Within 1-3 days after the birth of the baby, the first vaccination in his life will be given in the maternity hospital. A person is vaccinated against dangerous diseases throughout his life.
In recent years, there has been a heated debate between supporters and opponents of immunization of the population. Vaccination is not legally mandatory and written consent is taken from parents before each vaccination. Previously, the question of getting vaccinated or not was not, but now there is an active "anti-vaccination" propaganda, and many parents refuse to vaccinate. The opinion of pediatricians is unambiguous - vaccinations must be given to children!
Whether or not a child is vaccinated is up to the parents to decide on an individual basis.
How many vaccinations are given to a child under one year old?
Most of the vaccinations occur in the first year of a baby's life. Almost every month, at the pediatrician's appointment, they will offer to give the child the next vaccination.
Having been born, the baby finds himself in a world full of various infections and viruses, a weak immunity is unable to resist them. Medicine comes to the rescue - the child is vaccinated according to a specially developed scheme. After certain periods of time, an appropriate vaccine is introduced into the body, thanks to which antibodies to dangerous and even fatal diseases are produced. In just the first 12 months of life, the baby will have to be vaccinated against seven dangerous diseases.
List of basic vaccinations for babies
What diseases are all infants vaccinated against? Russia has an approved list:
- hepatitis B;
- tuberculosis;
- diphtheria;
- whooping cough;
- tetanus;
- polio;
- measles;
- rubella;
- mumps;
- hemophilic infection.
The vaccination schedule does not include vaccinations against influenza, encephalitis, chickenpox and hepatitis A. They can be given to children under one year old if indicated, for example, if an epidemic of a disease has begun in the region.
From hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an infectious liver disease transmitted in everyday life, through non-sterile medical instruments, in utero from a sick mother. The very first vaccination is usually given to the newborn within 24 hours. This is due to the fact that in Russia high risk infection with hepatitis B. It is placed in the thigh intramuscularly, the injection site cannot be wetted.
Sometimes the child has a reaction in the form of allergies or fever, the mother needs to monitor the baby's condition after vaccination. As a rule, the drug for hepatitis B is well tolerated without causing any complications.
Contraindications to vaccination can be:
- prematurity;
- suspicion of HIV infection;
- the mother has a history of a strong allergic reaction.
Revaccination is carried out twice: at 1 month and at 6 months, and gives immunity from hepatitis B disease for 5 years.
From tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a serious chronic disease that affects the lungs and gives complications to other organs and systems. The only significant prevention of tuberculosis is vaccination.
BCG is a vaccine against tuberculosis, which should definitely be done in the hospital BCG is placed on 3-7 days of a child's life. If for some contraindications it was not performed, it can be done later in the clinic. It is better not to delay and vaccinate the baby up to 6 months. The earlier BCG is done, the less likely it is to get sick with tuberculosis, so it is placed in the hospital before contact with the outside world and the virus inhabiting it occurs.
If, after the hospital, an unvaccinated baby had contact with the causative agent of tuberculosis, it is no longer effective to vaccinate him. You can get infected anywhere: in transport, on the street, so it is so important to get the vaccine immediately after the baby is born. The tuberculosis vaccine is given separately from others. It gives children immunity up to 7 years old.
The BCG vaccination is placed in the left shoulder, the injection site cannot be wetted, a wound forms there, it is not treated with antiseptic agents and is not opened, according to which the pediatrician in the clinic will assess the activity of the vaccine.
Vaccination against tuberculosis is delayed in newborns:
- with a body weight of less than 2 kg;
- with acute diseases;
- the presence of HIV in a mother or baby;
- the revealed fact of tuberculosis in other family members.
For diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus
DPT is a comprehensive vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. It is placed 4 times: at 3, 4.5, 6 and 18 months. DPT gives a child immunity for 5-10 years.
- Diphtheria - bacterial diseasestriking the upper airways... Due to possible complications, the disease is considered deadly, it is transmitted by airborne droplets.
- Whooping cough is no less serious infection, spreads very quickly and is especially difficult in infants. Before the invention of the vaccine, whooping cough was the cause of most of the infant deaths.
- Tetanus is a serious infectious disease with damage to the nervous system, leading to seizures. It is transmitted through skin lesions: burns, wounds, cuts.
The vaccine is given intramuscularly in the thigh. A reaction to the DPT vaccine often occurs with an increase in body temperature to 38-39 ° C, redness and swelling at the injection site, and the appearance of allergies. DTP vaccination not suitable for children with acute diseases, immunodeficiency, allergies.
Polio
Poliomyelitis affects the nervous, respiratory and digestive systems, is transmitted by airborne droplets and leads to serious disorders, and in especially severe cases, to paralysis. The polio vaccine is given in conjunction with DTP at 3, 4.5 months and at six months. The vaccine gives protection against polio for 5-10 years. It is easily tolerated and usually does not cause complications.
Measles, rubella and mumps
The vaccine is given in 1 year for three dangerous diseases at once. This makes the vaccine easier to tolerate. Immunity is developed for a period of at least 5 years.
- Measles is a viral infectious disease, transmitted by airborne droplets, affects the respiratory system and leads to severe intoxication of the child's body.
- Rubella is characterized by skin rashes, it is dangerous for its complications.
- Mumps, or mumps, affects the glandular organs and the nervous system.
The vaccine may cause reactions in the form of redness and temperature rise. Contraindications to vaccination are: allergies, acute diseases, immunodeficiency.
Against other diseases
In addition to the basic vaccinations, which are given according to the national immunization schedule, there are vaccines that a doctor will recommend or that will be delivered at the request of the parents. If the family lives near livestock farms, the pediatrician may suggest vaccinating against anthrax, brucellosis.
In regions with high tick-borne activity, vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis is recommended. Flu shots are given every year in regions with high epidemic rates. Children with heart and kidney pathologies, special types of anemia, and immunodeficiency must be vaccinated against pneumococcal infection.
Vaccination schedule for children under one year by month with names of vaccines
The table provides a list of the main routine vaccinations for children by month and the names of the vaccines. The Russian vaccination calendar is considered one of the most complete and effective in the world.
The vaccination table for up to a year will help you figure out and see which vaccine is next on the schedule. Deviations from the schedule are possible for health reasons, for example, if a child is vaccinated not at 8, but at 9 months, nothing terrible will happen, the pediatrician will draw up an individual vaccination plan.
The pediatrician-neonatologist is obliged to tell the newly-made mother while still in the hospital about the vaccination schedule and their importance for the baby | Age | Vaccination name | Name of drugs |
| 24 hours after birth | From viral hepatitis B | "Euvax V", "Regevak V" |
| 3-7 days | From tuberculosis | BCG, BCG-M |
| 1 month | Revaccination against viral hepatitis B | "Euvax V", "Regevak V" |
| 2 months | 2 revaccination against viral hepatitis B for the risk group | "Euvax V", "Regevak V" |
| For pneumococcal infection | "Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13" | |
| 3 months | For diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | |
| Polio | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae for children at risk | ||
| 4.5 months | Revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DTP, Infanrix |
| Hemophilus influenza revaccination for children at risk | "Act-HIB", "Hiberiks Pentaxim" | |
| Revaccination against poliomyelitis | Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim | |
| Revaccination against pneumococcal infection | "Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13" | |
| 6 months | 2 revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, DTP, Infanrix |
| 2 revaccination against viral hepatitis B | "Euvax V", "Regevak V" | |
| 2 revaccination against poliomyelitis | Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim | |
| 2 revaccination against haemophilus influenzae for children at risk | "Act-HIB", "Hiberiks Pentaxim" | |
| 12 months | Measles, rubella, mumps | "Priorix", MMP-II |
| 3 revaccination against viral hepatitis B for children at risk | "Euvax V", "Regevak V" |
In what cases can the schedule be changed?
The vaccination table will help to clarify how many months the next vaccination is due, or the local doctor will tell you. Before the vaccination, the pediatrician will assess the child's condition - if there are signs acute illness, vaccination will have to be postponed. An individual vaccination schedule is made for infants with allergies, under the supervision of an immunologist, and entered into the child's medical record.
If you think about it, each child is vaccinated on a different schedule, because any transfer of vaccination changes the entire vaccination plan.
There are contraindications for which any vaccination is deleted from the schedule or postponed for some time: for example, a strong reaction to the introduction of this vaccine ahead of time, immunodeficiency, malignant neoplasms, low birth weight, severe damage to the nervous system and others.
Is vaccination well tolerated?
Nowadays, side effects of vaccine administration are rare, but they do happen, and parents should be aware of them in order to help the child in time. More often than others, there are such complications: redness, swelling, suppuration at the vaccination site, fever, allergies. When a severe reaction to the vaccine occurs, such as hyperthermia or significant edema, seek immediate medical attention.
- with dermatitis, fever, runny nose, vaccination is not carried out;
- you cannot be vaccinated if you have recently had contact with infectious patients, for example, SARS;
- allergy sufferers are given antihistamines 2-3 days before vaccination;
- in the home medicine cabinet should be antipyretic drugs, anti-allergy drugs.
You need to be prepared that the child's body can respond to vaccination with an increase in temperature Are vaccinations required?
Recently, there has been an active propaganda against vaccinations. Whether or not to vaccinate is left to the discretion of the parents. When making a decision, it should be remembered that before the introduction of state immunization of the population, infant mortality in Russia was up to 40%, and now less than 1% - the difference is impressive.
To assess the risks of getting complications from vaccination and the risks of remaining unvaccinated from fatal diseases, it is important to look at the issue from all sides. The vaccine activates the child's immunity, and if later there is a meeting with the virus, the person will not get sick or the disease will pass in a mild, harmless form. You need to understand that an unvaccinated baby will be completely defenseless against dangerous diseases, and any contact with them can lead to irreparable consequences.
Than younger child, the weaker his immune system. Lots of infectious diseases, spread on the territory of Russia or imported by carriers of infections from other countries, pose a threat to the health of babies, especially newborns. In Russia, a calendar of vaccinations for children has been drawn up, according to which preventive vaccination is carried out, which protects the child's body from serious diseases.
In a newborn, all body systems adapt to the new conditions of independent life. An imperfect immune system cannot protect a baby from many aggressive pathogens. Even at the beginning of the last century, young children were dying of infections only because there were no antibiotics and mass vaccinations. With the advent of various vaccines, it became possible to protect children. The work of many microbiologists, doctors, scientists is the basis for the creation of various drugs that allow them to be used for the purpose of prevention, and in some cases for the treatment of pathologies.
Vaccination in Russia is allowed with domestic or foreign drugs that have passed registration and clinical trials.
Vaccination calendar by age
To protect babies from infection, mandatory immunization is required. The Russian National Vaccination Schedule is a childhood vaccination schedule approved by the Ministry of Health in 2001. According to it, in all medical institutions of the country, mass and individual vaccinations are carried out.
The introduction of weakened bacteria or their components in the form of an extract allows these foreign agents to activate immunity with the formation of special antibodies-immunoglobulins in the child's body. The activation of the baby's immunity helps to protect him from the following severe pathologies.
- Hepatitis B . Virus B causes liver damage. With the transition to a chronic form, it can lead to the development of liver cirrhosis.
- Tuberculosis. The causative agent of the disease, mycobacterium or "Koch's bacillus" most often affects the lungs, but the localization of the pathology may be in the kidneys and bones. Treatment of the disease is long-term, sometimes it ends in complications.
- Diphtheria. In this pathology, the respiratory tract is affected, but there may also be violations of the function of the heart and kidneys. Severe forms of the disease often end in serious complications with a fatal outcome.
- Whooping cough. The disease is characterized by "barking" coughing. Acute inflammation the trachea and bronchi sometimes become chronic.
- Tetanus Damage to the nervous system, accompanied by convulsive muscle contractions. A blockage of muscles involved in the breathing process can cause fatal breathing problems.
- Measles. The disease proceeds with a characteristic rash, intoxication and, as a result, high temperature (up to 40 ° C). The rash affects the skin and mucous membrane of the nasopharynx. In case of untimely and incorrect treatment of a sick child, severe complications arise.
- Rubella. The virus causes a rash, swollen lymph nodes. The disease is especially dangerous in the first trimester of pregnancy. Infection contributes to the development of fetal malformations and abortion.
- Viral parotitis... The virus affects the paired salivary glands: submandibular, sublingual and parotid. The largest of them is the parotid gland (Glandula parotis), and its inflammation gave the name to this disease. The virus can infect the pancreas and nervous system. In boys, as a result of inflammation, as a complication of the disease, the virus sometimes infects the testicles. This could threaten infertility in the future.
- Poliomyelitis The polio virus infects cells in the peripheral nervous system. The consequence is a violation of the motor function of muscles, muscle weakness develops, tone decreases, and paralysis may occur. The muscles of the lower extremities are more often affected, which leads to long-term treatment and disability.
For newborns
The introduction of inactivated pathogens or suspensions of their components does not allow the child to have long-term immunity. Therefore, against some very dangerous and fairly common infections on the territory of Russia, preventive vaccinations are begun at the maternity hospital. The pediatrician conducts a conversation with the parents, explaining the procedure to them. The first compulsory childhood vaccinations that protect the newborn from pathologies are vaccinations against hepatitis B and tuberculosis.
- Hepatitis B . The hepatitis B virus can be transmitted to a child through biological fluids (blood, saliva). The vaccine is administered to a newborn intramuscularly in the shoulder or thigh 12 hours after birth.
- Tuberculosis. Children can become infected with the disease through inhaled air, through contact with objects of a patient with tuberculosis or transplacentally from the mother. Vaccination against tuberculosis is carried out intracutaneously to the newborn in the shoulder on the third or fifth day. When the baby is weakened, has low weight, received a birth injury, or was born infected in utero, then he is not vaccinated in the maternity hospital. The timing of immunization is transferred and the drugs are administered after recovery and reaching a weight of 2500 g.
Up to a year
What other vaccinations await babies after the hospital is shown by the table of vaccinations for children under one year old.
Table - Calendar of vaccinations for children under 1 year old
| Infection | Vaccination stages | Child's age | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-5 day | 1 month | 2 months | 3 months | 4-5 months | 6 months | 12 months | ||
| Viral Hepatitis B | 1 | + | ||||||
| 2 | + | |||||||
| 3 | + | |||||||
| 4 | + | |||||||
| Tuberculosis | 1 | + | ||||||
| Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus | 1 | + | ||||||
| 2 | + | |||||||
| 3 | + | |||||||
| Hemophilic infection | 1 | + | ||||||
| 2 | + | |||||||
| 3 | + | |||||||
| Polio | 1 | + | ||||||
| 2 | + | |||||||
| 3 | + | |||||||
| Measles, mumps, rubella | 1 | + | ||||||
Up to 3 years
In a child under 3 years of age, immunity is still weak, so it needs to be activated and vaccinated on time in order to protect against infectious diseases, outbreaks of which occur from time to time. For example, in 2016, in several regions and in Moscow, there were many cases of rubella and measles. Therefore, it was decided to additionally include vaccinations against these pathologies in the national calendar. Children from one to 18 years old need to undergo preventive vaccination against measles and rubella, and three months later - revaccination. What other vaccinations are shown to children at this age is shown in the following table.
Explanation of symbols:
- hepatitis B - HB;
- diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus - D + K + C;
- measles, rubella, mumps - K + K + P;
- tuberculosis - T;
- hemophilic infection - GI;
- poliomyelitis - P.
Table - Vaccination card for a child under three years old
| Age | Vaccination and revaccination of a child | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12-24 hours | GW | |||
| 3-5 days | T | |||
| 1 month | GW | |||
| 3 months | D + C + C | P | GI | |
| 4-5 months | D + C + C | P | GI | |
| 6 months | D + C + C | GW | P | GI |
| 1 year | K + K + P | GW | ||
| 18 months | D + K + S (revaccination) | P (revaccination: drops) | ||
| 20 months | P (revaccination: drops) | |||
The immunization plan for infants and older children is reviewed annually and adjusted as necessary.
So, in 2015, an additional vaccine against pneumococcus was added to the national vaccination calendar for children under 3 years old. The Prevenar vaccine must be injected into children from two months to five years. If a baby was not vaccinated for up to a year, then it is done twice: at 12 and 14 months. Revaccination is not needed for such a baby. In the absence of vaccination for up to two years for any reason (for example, illness), the child is vaccinated at two years of age without revaccination.
Up to 14 years old
At this age, we are talking about revaccination. The terms, vaccination schedule for children under 14 years old are as follows.
- Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus... Revaccination is done at seven and 14 years old intramuscularly (under the left shoulder blade).
- Tuberculosis. Intradermal revaccination is done at the age of seven.
- Measles, rubella, mumps... Revaccination is injected subcutaneously at the age of six into the shoulder or thigh.
For people over 18, it is recommended that booster vaccinations against tetanus and diphtheria be carried out every ten years. There are a lot of influenza viruses, so it is recommended to vaccinate against influenza every year.
Vaccination: pros and cons
In Russia, all vaccinations given to children by age are free if the drugs are domestically produced. The exception is vaccines supplied from other countries - you have to pay for them. Sometimes parents want to get vaccinated at a private clinic or at home. In such cases, vaccination will also be paid.
If the child is healthy and there are indications of a pediatrician, he needs to carry out preventive immunization in a timely manner. The undoubted advantages of vaccination are in protecting the child from diseases. Contraindications, complications or an increased reaction to the vaccine may serve as a justified reason for refusal, despite the due dates. The downside is that such an unvaccinated baby can contract an infection at any time.
The benefits of immunization are undeniably proven. But in each specific case, it is necessary to take into account the state of health of the child, the advice and recommendations of the pediatrician. If a positive decision is made - to properly care for the child, observing a rational regimen after vaccination.
On the forums, moms and dads, grandparents leave a variety of reviews about vaccinations - both positive and negative. Each parent has the right to make his or her choice: refuse or agree to vaccinate newborns in the hospital and then. But don't go blindly in the fashion of not getting vaccinated for no reason at all. Weigh the pros and cons. Explore the arguments of experts who really understand this. Remember that your baby's health will depend on this choice.
Today, each developed country has its own, specially designed vaccination calendar, according to which adults and children are vaccinated. The childhood vaccination schedule includes infections that are considered the most dangerous, and are most popular in a particular geographic region. For a specific country, such a vaccination schedule is mandatory.
Graft - This is a weakened causative agent of infection, which is introduced into the body and at the same time the necessary vaccination of the crumbs for the prevention of various infectious diseases. Vaccinations can be made from the first days of a child's life and at a certain time, which is approved by the Ministry of Health. You can find out about such terms from a pediatrician or read the special national vaccination calendar for children under three years old.
Before the start of the vaccination, the doctor examines the baby, the body temperature is measured, the general well-being of the child is assessed. And if there are no health problems, then he is vaccinated. If the child is prone to allergies, then taking medications for allergies should be taken in advance. Everyone can have a different reaction to vaccination, but often it consists of elevated temperature, loss of appetite and mild malaise. If the temperature is very high or other complications have arisen, then you should consult a doctor or call an ambulance. Vaccination is carried out on a voluntary basis.
Vaccination calendar for children under three years old
- on the first day after birth, the baby is injected with the hepatitis B vaccine;
- from the third to the seventh day of life, the child is vaccinated against tuberculosis;
- in the first and second months of life, they are vaccinated against hepatitis B (it applies to those who arrive at risk);
- in the third month of life, they are re-vaccinated against hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, whooping cough and diphtheria;
- at 4.5 months, repeated vaccination against the last three infections is carried out;
- at six months they make the same vaccines as at 3 months;
- per year - from measles and rubella;
- at 18 and 20 months, the child is revaccinated;
- at two years old they give a vaccine against smallpox and pneumococcal disease;
- at 36 months - from hepatitis A, and then from it at 42 months.
Vaccination or not, adhere to the vaccination schedule for children under three years old, every parent must decide for themselves... At the same time, it is necessary to clearly understand that no one can be protected from the outbreaks of various epidemics, which are difficult for the body to cope with. And vaccination allows you to develop immunity against these infections and reduce the likelihood of contracting such diseases.
There are happy opinions that a child who has eaten only mother's milk for a year and a half is completely protected from all sorts of diseases. And in fact, breast milk can increase and strengthen the immune system, but this does not mean that it can fully protect your baby from any infectious diseases.