources of infection, it was revealed that all the patients had contact with the inhabitants of Africa or carried out medical experiments.
Thanks to the actions of the regional bodies of the WHO, during the period of the epidemic, strict quarantine measures were established at border crossings of states and customs points, all this time the spread of the Ebola virus was contained, however, for almost 40 years, the African continent is still considered epidemiologically unfavorable due to spontaneous outbreaks this disease in humans. So, during this period, due to infection with the virus in the region, about 2,000 people died, while almost the same number suffered an illness and recovered.
Despite the efforts of doctors, the leaders of European countries and the quarantine measures taken, an unprecedented epidemic of the disease has been observed in the countries of Central and West Africa since the beginning of 2014. As of August this year, 2,500 citizens of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Lyon were diagnosed with Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and more than 1,500 Africans are believed to have died from this disease.
On August 8 this year, representatives of the WHO dubbed Ebola "a global threat", and on August 12, the first death in Europe from this disease in the last 2 decades was registered - a Spanish resident who recently visited Liberia died.
Despite large-scale and many years of research, it is not known for certain how exactly the Ebola virus enters the body. Scientists believe that the gates of infection are microtraumas of the mucous membranes of the body, where the pathogen enters with the physiological fluids of infected humans and animals.
At the site of the introduction of the virus, usually no visible transformations are observed.
The latent (incubation) period of the disease ranges from 2 days to 3 weeks and depends on the type of virus and the general state of health of the infected person.
Like any hemorrhagic fever, the ailment begins with general intoxication of the body and is manifested by attacks of severe headache, pain in the abdomen and muscles, fever up to 39-41 degrees, diarrhea, vomiting, lesions of the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and eyes. Later, a dry, hacking cough joins these symptoms, half of the patients have a rash that looks similar to the manifestations of chickenpox.
A person with the Ebola virus rapidly becomes dehydrated (dehydrated), which can lead to liver and kidney damage, causing internal bleeding. This course of the disease is observed in about 50-60% of patients, and if the victim does not recover within 2 weeks, the fever usually ends in death. In this case, death occurs due to massive blood loss.
Blood tests of patients indicate a clotting disorder (thrombocytopenia), an increase in the number of leukocytes due to an increase in inflammatory processes (leukocytosis) and a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin (anemia). These indicators, coupled with general symptoms, indicate damage to the hematopoietic system in humans.
Only young patients who do not have any chronic diseases have a favorable prognosis. It is a scientifically proven fact that most of the inhabitants of the African continent have already acquired immunity to the disease, since, throughout their lives, they had a very large number of chances to become infected and safely transfer Ebola without symptoms due to infection with special strains of the virus. This explains the selectivity of the death of patients.
It is sometimes mistaken for malaria and other tropical diseases due to similar symptoms.
It is possible to establish whether a particular patient is sick with this ailment after conducting specialized laboratory tests, clinical symptoms and analysis of the prerequisites for the disease (contacts with patients, stay in disadvantaged regions).
Despite modern scientific developments and research, there is still no vaccine against Ebola, and the treatment of patients is symptomatic. Patients require careful care and relief of dehydration - by introducing large amounts of fluid using intravenous and jet injections, as well as orally.
It is widely believed among the medical community that any hemorrhagic fever can be eradicated, including Ebola, however, since the vast majority of cases are residents of the Third World countries, the development of vaccines and drugs against regional deadly diseases will not bring pharmaceutical companies any tangible arrived.
Today, the growth of the disease progresses, taking human lives every day.
A dentist's office, a hairdresser's, an operating room, your own house - in all these places a person can become infected with the hepatitis B virus. Moreover, infected people become a source of danger for their loved ones.
Health care workers are also at serious risk, with frequent exposure to blood. These are surgeons, laboratory workers, dentists. And besides, it is even possible for a person who has not yet been born to become infected - from his mother during pregnancy or during childbirth.
In our country, about 50,000 people are infected with the hepatitis B virus every year and there are about 5 million chronic carriers of this virus, which pose a real threat to others, being a potential source of infection.
Many chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus develop a chronic form of the disease over time, which turns into cirrhosis and liver cancer. Sometimes infection of a person with hepatitis B leads to a fulminant form of the disease, which most often ends in death.
Methods of Hepatitis B Virus Infection
- Transfusion of blood, or its components;
- direct contact with contaminated blood, for example, during its transfusion;
- indirect contact with contaminated blood - the so-called "syringe route" of infection, which is common among drug addicts, as well as human infection through non-disposable medical instruments, razors and combs;
- sexual intercourse, in which the virus is transmitted along with vaginal secretions, sperm, as well as blood from microcracks and ruptures, and the risk of infection is directly proportional to the frequency of contact with an infected person;
- vertical transmission of the virus from mother to her child during intrauterine development or during childbirth, while it is believed that if the baby did not become infected with the hepatitis B virus during childbirth, then if he is not vaccinated, he will certainly be infected within the next five years;
- household contacts with chronic carriers of the virus or patients, especially relevant for families where there are chronic carriers of the infection.
The incubation period of hepatitis B lasts from 45 to 180 days, on average it is 120 days. It is believed that from the time of infection until the moment when the disease becomes inevitable, there are 1-2 weeks when emergency prevention can be carried out in the form of vaccination according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme and the introduction of immunoglobulin to prevent the disease.
Hepatitis B is especially dangerous for children, because if it is transferred at an early age, then with a probability of 50-95% it will turn into a chronic form, which will further lead to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. The younger the infected child, the higher the risk that he will become a chronic carrier of the hepatitis B virus. In newborns, in 90% of cases, viral hepatitis proceeds without any symptoms, and in 70-90% of cases it becomes the cause of chronic 40-50% - chronic hepatitis.
For adults, the statistics are different. The risk of infection spillover into a chronic form is lower - 6-10%, and the frequency of diseases with jaundice is higher - 30-40%. This is due to the maturity of the immune system, since the better it works, the brighter the disease progresses, the less the risk of chronic infection. A feature of the hepatitis B virus is the fact that it does not by itself destroy human liver cells, but is only a consequence of an attack on them by the immune system. Thus, hepatitis B is an autoimmune disease.
One of the symptoms of hepatitis is jaundice, which manifests itself as yellowness of the skin and whites of the eyes, darkening of urine, discoloration of feces. In some cases, hepatitis is similar to the flu. Patients experience loss of appetite and weakness. The disease is not registered as hepatitis and is diagnosed some time later, when tested for the "Australian antigen".
Death rarely occurs after a fulminant and extremely severe form of infection, the danger of which increases when a person has liver disease. Death is more likely to occur only after 35-40 years, as a result of primary liver cancer, about 65% of which occurs as a consequence of chronic hepatitis B.
Treatment of this dangerous disease is often ineffective, does not allow for complete recovery and has many side reactions. In addition, there are no treatment options that would relieve an infected person from chronic carriage of the virus.
The only way to avoid contracting the hepatitis B virus today is to get vaccinated.
Any type of hepatitis B, C, D poses a threat and is quite serious for the human body. Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. With hepatitis B, C, D, there is a great likelihood that the disease will be very difficult and turn into a chronic form. Chronic forms are when the virus continues to multiply for many years. With hepatitis B and C, acute symptoms may not be visible. The acute form of hepatitis often occurs without jaundice. How can a person get hepatitis? Today we will consider one of the possible situations that can lead to infection. Few people thought that dental manipulations as a source of hepatitis B C and D.
What is hepatitis B? The peculiarity of hepatitis "B" is that the acute form is difficult, with pronounced jaundice. But, as a rule, a person recovers. However, mild forms pass without jaundice, are more difficult to recognize and, as a result, pass into the chronic stage of the disease. Most often, the chronic form is observed in children with infection during childbirth. In chronic hepatitis B, inflammation of the liver occurs, and this process leads to cirrhosis of the liver, sometimes even to liver cancer. The hepatitis B virus is more resistant than the hepatitis C virus and HIV. It is not destroyed by boiling, therefore, it is much easier for them to become infected.
The main source of hepatitis B and its transmission is: blood transfusions, dental procedures, surgery, acupuncture, intravenous injections, the use of non-sterile syringes, tattoos, piercings, and the general use of hygiene items.
With hepatitis C, the main source of infection is blood! Dental manipulations carry a huge degree of risk, since they are associated with mucosal injuries and constant contact with blood. Hepatitis C can also be sexually transmitted. To prevent infection, it is worth taking precautions. Hepatitis can be contracted through blood transfusions.
The hepatitis C virus itself dies in the external environment, it can be killed by boiling. To avoid infection and to protect yourself as much as possible, it is worth taking precautions, resorting to disinfection. Control over the careful handling of medical partings, especially those related to dentistry, is necessary. With quality treatment, dental procedures will be safer. In fact, hepatitis C virus is less contagious than hepatitis B virus and HIV.
It should be clearly understood that dental manipulations can be a source of hepatitis B, C, D. Their direct connection with blood is the root cause of infection.
Only with the presence of the hepatitis B virus can the hepatitis D virus exist. Patients who already have a chronic form of hepatitis B are especially vulnerable and more susceptible to infection with the hepatitis D virus. Such an infection carries a severe, life-threatening form of acute hepatitis.
No less cruel is the acute hepatitis C virus, which can only result in recovery in 20% of cases. The percentage of the transition of hepatitis "C" into the chronic form is 85-90%. Because of this, the form of this hepatitis is considered the most dangerous. There is no corresponding vaccine for hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis "C" is quite common and leads to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The disease proceeds in a latent form, without any special symptoms, and the disease can be detected only at the last stage. And in the later stages of the disease, cirrhosis of the liver is detected, which is the most difficult to treat. The prognosis of this disease is poor. A common symptom of hepatitis C is weakness, and jaundice itself is not observed. Also focus on the following symptoms - joint pain, fever, skin rashes. There are changes in the blood and urine tests, and because of this, the diagnoses can be erroneous.
Visiting the dentist, a person takes a risk, he may not even be aware of it. Unfortunately, all drugs that traditionally treat hepatitis B, C and D. Do not completely kill viruses and people can suffer almost their entire lives. This is because slagging in liver cells allows viruses to hide from the effects of antiviral drugs. Viruses also hide behind fatty inclusions, and it is difficult for drugs to “cover” them. Medicines fail to achieve a uniform therapeutic concentration. Liver cells clogged with fat interfere with this. It is necessary to cleanse cells of toxins, fat, toxins and only after that kill the virus. Understand that slags and toxins can enter into chemical action with antiviral drugs, which makes the activity of antiviral drugs inert. All medications must be strictly prescribed by a doctor. There is no need to resort to self-medication, this can lead to serious consequences.
Dental manipulations are a source of infection risk not only for patients, but also for staff. It is likely that the doctor's instruments and hands will become infected, precisely because of injuries and bleeding. Doctors very often suffer from such infections. Dental manipulations are among the most at risk. Before choosing a dental office, make sure the qualifications of the working staff. Look at the sanitary standards that are adopted in this office. Pay attention to instruments, syringes, gloves and other utensils that the dentist works with.
Listen to the opinions of people who visit a particular medical facility. After all, cleanliness and hygiene are the key to health. Hepatitis is one of the worst viral infections and, believe me, it can cause a lot of problems for everyone.
Scientists all over the world are looking for means of combating hepatitis. And on this path, considerable success has already been achieved - after all, 10 years ago there was no cure for this disease. Defeating the insidious virus, the scale of the spread of which has been compared with a medieval epidemic, will help both certain precautions and vaccinations against hepatitis. What are the causes of the disease and the treatment of hepatitis?
According to the World Health Organization, every twelfth inhabitant of the planet is infected with the chronic hepatitis virus. There are different types - A, B, C, O, E, and they all find a new victim surprisingly easily. Some viruses (A and E) enter a person through water or dirty hands. In places where wastewater disinfection is insufficiently effective and the technology for purifying tap and drinking water is violated.
The source of infection with other viruses (B, C,) can be traces of blood left on common shaving devices, manicure accessories, reflexology needles, on instruments in the office of a dentist, gynecologist, surgeon. Even a small scratch on the body is enough for the virus to enter the body. Therefore, the risk of contracting hepatitis B and C exists in those medical institutions and beauty salons where proper safety measures are not followed. Ideally, disposable instruments should be used. If they are reusable, then sterilization is needed at all stages. The dentist is obliged to change not only the bur, but also the tip of the drill (the doctor must take it out of the sterile package with you). The pulp extractor (nerve removal device) should be disposable, and so should the canal cleaning instruments. This rule also applies to the devices of the cosmetologist, acupuncturist - each client is given a sterile kit.
According to the rules, donated blood must be checked for viruses, but sometimes these tests do not detect an infection. The chances are high that the newborn will receive the virus from the mother. But the most at risk are people who use intravenous drugs and practice unprotected sex with casual partners (the infection in the latter case is transmitted through mucous membranes). By the way, very often infection occurs precisely through sexual contact. The chances of catching the virus increase with oral sex, and for a woman, the period before the onset of menstruation (when the vessels in the uterine cavity open) and immediately after menstruation (when the vessels are not yet closed) are especially dangerous.
Sometimes the virus does not manifest itself in any way, but it is important to know that prolonged infection can lead to cirrhosis and even liver cancer. Today, more and more viruses B and C (there is no vaccine against the latter yet) act together, and their joint sabotage is the most dangerous, since it leads to irreversible changes in the liver. At the same time, the virus spreads very quickly throughout the body. Having reached the liver, it penetrates into its hepatocyte cells, and their vital activity is disrupted: the cell structures begin to work on the synthesis of new viral particles, they infect neighboring healthy cells. If the disease goes away without proper treatment, it leads to the death of liver cells.
After infection with the hepatitis virus, for the causes of the disease, it takes from two weeks to six months before the sclera of the eyes and skin may turn yellow. However, acute hepatitis often occurs without noticeable symptoms (for example, in 70% of cases of hepatitis B infection). A person simply does not suspect that he is sick, or else he writes off the increased fatigue, a slight increase in temperature, aches in the joints and muscles for a cold. Hepatitis A always ends with recovery, but for hepatitis B and C, a transition to a chronic form is possible. But usually even then there is no suspicion of illness. Very often a person feels healthy, perhaps a little tired, and the disease is detected by chance.
Most often, trouble with the causes of the disease is found in a biochemical blood test. This inexpensive informative test is prescribed by a physician and is available in most laboratories. The most important indicators for the diagnosis of hepatitis are the levels of the enzymes ALT (alanine notransferase) and AST (aspartate notransferase). Although it happens that these indicators are within the normal range, this does not mean that there is no hepatitis virus in the body. The next step is to find a gastroenterologist or infectious disease specialist who specializes in hepatitis. For clarification, the doctor will refer the patient to tests that will help detect viruses, including PCR diagnostics. By the way, you can go for PCR within 10 days after a dangerous contact. An antibody test will only be needed after 1-3 months.
A timely study of the causes of the disease is needed not only to determine whether you have become infected or not, but also to allow your loved ones to get vaccinated on time and protect themselves. But for treatment it is no longer so important whether the diagnosis is made in a few days or a few weeks. Doctors say: a delay in therapy, even for several months, will not worsen the result, it is dangerous to delay taking medications for a long time. Treating viral hepatitis is difficult, time consuming and expensive. The chance to cure hepatitis C is great, but this is not always possible. And with hepatitis B, the results of therapy are not so optimistic. But courses of drugs stop the multiplication of the virus and reduce the likelihood of complications - fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver.
The best medicine is taking care of your health. This saying will be relevant when it comes to hepatitis. Prevention of hepatitis how to protect yourself from infection because the first symptoms of this disease appear when hepatitis takes on a chronic form, which can no longer be cured. It is better not to bring yourself to such a state, arm yourself with knowledge so that this virus does not enter our body.
Hepatitis is transmitted:
When using syringes and needles from a patient with hepatitis
We are talking about drug addicts, they are the main victims of B and C. Among them there are people under 30 years old, their average life does not exceed forty years.
With blood transfusion
The hepatitis B virus is more infectious than HIV, the duration of the latent period is when the virus is in the blood, and the incubation period ranges from 37 days to 87 days. And in the hepatitis C virus, the incubation period is longer and ranges from 54 days to 192 days. All this time, the donor (carrier) feels great and does not suspect that he is the carrier of this disease.
With unprotected sex
The hepatitis virus, in addition to blood, is contained in the patient's tears, sweat, vaginal secretions, semen, from where it easily penetrates the blood through cracks and microtraumas on the skin and mucous membranes.
In medical institutions
The risk of getting infected has significantly decreased in hospitals, but there is still a chance to get infected from surgical instruments, gynecological mirrors, other devices, from dental drills that have not been properly processed.
Household way
The disease can also be transmitted by everyday means. A deadly virus can be obtained by using manicure accessories, a shaving machine, a toothbrush, that is, those things that a patient with hepatitis used.
When piercing, when piercing the ears
The source of infection is the "pistols", they make a piercing of the ears, this instrument is difficult to disinfect. There is a very high risk of contracting hepatitis B when applying tattoo, tattooing.
Through food and water
This transmission of the virus is only relevant for hepatitis A, which causes an intestinal infection. It is believed that the disease is not serious, but it does not pass without leaving a trace for the body and is a risk factor for cholelithiasis.
Prevention of hepatitis
Vaccination is the main method of preventing hepatitis B. Vaccinations are needed for infectious drug users, sex workers, babies born to a sick mother, patients who often undergo surgery, family members with a virus carrier or hepatitis B infection, medical students and doctors that work with blood.
Hepatitis A vaccine
Such vaccination is given to those who are going to the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia, (unsafe countries for hepatitis A), those who suffer from chronic hepatitis, who have had hepatitis B and C. There is no other effective vaccine for hepatitis C.
How can I avoid getting hepatitis?
Infection can be prevented by blocking the path of the virus.
In hepatitis A, it is hand hygiene and the use of food and water that are free of other germs and viruses. With hepatitis B and C, this is protection against blood poisoning in any way and protected sex.
Everyone should get the hepatitis vaccine. Today, vaccination against hepatitis B is included in the list of vaccinations. Vaccination has recently begun, and the majority of the population is still not protected from hepatitis B. Studies have shown that vaccination against hepatitis B in developed countries helped to reduce the disease. And if the vaccine is done in a timely manner, it gives protection against hepatitis for many years. If you do the appropriate tests, you can determine whether or not hepatitis vaccination is shown to you personally. If no protective antibodies are found, then you do not need the vaccine. We hope this information will help you take control of viral hepatitis, protect yourself from its consequences and protect yourself from infection.
Liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, is an ailment that can be caused by various viruses. The result of infection can be both acute hepatitis, recovery from which occurs within one to two months, and chronic hepatitis. The liver is a vital organ. It performs many functions, including the elimination of toxic substances. In hepatitis, the virus enters the body and causes inflammation of the liver tissue, often with serious consequences.
There are many types of hepatitis viruses today, some of which are more common than others. Hepatitis A is more commonly diagnosed in children, and hepatitis B and C are an important causative factor in serious health problems and death worldwide. Some forms of hepatitis A and E have a rapid course (acute hepatitis). Others can lead to progressive damage to liver cells (chronic hepatitis) and cause cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Hepatitis A and E viruses cause an acute infectious process, which usually has a mild course and does not lead to chronicity:
Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is much more common in developing countries. Sometimes it is asymptomatic. Outbreaks of hepatitis A are periodically recorded in schools and other places where children gather. In adults, the infection is more severe.
Travelers visiting various countries are at risk of contracting the virus. Hepatitis A has a short incubation period of 1–2 weeks. Symptoms are fatigue, malaise, and sometimes tenderness in the right hypochondrium (liver). These manifestations often precede jaundice (yellowing of the skin as a result of excess bilirubin). During the pre-icteric period, the infection can also be transmitted to other people. The jaundice resolves in a few weeks and a full recovery is achieved. Hepatitis A never becomes chronic, and the virus is unable to persist in the body.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is similar downstream to hepatitis A and is often the cause of epidemics in developing countries. It usually goes away without treatment and, like hepatitis A, rarely has a severe course. In pregnant women, however, the disease can be life threatening due to the high risk of developing acute liver failure, leading to the death of the mother and the fetus.
Hepatitis viruses are transmitted in various ways:
Hepatitis A is spread by eating contaminated foods;
Hepatitis B is spread through infected blood or through unprotected sex. Infection can occur with the use of a common needle by drug addicts, as well as from the mother to the fetus in the prenatal period;
Hepatitis C is usually transmitted through infected blood, often as a result of the use of a single needle by addicts.
In the past, there have been cases of infection with the virus through transfusion of blood products, before donor screening was introduced. In some countries, past outbreaks of hepatitis C have been caused by the use of contaminated needles used for medical purposes, such as the mass vaccination of children. Hepatitis B and C viruses can cause chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and cancer in the body. Globally, hepatitis B is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. The virus can cause acute hepatitis with symptoms similar to hepatitis A, but most people are asymptomatic. Despite the absence of clinical signs, markers of the hepatitis virus are found in the blood of patients. Progressive liver inflammation often goes unnoticed by the patient until a severe stage of the disease is reached.
Thus, in many countries, a high percentage of the population is infected with the hepatitis B virus. Many of them are asymptomatic carriers of the virus. Health education helps prevent the sexual transmission of hepatitis B, and all blood donors are screened to rule out infection. An effective vaccine has been developed against hepatitis B.
Like viral hepatitis B, hepatitis C is responsible for a significant proportion of liver disease and death worldwide, but its importance has only been identified in recent years. Hepatitis C rarely causes acute liver damage and is much more likely to be detected by chance on a blood test. Once infected, it is extremely difficult to eliminate the virus from the body. It can be assumed that 80% of those infected develop some degree of liver damage due to chronic inflammation, however, according to recent data, only a small proportion of them have severe liver disease. Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. There is currently no vaccine against this virus, so prevention of infection is at the forefront.
Hepatitis D, or delta-viral infection, can develop only against the background of infection with the hepatitis B virus. Delta-virus infection is most often found in streets who use intravenous drugs, and worsens the course of hepatitis B. In most cases, acute viral hepatitis is suspected in the presence of characteristic symptoms. To confirm the diagnosis, a blood test is performed, which detects an increase in the level of liver enzymes and the presence of virus markers. To assess the extent of liver damage in chronic hepatitis, blood tests and liver biopsy (under local anesthesia) are performed, followed by microscopic examination of the sample.
Acute viral hepatitis resolves on its own. There is no specific treatment for this disease. Patients are not allowed to drink alcohol, as this can worsen symptoms. In very rare cases, hepatitis A can cause severe liver inflammation, leading to acute liver failure. It is a life-threatening condition that may require organ transplantation.
Case history of viral hepatitis B in which it plays a leading role
- a fairly common infectious disease, the causative agent of which is the hepatitis B virus. With a pronounced manifestation of the hepatitis B virus, the symptoms are different, with no less different consequences of the disease, but it is necessarily associated with the phenomena of general intoxication and acute liver dysfunction.
Despite the clinical diversity of the course of the disease, it is the medical history of viral hepatitis B that causes the vast majority of deaths in the statistics of all hepatitis. Pathology got its name in 1973 from the WHO Scientific Expert Group. The former name sounded like "serum hepatitis" / No less popular was the name "hepatitis with parenteral transmission", etc.
What is the danger of viral hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Equally important is the fact that the disease can cause primary liver cancer and its sclerosis, in chronic course, and more likely in people who fell ill in childhood. In total, there are about two billion people infected with hepatitis B in the world, of which 2 million die a year because of this disease. The infection spreads from people with acute or chronic forms, and from virus carriers (300 - 350 million people) who are often unaware of the presence of the virus.
Who should be vaccinated?
Step-by-step application of immunoprophylaxis of viral hepatitis B in children and among risk groups in adults in case histories.
1st stage
1) newborn children, from mothers who are virus carriers, or suffering from hepatitis B;
2) all newly born children in the regions with a carrier frequency of HbsAg over 5%;
3) children who come into contact with a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with chronic HBV in the family;
4) children from boarding schools and orphanages
5) children who periodically receive blood products and children on hemodialysis;
The 2nd stage of vaccinations involves the introduction of mass vaccination of children in the vaccination calendar program
The third stage involves vaccination among all adolescents.
Among adult groups, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation recommends the following:
a) medical workers who are exposed to biological fluids, primarily blood - surgeons, obstetricians, gynecologists, dentists, manipulative nurses, employees of the departments of blood transfusiology, hemodialysis, laboratory employees, etc.
1) people with hemophilia who receive donor blood, donors, patients receiving organ transplants;
2) people using beauty services
3) police officers, military, firefighters, rescue workers, mortuary staff, etc .;
4) tourists traveling around the world and Russia;
5) people who use drugs by intravenous route;
6) close people and family members of HbsAg carriers;
7) other groups of the population, for which immunization may be useful;
8) the entire population of Russia can be attributed to the high-risk group, since in our state the incidence of the disease is extremely high (35 cases per 100,000 population in European countries).
Medical history viral hepatitis A is, as it is not difficult to guess, a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. As a rule, the disease is accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting and jaundice. It happens that the patient has a serious condition, like the flu, which can last for several weeks.
At the same time, icteric forms of viral hepatitis A are also noted without. But they equally remain a dangerous source of infection.
The main route by which the disease is transmitted is fecal-oral. In most cases, medical history of viral hepatitis A, imply infection through food, water, indirect and direct contact.
Anyone can get the disease, but about 50% of all cases are in adolescents and children. The most severe course of this disease is fulminant hepatitis, which can be fatal as a result. Among people over 40 years of age, the mortality rate is 0.1%, and the hospitalization rate for this group of patients is more than 40%.
There is currently no specific treatment for hepatitis A.
Why is the relevance of vaccination against hepatitis A so high in Russia today?
The overall improvement in sanitary and hygienic conditions on a global scale has significantly reduced the spread of the hepatitis A virus. As a result, the number of those who have had hepatitis, and, accordingly, people who have immunity against the disease, have decreased in the world. Today, in most regions of Russia, about half of young people, according to medical histories, do not have immunological protection against this disease, therefore, the risk of contracting an acute form of hepatitis A significantly increases. Considering that the most difficult course of the disease is observed in people of mature age, then subject to the aggravation of the general epidemiological situation in the incidence of hepatitis A, a sharp increase in the number of complications and severe course of this disease is possible.
Vaccination is the only effective method of preventing and protecting against disease.
Who should be vaccinated?
- Those who are going on a business trip or a trip to epidemically disadvantaged regions;
- Those who are in close contact with the infected;
- Pupils of schools and pupils of preschool institutions;
- Military personnel;
- Those who have an increased risk of contracting the disease in their professional activities: employees of children's institutions, medical personnel, workers of sewage and cleaning services;
- Those who pose the greatest danger after the disease: employees of warehouses, catering establishments;
- Those who are at risk of getting sick due to poor sanitary and hygienic conditions;
- Those who are directly in the foci of the disease.
The virus of this disease is able to stay in human blood for 3-5 days, after which clinical symptoms appear. Therefore, it can be a source of contaminated donor plasma. Such plasma poses a risk of infection with hepatitis A, even after long-term storage in a frozen state.
It is also necessary to vaccinate patients with hemophilia, drug addicts, homosexuals, patients with chronic liver diseases, which hepatitis A can significantly aggravate.
The Ministry of Health of Russia obliges to vaccinate representatives of such population groups:
- Persons going on a business trip or a trip to epidemically unfavorable regions;
- Military personnel;
- Representatives of closed groups;
- Persons who have an increased risk of contracting the disease in their professional activities: employees of children's institutions, medical personnel, workers of sewage and cleaning services.