ARI prevention Is a set of organizational, epidemiological, sanitary-hygienic and medical measures aimed not only at preventing the development of the disease, but also at reducing the intensity of the manifestations of the ARI clinic. Medical measures for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in both children and adults imply routine vaccination with influenza and other types of vaccines. Inactivated antiviral vaccines are intended for subcutaneous administration using an injector or syringe method. High efficiency of vaccine prophylaxis is observed only in relation to acute respiratory infections provoked by the influenza virus, and with the spread of other etiopathogenetic variants this disease, the use of the vaccine does not give the desired positive result.
Fungal pneumonia is treated with antifungal drugs such as Nizoral. Complementary therapies for patients with pneumonia include meeting fluid and nutritional needs, getting frequent vital signs, and maintaining oral hygiene. Supplemental oxygen and chest and drainage must be ordered by a physician. Some medicines used to treat pneumonia require special attention.
Should not be given to women who are pregnant or young children because of the damage it can cause to the development of teeth and bones. Peak serum and trough levels are obtained according to hospital protocol.
- Tetracycline.
- Garamicin.
- Aminoglycoside is both ototoxic and nephrotoxic.
- It is important to monitor the client for signs of toxicity.
With regard to the effective prevention of acute respiratory infections, infectious disease specialists are unanimous in the opinion that the reception of chemopreventive agents has the maximum degree of protection. Medicines for the prevention of acute respiratory infections and treatment, as a rule, do not differ. The prescription of a course of intranasal administration of interferon inducers belongs to nonspecific drug prevention of acute respiratory infections in different age categories, and in general, compliance with hygiene standards and promotion of a healthy lifestyle can effectively combat all types of acute respiratory infections.
Acute acute dyspnea. ... A chest x-ray reveals the presence of air or fluid in the pleural sac. Client management of pleurisy includes the use of analgesics, antitussives, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy. The presence of pleural effusion may require the client to have thoracentesis. It is the nurse's responsibility to prepare the client and monitor for signs of complications associated with this procedure. The nurse should evaluate the client's vital signs, especially changes in breathing and blood pressure, which may reflect impending shock from fluid loss or bleeding.
Prevention of acute respiratory infections in children
Prevention of ARI disease among children of different ages consists in carrying out expositional and dispositional activities.
What does the so-called "exposure prophylaxis" mean and for what purpose is it carried out? Under the exposure prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections in children is meant a set of means, the action of which is aimed at preventing possible contact between a healthy child and a source of viral or bacterial infection.
The nurse should also monitor the client for symptoms of pneumothorax. Nursing skill: positioning the client for thoracentesis. Sits on the edge of the bed with legs supported and with head and arms resting on a padded bar.
- Sitting on a chair with arms and head, leaning against the back of the chair.
- Lying on the unprotected side of the head of the bed is elevated from 30 to 45 degrees.
Hazardous foreign matter control as specified by the Centers for Disease Control should be used when caring for a client with TB. A chest x-ray should be ordered for patients with a prior positive skin test. The use of multidrug therapy has reduced treatment times to six months for eligible clients; however, drug resistant forms may require longer periods of treatment. Clients are no longer considered infectious after three negative sputum samples have been obtained.
As such limiting means, limitation of the child's oral contact with the surrounding people during the period of epidemic danger, avoidance of visiting crowded premises and city transport, maximizing the time for outdoor walks, using barrier protection in the form of wearing masks by persons suffering from acute respiratory infections, compliance with norms personal hygiene.
Surgical treatment may include a wedge resection or lobectomy. Household contacts are treated with isoniazid. Influenza is an acute infectious viral infection that primarily affects the upper airways and is sometimes complicated by the development of pneumonia. The flu is caused by one of three types of myxovirus flu. Infection with one strain confers immunity to that strain only; therefore, annual immunization is necessary to protect against the strain predicted this year.
- Sore throat and laryngitis.
- Walking nose.
- Muscle pain and headache.
In the outbreak where a case of acute respiratory infections has been registered, it is necessary to urgently implement the following measures to prevent acute respiratory infections: adherence to quarantine for a period of seven days from the registration of the last episode of the disease, the implementation of general wet cleaning with the use of disinfectants, isolation or hospitalization of patients with acute respiratory infections, a thorough objective examination of persons, including thermometry, being in close contact with the patient.
The vaccine is produced in eggs and should not be given to anyone with an egg white allergy. Children two years of age and older and adults can receive a nasal vaccine. Flu treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Bed linen and increased fluid intake are important interventions during the acute phase. Decongestant nasal sprays, codeine antitussives and antipyretics help the client to feel more comfortable.
Prevention, care and treatment of acute respiratory infections
Antibiotics are indicated if a client develops bacterial pneumonia. Clients with the flu, as well as non-immunized individuals who have been exposed to the flu, may receive chemoprophylaxis if an outbreak occurs. Symmetrel or flumadin is also used to prevent or reduce flu symptoms. Although coughs and colds are common among children, and most can be easily treated, sometimes coughs and colds are dangerous signs of pneumonia, which is the biggest killer of children.
Measures for the prevention of acute respiratory infections of the dispositional profile include various methods for improving the functioning of the immune system, for which both specific and non-specific measures are used.
Specific means of preventing acute respiratory infections mean nothing more than vaccination, which is the provision of individual protection against acute respiratory infections in children with an efficiency exceeding 80%. The use of vaccination as the main means of preventing acute respiratory infections can significantly weaken the manifestations of acute respiratory infections and minimize the development of complications.
A child with a cough and cold, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, and fever may have pneumonia and need immediate attention. Many children die of pneumonia because the mother or caregiver does not recognize the severity of the symptoms. Dangerous signs of pneumonia include.
Rapid breathing: for a baby aged 2-12 months, 50 breaths or more for the minimum breathing rate: nasal flasher in drawing: the lower chest is absorbed when the baby has a breathing cough for more than two weeks, the baby is unable to breastfeed or often drink and tear. A child with any of these danger signs should immediately go to a medical clinic or trained medical professional... Pneumonia can be reduced by exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, vitamin A supplementation, and complete immunization, especially measles.
Preschool children are subject to compulsory immunization against acute respiratory infections caused by the influenza virus. In addition, children who are classified as "frequently ill" are subject to vaccination against ARI.
Despite the rapid development of pharmaceutical capabilities, the use of non-specific prevention measures in the form of normalization and balance of the child's eating behavior, hardening, and vitaminization of the child's body is of the greatest importance in prevention.
Refers to a medical facility for high fever with danger symptoms.
- Recognize the danger signs of pneumonia.
- Managing cough, cold and fever at home.
What are the danger signs of pnumonia?
A child with a cough and fever, and difficulty breathing, should be treated for pumonia and checked directly by a trained health care provider. The global death rate from severe pneumonia is 9%. Count the breathing per minute of the child and depending on the age, rapid breathing can be determined as follows.
Hardening means the systematic impact of natural environmental factors that can improve the body's resistance to the adverse effects of infectious agents. Childhood is the most favorable for starting the application of hardening procedures, provided they are carried out correctly.
From birth to 59 days - more than 60 breaths per minute. 2 months to 12 months - 50 breaths per minute or more. 12 months to 5 years - 40 breaths per minute or more. Both diseases are serious, and the child may die from one of them; therefore, it is important to bring the child to a medical facility. There are some differences, although both conditions affect the respiratory system.
Pneumonia is always accompanied by fever, asthma is not. Pneumonia - acute illness, therefore, most likely accompanied by a general sense of care. Asthma is usually a chronic condition and usually does not have these symptoms. Both diseases have a cough, but this symptom has a different quality.
First of all, hardening sessions should be systematic and regular, the increase in the irritating influence of environmental factors should be gradual, taking into account the age of the child and his individual characteristics. Of course, tempering procedures should bring only positive emotions to the child.
In a situation where a child has suffered any acute illness of an infectious nature, hardening procedures can be applied no earlier than 30 days, starting from the initial dose regimen. Among the hardening procedures, air baths, water rubbing, dousing, as well as walking barefoot on a cool surface are most effective. In order to form an adequate reaction of the child's body to the effects of cold temperatures, contrast hardening should be carried out. The initial area for hardening procedures is the plantar surface of the lower extremities, after which they move on to the rest of the body. The optimal duration of the hardening procedure is 20 minutes.
What are the likely causes of pneumonia?
Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. A child who has a prolonged cough that lasts more than 3 weeks may have tuberculosis, an infection in the lungs.
Can it be passed from one person to another
The germs that cause pneumonia are commonly found in the mouth and nose of an infected person. They can be easily passed on to another person, either in the air or by touching a contaminated surface. Typically, they enter the human body through the mouth, nose or eyes. When this happens, a battle ensues - the human immune system tries to kill the germs, while the germs try to multiply.Medical prevention of acute respiratory infections in children should be carried out with caution, since the appointment of an immunocorrective and immunomodulating drug should be performed only in the presence of clinical and immunological indicators. The only group of drugs available for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in children without preliminary analyzes of the immunological profile are herbal adaptogens such as Echinacea tincture, aloe extract, Eleutherococcus.
Although a person with pneumonia is contagious, that person's germs are more likely to cause an upper respiratory infection in another person than pneumonia. This is because many of the viruses and bacteria that cause pneumonia in humans are the same ones that cause upper respiratory infections.
Who is at risk for pneumonia and other respiratory diseases?
Children living in environments with as much smoke as tobacco or smoking fires are at risk. Children with weak immune systems. Complications from other infections, such as measles, chickenpox.
What to do if my child is suspected of having pneumonia
The child must be immediately taken to a trained health care professional who can also provide a referral to a health care facility if needed. Don't just try to treat your child at home.In order to ensure the normal functioning of the child's body, vitamin therapy is used, which should be an obligatory component of the prevention of acute respiratory infections in children. Of course, it is also possible to vitaminize the child's body by rationalizing eating behavior, however, during the period of increasing seasonal incidence of acute respiratory infections among children, it is advisable to prescribe vitamin complexes for oral administration even to healthy children.
Design A systematic review and meta-analysis of selected participant data from randomized controlled trials. We have identified 25 eligible randomized controlled trials. To date, a total of five meta-analyzes of pooled data have been carried out, including data from up to 15 primary trials, of which two statistically significant protective effects and three reports do not give statistically significant effects. All but one of these meta-analyzes of pooled data reported statistically significant heterogeneity of effect between primary studies.
Frequent episodes of acute respiratory infections in children provoke the development of a decrease in the supply of vitamin C, which is not able to synthesize on its own in the body. Vitamin C participates in the processes of oxidative phosphorelation, therefore it can rightfully be regarded as a powerful antioxidant that promotes the removal of heavy metals from the body. The permissible dosage for the prophylactic intake of vitamin C in children with acute respiratory infections is 2.5 mg per kg per day. The effectiveness of oral vitamin C intake in children in contact with a patient with acute respiratory infections is on average 23%.
Patient and public participation
This is because subgroups are not disaggregated consistently in test reports, and adjustments for potential factors cannot be applied similarly during testing. Two participants and members of the public participated in the development of the research questions and the selection of the outcome criteria specified in the study protocol. They were not recruited as this is a meta-analysis of completed studies. Data on the burden of intervention in terms of quality of life and health of participants have not been meta-analyzed.
Prevention of acute respiratory infections in children is effective only if the medical and hygienic requirements for caring for the child are observed. First of all, explanatory conversations with parents should be carried out by visiting nurses and pediatricians, as well as at each visit to a clinic or other medical institution. Conversations with older children about preventive measures to prevent acute respiratory infections are held in educational institutions for children.
Prevention of acute respiratory infections in newborns, as a rule, does not make sense, since the child in this period has a passive form of immunity received from the mother during intrauterine development. Prevention of acute respiratory infections in infants is carried out only in the case of artificial feeding, while breast-feeding is in itself prophylactic in terms of preventing disease.
Prevention of acute respiratory infections in adults
The most effective system of preventive measures for acute respiratory infections in adults is to ensure the formation of the normal function of the human immune system, which is facilitated by the observance of a healthy lifestyle, a rational daily regimen and rest, the normalization of human eating behavior, as well as the use of various hardening programs.
First of all, measures for the prevention of acute respiratory infections in adults are to minimize or completely limit human contact with a patient suffering from any etiopathogenetic form of acute respiratory infections, to carry out adequate sanitary and hygienic measures, and to reduce the use of transport in which a large number of people are. Recent scientific studies have proven the fact that the high incidence of acute respiratory infections among the adult population is dependent on smoking, and we are talking not only about active, but also passive smoking.
Since the state of the human immune system has the greatest importance in the development of the individual's susceptibility to development, in addition to a complex of general strengthening preventive measures, the appointment of immunomodulatory drugs should be used. In the role of drugs of immunomodulatory action, seasonal course use of drugs of recombinant interferons is most often used in order to increase the body's resistance to pathogens of acute respiratory infections. Due to the activation of immune reactions, the regeneration of the mucous membranes occurs, which provides full protection of the structures of the respiratory tract. Plant adaptogens such as Immunal and Immunorm are also used as prophylactic agents for acute respiratory infections in adults.
Special attention should be paid to the prevention of acute respiratory infections during pregnancy, since during this period women often experience a weakening of immunity, which significantly increases the likelihood of infection with acute respiratory infections. In this regard, it is necessary to carry out vaccine prophylaxis against influenza with an inactivated vaccine that is safe for the development of the fetus. In the first trimester of pregnancy, vaccination is highly undesirable.
Also, safe measures for the prevention of acute respiratory infections during pregnancy are lubrication of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages with Oxolinic ointment or an ointment containing Viferon in the composition. Rinse is not superfluous oral cavity a solution containing calendula tincture for mechanical cleansing of mucous membranes from microorganisms and viruses. A postponed episode of acute respiratory infections during pregnancy can provoke complications, and therefore, a woman is shown a preventive ultrasound scan.
Preparations for the prevention of acute respiratory infections
Of course, all non-specific measures for the prevention of acute respiratory infections have the right to life, however, only chemoprophylaxis has proven effectiveness in preventing the development of this pathology, as well as weakening the course of the clinical picture.
The principle of operation of modern drugs, used for preventive purposes in acute respiratory infections, is to increase the protective capabilities of the body and create a barrier to the penetration of pathogens of this pathology.
Some antiviral drugs are used exclusively for medicinal purposes, however, most drugs in this group are intended not only for therapy, but also for the prevention of acute respiratory infections. Pills for the prevention of acute respiratory infections, as a rule, are not used, and most infectious disease specialists prefer to prescribe intranasal, parenteral forms of drugs.
Medication preventive measures against acute respiratory infections are carried out by the method of systematic intake of antiviral chemotherapy drugs and vaccination with the use of various kinds of vaccines. Different groups of medicines are used depending on the situation. So, in the first pre-epidemic period, along with the complex of sanitary and recreational measures, drugs should be used that increase the nonspecific individual resistance of the organism such as immunocorrectors, adaptogens, multivitamins.
During the period of the maximum rise in the incidence of acute respiratory infections, which is an epidemic, preference should be given to drugs that have a direct antiviral effect and inhibit the replication of viruses.
In the case of existing clinical symptoms, indicating the onset of acute respiratory infections, which occurs in the first 48 hours after viruses enter the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, funds should be used that are intended for intensive therapy in the form of antiviral chemotherapy drugs and interferon inducers, simultaneously with taking symptomatic therapy ...
The drugs, the effectiveness of which has been proven in relation to the prevention of acute respiratory infections, primarily includes Cycloferon, which is a multifunctional drug that combines a wide range of antiviral effects with immunostimulating and anti-inflammatory effects, due to which this medicine It is considered by specialists as a preventive measure for persons suffering from immunodeficiency, the elderly, patients with concomitant chronic somatic pathology and children of different ages. The prophylactic efficacy of Cycloferon is more than 60% according to randomized trials, which is an excellent result, given the good tolerability of the drug by patients and the absence of pronounced adverse reactions when taking it.
For the prevention of acute respiratory infections, especially caused by the influenza virus, it is advisable to carry out vaccination, which is most indicated for people with an increased risk of developing a complicated form of the disease, as well as people who are in close oral contact with the patient. All over the world, two types of vaccines are used to prevent ARI (parenteral inactivated vaccines and intranasal vaccinated sprays). The viruses that are used to prepare both types of vaccines are pre-cultured in chick embryos.
Intranasal form of vaccines is intended for immunization of persons of various age categories and is absolutely contraindicated for vaccination of persons suffering from immunodeficiency. There are some peculiarities and limitations for vaccination. Thus, the effectiveness of the prophylactic use of the vaccine in the elderly is much lower in comparison with the immunization of young healthy people.
The use of one type of vaccine can prevent the development of one etiopathogenetic variant of acute respiratory infections and may be absolutely ineffective against other forms of this disease. The effect of using the vaccine lasts no more than three months, and protective antibodies are formed only in the third week after using the vaccine. It should be borne in mind that after the introduction of the vaccine against acute respiratory infections, an exacerbation of chronic foci of infection is possible within two weeks.
Before immunization, a healthy person must be examined for the presence of a rash, fever, which are a contraindication for the administration of the ARI vaccine. Vaccination is an allergic provocateur, and therefore, the introduction of the vaccine should be carried out under the supervision of a physician and the presence of desensitizing drugs. An absolute contraindication for vaccination against acute respiratory infections is the presence of infectious diseases in a person in the acute period, and a burdened allergic anamnesis.
After vaccination or immediately at the time of parenteral administration of the vaccine, a person may develop local reactions in the form of soreness, redness at the injection site, as well as general effects in the form of a runny nose, cough, general malaise, muscle pain, headache, nausea, and allergic reactions.
FLU, ARI, ARVI - colds with inflammatory lesions mainly of the respiratory system.
Acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI) - a group of highly infectious viral diseases upper respiratory tract, transmitted by airborne droplets and characterized by symptoms of infectious toxicosis.
ARVI - the most widespread group of diseases on the globe, combining influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial infection, rhinovirus and adenovirus infections and other catarrhal inflammations of the upper respiratory tract.
Influenza is caused directly by the influenza virus.
Flu is extremely contagious infection, dangerous for its complications: damage to the CVS, central nervous system and respiratory organs. Influenza is a type of acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI). However, it is often considered separately from other diseases of this group, since it differs from them in a particularly severe course, the presence of severe complications and can be fatal. The incubation period for the development of influenza is from 1 to 14 days.
Ways of transmission of acute respiratory viral infection and influenza:
- airborne;
- contact and household.
SARS symptoms usually appear 1-3 days after exposure to the virus and are less severe than flu symptoms. Symptoms usually peak after 3 or 4 days and then begin to subside. SARS differs from other viral diseases in that there is no significant rise in temperature. An ARVI patient is contagious for 2-3 days after the onset of symptoms.
Flu symptoms:
- the main symptom - heat (up to 41.5 degrees), which lasts for several days (up to 5);
- against the background of the temperature, there is a headache (mainly in the front part - forehead, eyes, temples), aches throughout the body, primarily in the legs;
- a little later a dry cough joins (a sign of tracheitis).
The group at higher risk for influenza and acute respiratory viral infection includes:
- children (especially early age up to 6 years old);
- elderly people (over 60 years old);
- pregnant women;
- medical workers;
- patients with chronic severe heart disease (heart defects, ischemic disease heart, severe arterial hypertension) and lungs ( bronchial asthma, chronical bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema).
Both adults and children are most susceptible to colds in the fall and winter when children go to school, and most people spend a lot of time outdoors.
The prognosis for ARVI is favorable, since it does not cause serious health problems in most children and adults. However, there are some risks for infants (children under 1 year old), the elderly (can exacerbate chronic diseases or proceed with complications), as well as for people at risk, for example, for those who smoke, have chronic diseases lungs (bronchitis, asthma), etc.
Drug therapy for ARVI
SARS medications and treatments do not target specific viruses, but they can relieve symptoms or even shorten the duration of the illness.
Treatment is focused on relieving symptoms of the disease:
cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, elevated temperature etc. Antibiotics are not used against viruses because they are not effective.
Non-specific prophylaxis of influenza and other acute respiratory diseases
It is the categories of people in the high-risk group that should first of all use flu prophylaxis and be especially closely monitored by doctors in case of flu. The best way to combat influenza and acute respiratory infections is PREVENTION.
There are 3 types of flu prevention:
- prophylaxis with vaccines (vaccine prophylaxis, specific),
- chemoprophylaxis (anti-viruses),
- non-specific prophylaxis, involving the observance of the rules of public and personal hygiene).
Vaccination - specific prevention of influenza, the most effective protection in various influenza epidemics Non-specific prevention of influenza - compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards:
- comfortable room temperature;
- regular ventilation;
- daily wet cleaning;
- clothes for the weather;
When implementing personal prevention measures, you should:
- do not approach the patient more than 1 meter;
- avoid contact with sick people;
- when in contact with sick persons, wear a mask;
- avoid crowded places;
- cover your mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing with disposable handkerchiefs;
- do not touch the eyes, mouth, nose with dirty hands;
- compliance with the rules of personal hygiene - hand washing;
- lavage of the nose and nasopharynx.
What to do if you are sick?
Influenza virus is transmitted from one person to another by airborne droplets - when sneezing and coughing, along with saliva. When a sick person sneezes or coughs, he spreads tiny droplets containing the virus, which spread in the air, and then settle on the surfaces of all objects in the room, from where, together with dust particles, they can penetrate into the upper respiratory tract of all those who are here.
1. First, when you get sick, you should try not to contact other people and call a doctor as soon as possible, who will give recommendations and advice on treatment. It is advisable not to leave the house within 7 days from the onset of the disease and do not try to neglect personal hygiene measures.
2. Secondly, we must not forget about disinfection (disinfection). If you get sick with the flu, then these measures should include not only the disinfection of the air, which is the main factor in the spread of influenza pathogens, but also of various objects, surroundings and even the floor on which drops of aerosol containing the virus are deposited, which are released by a sick person. An elementary way to reduce the concentration of infectious aerosol (dust, fine phase) in the air is to constantly ventilate the room. During the cold weather, it is recommended to air it 3-4 times a day for about 15-20 minutes. In this case, it is necessary to control the air temperature in the room in which the patient is staying. It cannot go below 20 degrees.
2. Bed rest.
3. If possible, do not contact with loved ones.
4. Use disposable handkerchiefs and discard them immediately after use.
5. Drink more liquids with vitamins, as well as cranberry and lingonberry infusions, which have antipyretic properties (at least 3 liters).
6. Adhere to all doctor's recommendations and use drugs clearly according to the scheme, especially antiviral drugs. Complete the full course of your medication even if you think you have recovered.
7. Carefully monitor the state of your health, so that in case of its possible deterioration, you will contact a specialist in time and receive the necessary treatment.
If someone in the family gets sick with the flu, you need to adhere to the following rules:
- if possible, place the sick person separately from the rest;
- it is necessary to change the mask every 2 hours;
- one person should take care of the patient;
- a pregnant woman should not take care of the patient;
- each family member must observe special hygienic measures - often wash hands, use masks, wipe hands with disinfectants;
- monitor yourself and the rest of the family for symptoms of the disease;
- try not to lean closer to the patient than 1 meter;
- to allocate separate dishes to the patient;
- carefully monitor the patient's condition, so that in case of a possible deterioration in health, consult a doctor in time to receive the necessary treatment.