Amoxiclav is a broad-spectrum drug that is capable of destroying a wide variety of bacteria. But if it is misused and the dose is exceeded, it can cause some negative consequences. Overdose is especially common in children - this is due to the fact that if there is a fairly clear dosage for adults, then in a child it depends on a number of factors - age, weight, etc.
What is Amoxiclav and its application
Amoxiclav is an antibiotic of the group of semi-synthetic penicillins, the main active ingredient of which is amoxicillin, protected by clavulanic acid. A certain amount of this substance is necessary to enhance the bactericidal properties of amoxicillin, as well as to protect it from the destructive effects of bacterial enzymes.
The drug is usually used for infectious diseases respiratory system... Tablets and its other dosage forms are shown to be drunk in the presence of various bacteria, including:
- staphylococci;
- echinococcus;
- streptococci;
- causative agents of salmonellosis and brucellosis;
- other pathogenic bacteria.
Contraindications and side effects
Amoxiclav, like other penicillins and cephalosporins, is a highly allergenic antibiotic. It often causes intolerance in people who are prone to allergies. In addition, there are other contraindications:
- mononucleosis;
- infectious lymphocytic leukemia;
- gastrointestinal diseases;
- problems with the kidneys (since it is through them that the drug is excreted from the body after a while);
- pseudomembrane colitis, etc.
In addition, the medication is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation, like many other antibiotics, as it may have some adverse effect on the fetus. But if it cannot be replaced by anything, the doctor can prescribe it to the expectant mother, taking into account the fact that the benefits of treatment will be greater than the possible harm to the baby.
Among the side effects, the development of drug hepatitis (liver inflammation) was repeatedly observed. When unwanted symptoms appear, the use of the drug is limited for a long period. It is also forbidden to combine an antibiotic with alcohol consumption, which enhances the toxic effect of amoxicillin and does only harm.
It should be noted that even when taking Amoxiclav as directed, a number of side effects may develop, which include:
- an allergic reaction to the skin;
- violation of blood formation;
- inflammation of the kidneys, the appearance of blood in the urine;
- organ candidiasis;
- temperature increase;
- nausea, loss of appetite;
- diarrhea, other stool disorders and dyspeptic conditions;
- vomiting, abdominal pain, flatulence;
- anxiety;
- problems from the nervous system - headache, insomnia, convulsions;
- stagnation of bile, constant nausea.
Effects on the fetus and pregnancy
Pregnant and lactating women should take Amoxiclav only in extreme cases, if the possible health risk from illness (for example, from severe sore throat) is higher than the side effects of taking it.
Scientists have conducted studies to find out what effect the drug has on the fetus. It was found that there is no teratogenic effect from the use of amoxicillin, but other side effects are possible.
The agent is dangerous because its components penetrate the placental barrier, therefore, affect the health of the fetus. Allergy symptoms may develop, but a direct threat to the child's health is rare. In view of this, taking Amoxiclav during pregnancy is possible, but only as directed by a doctor.
Causes and symptoms of poisoning
One of the main reasons for poisoning with Amoxiclav is a violation of the course of treatment, which leads to an unacceptable increase in the dose. Due to the fact that the drug has a very short half-life, the side effects associated with intoxication go away rather quickly. Due to this, the damage to the body cannot be called strong.
Most often, overdose occurs in children, because parents make mistakes when preparing the suspension. Therefore, you must always observe the ratio of powder to water, take into account the weight of the child and his age. If you do the calculation incorrectly, you can only aggravate the baby's condition.
In case of poisoning, the following organs and systems may suffer:
- kidneys;
- liver;
The main symptoms of an overdose:
- nausea and vomiting;
- diarrhea;
- pain in the abdomen and other discomfort in the digestive tract;
- headache;
- hyperactivity, anxiety;
- inappropriate behavior;
- insomnia;
- convulsions.
It is also possible to develop symptoms of an allergic reaction up to Quincke's edema or anaphylactic shock.
From the side of the heart and blood vessels, hematopoiesis problems are observed, blood coagulability decreases, anemia and other diseases develop.
What to do in case of an overdose with Amoxiclav
When it enters the body, the drug is partially processed in the liver, then it quickly enters the bloodstream, and after an hour, half of its amount is already excreted by the kidneys, lungs and intestines. Thus, toxic substances in the blood are not long, so the treatment of an overdose is usually purely symptomatic, there is no need for an antidote.
Treatment principles:
- in the first hours - gastric lavage;
- introduction of sorbents (activated carbon, Enterosgel, etc.);
- drinking a lot of fluids;
- in case of severe poisoning - the determination of the patient in the hospital and the appointment of hemodialysis.
After poisoning, they monitor how much the drug has affected the hematopoietic system. For this, regular tests are done. In general, the prognosis is quite favorable, and even after severe poisoning, you can quickly recover and return to working capacity.
Prevention of intoxication
Amoxiclav is a widely used antibiotic that can cure many diseases. But if it is misused or self-medicated, some problems are possible, in particular, an overdose of the active ingredient - amoxicillin. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly follow the doctor's prescriptions and accurately calculate the dose, especially when it comes to the health of young children.
Hello friends! Today I will tell you about the indications for use of amoxiclav, as well as what forms and dosages of this drug can be given to children.
In the previous article, I talked about its composition and its analogues.
Now, knowing the mechanism of its action, we will figure out for which diseases it is most effective.
Amoxiclav indications for use
If you remember, in the last article I said that this medication is unique. The uniqueness lies in the fact that the enzymes that bacteria secrete to protect against drugs are not able to destroy its active substance.
This is what makes it possible to use it for a wide variety of diseases. And its property to be harmoniously distributed in the tissues of the body is suitable for combating pathogens that live in various places.
Here are the indications for use of amoxiclav by doctors:
1.Upper respiratory tract infections:
- Tonsillitis,
- Sinusitis,
- Retropharyngeal abscess
- Pneumonia,
- ENT - infections.
2.Infections of the genitourinary system:
- Cystitis,
- Urethritis,
- Pyelonephritis
- Prostatitis.
3.Gynecological diseases:
- Sepsis,
- adnexitis,
- endometritis.
4.Infections of the biliary tract:
- Cholecystitis,
- Cholangitis.
5.Venereal diseases:
- Gonorrhea,
- Syphilis.
At the same time, the medication has indications for use in the fight against infectious agents that develop in various tissues (bone, connective, muscle, mucous).
What do the indications for the use of amoxiclav say about the dosage?
The method of application and its dosage differ in each individual case. The severity of the disease, the patient's age, the state of the liver and kidneys, anthropometric data are taken into account.
Also, the indications for use indicate that the usual course of treatment is two weeks, and the daily dosage is calculated based on the patient's weight.
More should be stopped on the method of treating children.
It is known that this medication is available in several different forms to suit its intended use. It can be:
- ampoules for intramuscular or intravenous administration,
- tablet forms with different quantitative composition of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid,
- instant pills,
- suspension powder
It's no secret that the treatment of children has its own characteristics. You yourself know that it is difficult for them to explain what is useful can be tasteless and disgusting.
Therefore, especially for such cases, the release of powder for the preparation of amoxiclav suspension for children is provided.
In addition to the main components, fruit flavors and sweet components are added to the powder so that the suspension tastes good and children like it.
The Forte variety contains a double dose of the antibiotic. Such a suspension is prescribed for severe forms of infection:
- Sinusitis,
- Bronchitis,
- Pneumonia.
What else do they write about amoxiclav indications for use?
- Please note that for newborns and children under 3 months, the dosage of the medication should not exceed 30 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. To facilitate the preparation of the preparation, always a measuring spoon or pipette is attached to it.
- For older children, the dosage is prescribed in accordance with the severity of the disease, and can range from 20 to 40 milligrams per kilogram of weight.
- And for children over 12 years old, and weighing more than 40 kilograms, the appointment is given according to the adult scheme, but at the same time, control over the liver is a prerequisite.
Speaking about the testimony, they asked me: why do doctors rarely prescribe this medication for angina, therefore, I want to tell you more about this in more detail.
To begin with, the causative agents of sore throat can be bacteria, viruses or fungi.
Therefore, it is reasonable to prescribe amoxiclav for angina only when it is established that bacteria are the causative agents.
In any other case, the treatment will be ineffective and will do more harm than good. For example, side effects are indicated in the indications for use.
Therefore, for the treatment of angina, antibiotics are prescribed only after preliminary microbiological tests to identify the pathogen and its sensitivity to drugs.
Finally, let me give you some advice. Perhaps analogs such as Augmentin or Flemoxin will be more effective for you.
By the way, if you know what other indications amoxiclav has for use, which I did not mention in the article, write comments.
Amoxiclav is a combined preparation, which contains semi-synthetic penicillin and clavulanic acid. This medicine used for antibiotic therapy in many diseases of infectious etiology.
Table of contents: Dosage forms and composition of Amoxiclav pharmachologic effect What diseases does Amoxiclav help? To whom is Amoxiclav contraindicated? Recommended dosages Side effects Overdose Interaction of Amoxiclav with other drugs Amoxiclav during pregnancy and breastfeeding child Additional Rules of storage and dispensing from pharmacies Analogs of AmoxiclavAmoxiclav is produced in the form of conventional and dispersible tablets, which include the β-lactam antibiotic amoxicillin (250, 500 or 875 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate) and the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid (125 mg of potassium clavulanate).
The tool is available in the form of a ready-made suspension and powder for its self-preparation... 5 ml of the suspension contains 125, 250 or 400 mg of semi-synthetic penicillin, as well as 31.25, 62.5 or 57 mg of the potassium salt of clavulanic acid, respectively.
The liquid form is supplied in bottles of 35, 50, 70 and 140 ml, and the tableted form is supplied in blisters of 2, 5, 6, 8 and 20 pieces.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that is active against a wide range of pathogenic microflora. Many bacteria synthesize β-lactamase, which makes the penicillin-type agent ineffective. Therefore, the composition includes an inhibitor of this enzyme - clavulanic acid. Its potassium salt forms a stable inactive complex with an antibiotic-degrading enzyme.
The drug is evenly distributed in tissues and body fluids. After oral administration, the highest plasma concentration is recorded after 60 minutes. The bioavailability of amoxicillin trihydrate is 90%, and potassium clavulanate is about 70%.
The process of biotransformation of drugs occurs in the liver, and the unchanged substance and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine.
This antibiotic is effective in infectious diseases caused by bacteria sensitive to β-lactam drugs.
Indications for the appointment of Amoxiclav are:
- sinusitis (acute or chronic);
- otitis;
- pharyngitis;
- tonsillitis;
- retropharyngeal abscess;
- bronchitis;
- pneumonia;
- cystitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- cholecystitis;
- cholangitis;
- infectious dermatitis;
- sexually transmitted diseases (in particular - gonorrhea);
- infected wounds (including after insect and animal bites);
- gynecological diseases of infectious origin;
- arthritis (with an infectious component);
- osteomyelitis.
The drug is contraindicated in persons with individual hypersensitivity to active or auxiliary ingredients, as well as hypersensitivity to other antibacterial agents of the penicillin series. Caution must be observed if there is a history of allergy to cephalosporins.
note
Do not take Amoxiclav if the use of amoxicillin in combination with clavulanic acid has caused hepatic dysfunction or bile stasis.
Other contraindications include:
- severe renal dysfunction;
- lymphocytic leukemia;
- pseudomembranous colitis;
- liver failure (against the background of hepatitis or alcohol damage);
- infectious mononucleosis.
This antibacterial agent in tablet form is not prescribed for children and adolescents under 12 years of age.
note
Amoxicillin is intended for a course of treatment; the duration of the course is from 5 days to 2 weeks. Prolonged uncontrolled use and interruption of the course can contribute to the formation of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microflora.
In terms of amoxicillin, with a mild or moderate course of an infectious disease, 250 mg of the drug is taken at 8-hour intervals (3 tablets per day).
In severe bacterial infections and diseases of the respiratory system, 500 mg is indicated every 8 hours or 100 mg 2 times a day.
The limiting weft dose of amoxicillin trihydrate for patients over 12 years old is 6 g, and potassium clavulanate is 600 mg.
Suspension can be given to children under 12 years of age. The dosage is determined at the rate of 45 mg / kg / day. (for amoxicillin) and 10 mg / kg / day. (for clavulanic acid). To make the liquid form easier to measure, pipettes or 5 ml measuring spoons are included.
note
Odonotogenic infections (periodontitis, periostitis) require taking tablets 250/125 mg 3 times a day for 5 days.
For suspensions of 125 and 250 mg of amoxicillin per 5 ml:
Babies of the first 3 months of life are given 30 mg / kg of the drug per day, dividing the dose into 2 doses. Children from 3 months. appoint (depending on the severity of the course of the infectious process) from 20 to 40 mg / kg per day, dividing the volume into 3 doses.
For suspensions of 400 mg / 5 ml:
Amoxiclav with a high concentration of the antibacterial component is given at 25-45 mg / kg / day. for severe infections, dividing the dose into 2 doses.
note
In a bottle with a powder for preparing a suspension, you need to add boiled or distilled water to the risks, close the container with a lid, and actively shake until a homogeneous liquid is obtained.
Side effects
Most patients tolerate course antibiotic therapy with Amoxiclav without complications. With individual intolerance, the development of allergic reactions in the form of itching, rashes (urticaria) and angioedema is possible. In difficult situations, anaphylactic shock is not excluded.
In rare cases, the following undesirable effects are noted:
- dyspeptic disorders;
- anorexia (deterioration or loss of appetite);
- diarrhea;
- liver failure;
- hepatitis;
- cholestasis (accompanied by yellowness of the sclera and skin);
- candidiasis (against the background of dysbiosis);
- superinfection (with the development of microflora resistance).
With a significant excess of age-related one-time and (or) daily dosages, various disorders of the digestive function and disturbances in water-salt balance are possible. Renal dysfunction is also possible.
Against the background of an overdose, psychomotor agitation, an unmotivated feeling of anxiety, sleep disturbances and convulsions are sometimes noted.
The victim requires gastric cleansing and symptomatic therapy. It is advisable to give the patient enterosorbents (according to age indications, it can be activated carbon, Smecta, Enterosorb, etc.). In difficult situations, it may be necessary to hospitalize the victim in a specialized department of the hospital and carry out hardware purification of the blood - hemodialysis.
Plasma concentration of the antibiotic increases while taking Probenecid.
Amoxiclav increases overall toxicity Methotrexate due to a slowdown in the excretion of the latter.
When combined with Allopurinol the risk of exanthema (skin rash) increases.
The effectiveness of amoxicillin may decrease when taken concurrently with macrolide antibiotics, tetracycline agents and sulfonamides.
Combined antibacterial drug able to reduce efficiency birth control pillsbecause it interferes with their absorption.
Revealed the antagonism of Amoxiclav and Rifampicin (the therapeutic effect is mutually weakened).
Parallel use with indirect anticoagulants leads to an increase in prothrombin time, which increases the risk of bleeding of various localization.
Amoxicillin freely crosses the blood-placental barrier, but this antibiotic does not have mutagenic, teratogenic or embryotoxic properties. Pregnant women should only take it as directed by their healthcare professional. If it is necessary to carry out antibiotic therapy during lactation, the question of temporary transfer of the baby to artificial milk formulas may be raised, although only a very small amount of the antibiotic gets into breast milk.
To reduce the likelihood of dyspeptic disorders, it is advisable to drink Amoxiclav immediately after a meal.
You will not need a doctor's prescription to purchase Amoxiclav.
Store the medicinal product in a place protected from sunlight, at a temperature not exceeding + 25 ° C.
The shelf life for suspension and tablets is 2 years from the date of issue (marked on the factory container).
Keep out of the reach of children!
The number of analogue drugs in terms of active substance and mechanism of action include:
- Panklave;
- Augmentin;
- Sumamed;
- Oxamp;
- Ranklove;
- Ecoclave;
- Arlet;
- Rapiklav.
Plisov Vladimir, doctor, medical columnist
Amoxiclav is used in gynecology, urology, otolaryngology. This medicine is an antibiotic that contains amoxicillin, clavulanic acid.
Amoxiclav is a semi-synthetic penicillin that suppresses enzymes of pathogenic bacteria on the path of biosynthesis. This leads to the death of the malicious infection.
Release form - tablets and suspension. In obstetrics, pills are prescribed for women. The suspension is recommended for children under 12 years of age.
Analogues of the drug Amoxiclav:
- Oxamp;
- Ecoclave;
- Arlet;
- Augmentin;
- Rapiklav.
For what diseases to drink Amoxiclav:
- chlamydia;
- ureaplasma;
- gonorrhea;
- dysbiosis of the mucous membrane in combination with streptococcus or staphylococcus.
Amoxiclav showed particular efficiency in gynecology in the treatment of ureaplasmosis... Instructions for use for Amoxiclav contain information that the drug is prescribed for chlamydia. But doctors recommend giving preference to Vilprafen in such a pathology, because, as practice shows, chlamydia has become immune to Amoxiclav.
Contraindications:
- individual intolerance to the components;
- a history of hypersensitivity to antibacterial penicillin drugs;
- infectious mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia;
- dysfunction of the gallbladder, liver damage with antibiotics;
- chronic renal failure.
The tablets should be taken with plenty of water. It is best to take the medicine after meals. Thus, the components of the medication will not affect the mucous membranes of the digestive tract.
The dosage of the drug is determined by the gynecologist for each individual patient. It all depends on the type of pathology, the severity, the woman's age, the general condition of the body, the presence of other pathologies in the anamnesis.
The duration of therapy is from 5 days to 2 weeks. For the treatment of pathologies of mild and moderate severity, it is recommended to take 1 tablet (250) 3 times after 8 hours or 2 times throughout the day after 12 hours. For the treatment of severe pathologies - 1 tablet (500) 3 times throughout the day or 1 tablet (875) mg every 12 hours.
Side effects:
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;
- yellowness of the skin;
- migraine;
- skin rash, swelling.
With prolonged use of the drug, dysbiosis can develop, on the skin and mucous membranes - yeast-like fungi. Therefore, you do not need to self-medicate. The exact dosage prescribed by the gynecologist should be observed. Overdose cases were not recorded.
Judging by the reviews of women who took Amoxiclav, side effects are extremely rare.
The use of Amoxiclav during pregnancy and lactation
Gynecological diseases very often develop during pregnancy. Amoxiclav is allowed to be taken during the period of gestation and breastfeeding. This antibiotic is one of the few that does not have a detrimental effect on the fetus. Amoxiclav acts only on the infection, without affecting the intrauterine development of the fetus.
The drug is prescribed after the woman undergoes a gynecological examination. According to the indications and results of the examination, a course of antibiotic therapy is prescribed.
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In the modern world, there are more and more throat diseases requiring antibiotic treatment. The most dangerous are bacterial infections that give purulent complications.
The need to take antibiotics often arises with advanced (chronic) diseases, as well as with complications after viral infection... If the course of the disease allows, it is better to conduct a sensitivity test to certain antibiotics in order to conduct effective treatment... It is usually rarely possible to identify the type of bacteria before starting treatment. Usually, antibiotics are used, which have a fairly wide range of effects.
Such drugs include Amoxiclav - a combined drug, which includes the following substances:
- amoxicillin from the penicillin group,
- clavulanic acid, which enhances the effect of the antibiotic.
The components of the drug are quickly absorbed in the stomach and have a short elimination period. In this regard, the treatment is carried out for 1 to 2 weeks, dividing into several receptions during the day.
When taking the medicine, you must drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration.
This drug is used:
- inflammation of the middle ear,
- sinusitis
- sore throat,
- pharyngitis,
- purulent infections of the tonsils.
Amoxiclav is produced in the form:
- tablets,
- powder for suspensions,
- in vials.
The type of drug and dose is determined by the doctor in accordance with the symptoms, nature and duration of the disease, as well as the patient's age.
Main types medicinal product:
- tablets,
- powder for suspension preparation (in the treatment of children),
- powder from a vial for parenteral use.
Amoxiclav tablets contain:
- clavuanic acid - 125 g,
- amoxicillin - 250-500-875 mg.
With a disease with subfebrile temperature both adults and children are prescribed 1 tablet of the drug (250 mg of amoxicillin) three times a day, with an interval of eight hours.
In case of sore throat with more high temperature use the following drug intake regimen: amoxicillin 500 mg with clavuanic acid - 125 g. In this case, it is enough to take 1 tablet 2 times a day with an interval of 12 hours.
In severe cases, the drug is prescribed 500 mg of amoxicillin 3 times a day, with an interval of eight hours.
The medicine in tablets can be used by chewing or dissolving in water.
It is important! Tableted Amoxiclav can be given to children weighing 40 kg.
To avoid the side effect and detrimental effect on the microflora of the stomach, the drug is best taken immediately before meals.
The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor. There is one generally accepted rule - for a period of no more than 2 weeks.
In especially severe cases of angina or other inflammatory diseases, amoxiclav must be administered intravenously. Injections are used to achieve a more stable patient's condition with the ability to subsequently switch to tablets.
For intravenous administration, a sterile powder of the drug is taken in vials, diluted with water for injection, injected into a vein very slowly or in a slow administration over 30 minutes. Such manipulations are carried out up to three times a day, observing the patient's condition.
In the treatment of angina and other inflammatory diseases in children, a medicine in the form of a suspension is usually used. In pediatrics, the dosage calculation is made by the attending physician for each small patient individually. The calculations take into account the weight and age of the child, as well as the severity of the disease.
The daily amount of the drug for children over 3 months of age, calculated as amoxicillin, is thirty mg / kg.
So, with a patient weighing 8 kg, the daily dose of amoxicillin will be 240 mg. The drug in the form of a suspension is divided into two doses - 120 mg per dose and given to the patient at regular intervals with an interval of 12 hours.
With a patient weighing up to 40 kg (children from three months and older), the drug is prescribed in a dosage of 20-25 mg per kg with an average severity of the disease up to 40-45 mg per kg in severe cases. The daily dose is divided into 2-3 doses. Very rarely, when treating small patients, there is a need for intravenous antibiotics, when the child cannot swallow on his own in especially severe cases of the disease.
Very often, it is difficult for parents of little children to correctly calculate the amount of suspension, since the doctor's prescription most often contains only the amount of the active substance (amoxicillin, clavuanic acid), and not the amount of the suspension.
When prescribing a medicine, it is necessary to clarify with the attending physician up to a gram in what proportion water is added to the powder, and also how many milliliters of suspension to give the child.
All the active ingredients of amoxiclav will be excreted by the kidneys at the same time, therefore, in people suffering from renal insufficiency, the drug may be delayed. In this case, it is necessary to control the concentration of the drug in the blood and urine and individually adjust the dosage and intervals of drug intake. An antibiotic can give a false positive urine glucose test, which must also be taken into account for an objective interpretation of the test result.
Amoxiclav should not be taken by people who have previously had allergic reactions to antibiotics from a number of penicillins, as well as cephalosporins.
Scientifically proven that patients suffering from infectious mononucleosis Using this drug may cause an allergic skin rash. Therefore, it is better for such people to use a different drug.
Amoxiclav is prescribed with caution to pregnant women and people suffering from liver diseases.
Side effects when taking this drug are extremely rare, in most cases they are temporary and disappear when you stop taking the drug. In case of any side effects, you must immediately inform your doctor about them.
- a drug that is prescribed for many infectious diseases, as well as for their prevention. This medicine is an antibiotic, therefore, it requires caution in its use - it must be drunk strictly as prescribed by the doctor, observing the prescribed duration of the course of treatment.
Amoxiclav contains two main components - amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. They do not chemically interact with each other. The main form of release is tablets, but there is Amoxiclav in a solution for injection (intramuscular and intravenous). The drug belongs to antibiotics, a group of protected synthetic penicillins.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic, a synthetic analogue of penicillin. Its spectrum of action includes staphylococci, streptococci, as well as a number of causative agents of other infections - whooping cough, brucellosis, especially dangerous infections, but in practice this effect is rather weak. Amoxicillin is included in the backup scheme for the eradication of Helicobacter (bacteria, which is the causative agent of gastritis and gastric ulcer).
One of the important advantages of amoxicillin is the low incidence of side effects.
Penicillin and its analogues are considered the safest antibiotics. This is due to the fact that their target - the bacterial cell wall - is completely absent in the cells of the human body. The toxicity of this drug to humans is extremely low, so amoxicillin is considered a safe drug.
However, it has a significant drawback. A number of bacteria (mainly) form the enzyme penicillinase, which destroys the antibiotic. Amoxicillin, like other antibiotics of the penicillin series, is susceptible to the action of this enzyme. In order to protect the antibiotic from the effects of the enzyme, clavulanic acid is used, more precisely, the sodium compound clavulanate. It neutralizes penicillinase, which reduces the risk of bacterial resistance, increases the effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, the appointment of Amoxiclav is preferable in comparison with unprotected penicillins - amoxicillin, penicillin, and others.
When is the drug prescribed?
The drug is prescribed for bacterial infections caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to it. To determine the sensitivity, a bacteriological analysis and an antibiotic susceptibility test (antibioticogram) are performed.
In some cases, when the patient's condition is serious or the risk of complications is high, it is permissible to prescribe Amoxiclav until the test results are obtained. In this case, the material for research must be taken before starting the course of treatment.
Infections for which Amoxiclav is prescribed:
- Diseases of the ENT organs.
- Respiratory tract infections.
- Urinary and genital infections.
- Inflammation in the oral cavity, odontogenic infections.
- Skin infectious diseases.
- Wound infections, including animal bites.
- Bacterial diseases of bone tissue.
- Biliary tract infections.
Also, Amoxiclav can be prescribed after surgical interventions to prevent infectious complications, as well as in case of injuries if they have been infected (contaminated with earth or other substances). With human and animal bites, this remedy is effective against infections that live in the oral cavity.
For nosocomial infections, Amoxiclav is most often ineffective, since hospital microorganisms are most often resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, including various types of penicillins.
How to take it correctly?
The drug is available in several dosage forms, and each of them should be taken in accordance with the instructions. The tablets are taken orally, the dosage depends on the disease, the patient's body weight, the characteristics of the course of the disease. For adults, the dosage is usually 250 mg every 8 hours or 500 mg every 12 hours. Adolescents over 12 years of age or weighing more than 40 kg take the drug at the adult dosage. In severe infections, the dose may be increased.
For children under 12 years of age, a suspension is preferable, which is prepared from powder. It is also taken orally, but the dosage of the active substance is lower there, which reduces the risk of side effects, especially allergic reactions. The daily dosage is 40mg in 3 divided doses. The drug is intended for children under 12 years of age or weighing less than 40 kg.
Injectable forms of the drug are intended for the treatment of severe infectious diseases, the exact dosage is prescribed by the doctor, and it can vary significantly depending on the patient's condition. They can also be prescribed if oral administration of the medication is not possible (severe diseases of the stomach, intestines).
The duration of the course of treatment is from 5 to 14 days.
It is impossible to shorten the course - this leads to the selection of resistant strains of bacteria. Even if the symptoms of the disease quickly disappeared, the course of treatment must be completed. If after 14 days of taking the disease has not been cured, this indicates that the drug is ineffective, and it needs to be replaced for more effective remedy... As a rule, replacement occurs earlier.
To whom and when is it contraindicated?
The drug often causes hypersensitivity and allergic reactions, especially in children younger age, in which the immune system is not yet sufficiently developed for an adequate response to amoxicillin.
In addition to allergy to Amoxiclav itself, there are cross-reactions of hypersensitivity to antibiotics of the penicillin series, as well as cephalosporins and other beta-lactams.
This is a fairly large and widespread group of antibiotics, an allergic reaction to one of the drugs in which may mean the presence of hypersensitivity to all related drugs. All such phenomena in the history are contraindications to the use of Amoxiclav.
Also, it can not be taken for various liver damage - hepatitis, including medicinal, bile stagnation phenomena. These phenomena may be associated with taking Amoxiclav and be temporary in nature - in this case, it is necessary to stop taking and replace the drug with an analogue that does not have a hepatotoxic effect.
The third group of contraindications is severe pathologies of the immune system, in particular infectious mononucleosis and various types of leukemia.
In these cases, taking antibiotics can further deteriorate the immune system and worsen the patient's condition.With caution, you need to take medicine for renal failure, phenylketonuria in adults. Pills are contraindicated for children under 12 years old, injections are allowed only in severe cases when there is a danger to life.
Can it cause side effects?
Improper use of the drug can cause side effects
Dosage forms that are intended for oral administration can cause disturbances in the digestive system - loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and any other manifestations of dyspepsia.
If they are so strong that they make it impossible to take the drug, you should abandon Amoxiclav and replace it with other means or injectable forms.
In turn, injectable forms can cause inflammatory reactions at the injection site, the formation of infiltrates under the skin, soreness, swelling and other unpleasant phenomena. Also possible dangerous complication - phlebitis (with intravenous administration).
Regardless of the dosage form, allergic reactions are possible, a decrease in the number of leukocytes and a decrease in immunity as a result. To combat this, it is advisable to combine the drug with measures to strengthen immunity - taking vitamins, increasing the proportion of fruits in the diet.
Headache, dizziness, convulsions are also possible, especially in patients with impaired renal function.
In children, the drug can cause increased excitability, nervousness, whims. This is a temporary phenomenon that passes quickly enough. It does not pose a danger to the health and development of the baby.
Can it be taken during pregnancy and HB?
The active substances penetrate the placental barrier and into breast milk, so this drug is undesirable to take during pregnancy and lactation. However, the presence of an untreated infection in the mother's body is much more dangerous than antibiotics. The question of whether it is necessary to take the medicine is decided only by the doctor.
The unique antibiotic amoxiclav belongs to drugs of strong action, widely used to rid the human body of bacterial infections. The active ingredients in the composition of the drug are easily tolerated by patients, side effects are rare, therefore the drug is recommended for widespread use by all age categories.
The destructive effect of amoxiclav tablets is due to the clavulanic acid included in its composition. The substance helps amoxocillin not to respond to the action of lactamases produced by affected cells.
Dynamics in the body
The first component is amoxicillin, which is semi-synthetic antibiotic extended action. It actively destroys bacteria that react to the action of the drug, but does not act on those that secrete a harmful enzyme. Amoxicillin destroys the walls of bacteria, which leads to the death of pathogens.
The second constituent substance in the preparation is clavulanic acid, which is a beta-lactamate similar to penicillin in chemical action. It inhibits beta-lactamases that are resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. Some types of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms produce lactamases, which leads to the destruction of amoxicillin before it can act on bacteria and viruses.
Clavulanate acts as a blocker of harmful enzymes and restores sensitivity bacterial pathogens to penicillins, while significantly reducing the resistance of the drug antibiotic. Less antibiotic effect is manifested in bacteria producing beta-lactamases of the first chromosomal type. Clavulanic acid is not used separately from amoxicillin, it expands the action of amoxiclav only in conjunction with penicillin antibiotics.
Reasons for the development of resistance
Increase in indicator occurs according to the following criteria:
Application of amoxiclav
Antibiotic treats inflammatory diseasescaused by microorganisms that are sensitive to the drug:
- diseases of the ear, throat, nose of an infectious origin (these include tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngeal abscesses, pharyngitis, sinusitis, rhinitis, etc.);
- diseases of the ureters (prostatitis, cystitis) of an infectious nature;
- inflammation of the female genital organs;
- diseases of the lower respiratory tract (chronic and acute bronchitis, pneumonia);
- infectious infections of bone tissue and connective cartilage;
- bacteriological inflammation of the skin and tissues;
- inflammation of the gallbladder and ducts (cholecystitis);
- odontogenic infections.
Existing contraindications for taking amoxiclav tablets
Not all patients can be treated with the drug, some diseases not suitable for antibiotic treatment:
With diseases of the liver and kidneys in severe form and the developing failure of these organs, amoxiclav appoint with caution and under medical supervision.
Concomitant side effects when taking
Amoxiclav, if it causes unpleasant effects, then they are short-term and do not cause persistent abnormalities in the body:
- on the part of the circulatory system, leukemia of a reversible nature is observed, the formation of blood clots, in isolated cases symptoms of pancytopenia and eosinophilia are observed;
- the digestive system responds with side effects in the form of nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, pain in the abdomen, liver dysfunction, in some cases jaundice, hepatitis, colitis occur;
- allergic reactions cause rash, itching, urticaria, edema, vasculitis, anaphylactic shock, pustulosis, dermatitis are observed in single manifestations;
- the nervous system responds to the action of the antibiotic with dizziness, sometimes convulsive pains in the extremities, high agitation and hyperactivity, sleep disturbance and anxiety;
- from the urinary system, interstitial nephritis develops, symptoms of crystalluria are observed;
- sometimes superinfection of the secondary manifestation develops.
Forms of production and sale of the antibiotic amoxicillin clavunate
The usual forms of sale are presented in the form:
- tablets;
- powder for solution preparation;
- powder for injections (solution preparation).
The pills vary by the number of components contained:
- 375 tablets contain 125 mg of clavulanate and 250 mg of amoxicillin;
- 625 tablets contain 125 mg of clavulanate and 500 mg of amoxicillin;
- 1000 tablets contain 125 mg of clavulanate and 850 mg of amoxicillin.
Mortar powders:
- powders 125 contain 125 mg of antibiotic, clavulanate - 31.2 mg;
- powders 250 contain 250 mg of antibiotic, clavulanate - 62.5 mg:
- powders 400 contain 400 mg of antibiotic, clavulanate - 57 mg.
In powders, sodium citrate, silicon dioxide, sodium saccharinate, citric acid, flavorings are used as additional components. Powders are prepared according to the instructions, adding the specified amount of liquid and bringing the mixture to dissolve all dry particles.
Powders for injection solution:
- the drug 500 contains an antibiotic of 500 mg, produced in the form of sodium salt and 100 mg of clavulanic acid;
- drug 1000 consists of an antibiotic 1000 mg and 200 mg clavulanic acid.
The solution for intravenous administration is prepared by diluting the dry mixture in a special solution for infusion.
Pharmacological action in the body
After taking the tablets inside, the active ingredients of the drug are actively absorbed from the stomach and intestines, regardless of food intake... Both components are absorbed in approximately the same period of time, the greatest amount of the drug in the blood is detected one hour after consumption.
Amoxicillin and clavulanate enter the tissues and body fluids, the first accumulates in the liver, prostate, tonsils, muscle tissue, saliva, bronchial mucus, synovial fluid. The BBB barrier is not overcome by the drug if the meninges are not affected inflammatory processes, but the placenta does not serve as an obstacle for him and an insignificant amount of the substance can be found in breast milk.
Amoxicillin is not fully involved in metabolic processes, but clavulanic acid is metabolized more intensively. The connection with blood proteins is weak, to a small extent. The drug is excreted from the human body by the kidneys, a very small part of the drug is removed with the contents of the intestines and lung secretions. After an hour and a half, the drug is half excreted from the body.
How to use amoxiclav?
Children under 12 years of age are not prescribed + amoxiclav. The dosage for the daily dose of clavulanate for adults is 600 mg, children take 10 mg per kilogram of body. Amoxicillin is dosed at a daily rate of 6 g for adult patients and 45 mg per kilogram of the child's body.
For parenteral administration dissolve the dry mixture from a bottle in a special liquid for injections:
- 600 mg of the mixture needs 10 ml of water;
- 1.2 g of the mixture will require 20 ml of liquid.
The solution is injected intramuscularly slowly, taking about 4 minutes to complete the infusion, the time of the intravenous drip is about 40 minutes. The resulting finished solution is not subject to freezing.
Intensity of taking pills
In moderate and light standard cases, it is prescribed every 8 hours for a 375 tablet. Sometimes the scheme is changed to take a 500 tablet after 12 hours. Severe forms of the course of the disease require taking one tablet 500 or 875 every 8 hours after 12 hours. The duration of admission is from 6 to 15 days, this time is determined individually.
Patients suffering from odontogenic infections use the drug according to the system of 1 tablet 250 after 8 hours, or 500 tablets after 12 hours, the treatment is carried out for 5-6 days.
If the patient has a concomitant disease in the form of renal or hepatic failure, then the interval between taking the pills is increased to a day.
Using the suspension for children
For children, the drug is prescribed taking into account their weight and age. Babies up to 3 months per kilogram of body are prescribed 30 mg of the drug (daily dose), which is divided into equal parts and given after the same time. Scoop contains 5 ml of medicine.
After three months, the drug is prescribed at 25 mg per kilogram of body, the daily rate is divided into two doses. If the infection is not severe, then the medicine is given at 20 mg per kilogram of body, and the dose is divided into three doses.
Severe cases of infectious infection of the body require the use of a medicinal dose of 30 mg per kilogram of the child's body over two daily intervals.
Use of amoxiclav kviktab
The tablet is dissolved in water (half a glass), stirred thoroughly and drunk. If you have to chew the medicine, it is best to do it before eating. Children from 12 years old and adult patients take on a 625 tablet several times a day, 2 or 3 times recommended. A severe course of the disease requires replacing the tablet with a stronger one (1000 mg) taken twice a day, but such treatment is not recommended for more than 14 days.
The use of amoxiclav in the treatment of certain diseases
Angina
Adults are given a 325 mg tablet to drink three times a day. If the course of the disease is not complicated, then you can limit yourself to taking one tablet with a break of 12 hours. At the discretion of the doctor, the dose of the drug can be increased if he sees the need for it.
For children, treatment is prescribed in the form suspension on a spoon (5 ml), and the intervals between receptions are prescribed by the doctor, while it is important for the child not to disrupt the sequence of the chosen therapy. The doctor can increase or decrease the rate.
Sinusitis
For the treatment of the disease, the dosage is 500 tablets three times a day. The duration of treatment depends on the patient's condition, but the medicine must be drunk for at least 5 days.
Is there an overdose?
It can be easily avoided by observing the norm prescribed by the doctor, this applies to adult patients and pediatric patients. In order not to take extra milligrams, you need to carefully read the instructions and learn how to dilute the solution and suspension. Unpleasant symptoms can manifest themselves if the weight of the prescribed pill is increased or if it is taken much more often. The main side effects if the dosage is exceeded:
- pain in the peritoneal region;
- nausea and vomiting;
- diarrhea, upset stomach and intestines;
- excited state;
- convulsive pains and reflexes in the limbs (in severe cases).
If symptoms of overdosing have been identified recently, then deep gastric lavage is performed, then activated charcoal is prescribed, depending on body weight. The patient is under the supervision of a doctor. If an overdose gives serious disorders, then hemodialysis is indicated.
Reciprocal combination with other drugs
Unwanted effects may occur when combined with taking amoxiclav with other medications:
- slowing down of the absorption of the drug occurs while taking it with antacids, glucosamine, aminoglycosides;
- the absorption of amoxiclav is accelerated with the combined use of ascorbic acid;
- the concentration of amoxicillin increases in the body in combination with allopurinol, phenylbutazone, diuretics, anti-inflammatory nonsteroidal drugs and other drugs that block tubular secretion;
- the joint use of coagulants with amoxiclav leads to an increase in the protombin time, therefore, this combination should be prescribed simultaneously with caution;
- amoxicillin clavulanate increases the toxic effect of methotrexate;
- the drug, when used together with allopurinol, causes exanthema;
- the simultaneous use of the agent together with rifampicin makes their action mutually antagonistic and at the same time weakening the effect against bacteria;
- reduce the effectiveness of amoxiclav simultaneous administration of macrolides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides and other drugs from the group of bacteriostatic antibiotics;
- elimination of amoxicillin from the body slows down while taking probenicid, which increases its concentration in the body;
- oral contraceptives become less effective with amoxiclav.
For people with infectious mononucleosis and lymphocytic leukemia, it is not recommended to use amoxiclav containing amoxicillin in the composition, which causes manifestation on the skin erythematous rash.
If patients are prone to allergic reactions, then medication should be prescribed with caution. In the process of taking a significant dosage of the drug, it is necessary to conduct a laboratory study of the functionality of the kidneys and liver. If violations are observed, then the rate is reduced or the intervals between doses are made longer.
To minimize side effects in the digestive tract and stomach, it is advisable to drink the drug during breakfast, lunch or dinner... False blood glucose readings can be detected when using amoxiclav in treatment.
There is no information that amoxiclav affects the work of the driver and labor that requires special attention, so it can be taken without considering such circumstances. During treatment with the remedy, you need to consume a sufficient amount of water. When prescribing to children, all the subtleties associated with age and body weight must be taken into account.
Analogues of amoxiclav
There are numerous analogues of the drug for use in treatment, for example, it can be found cheaper, but with the same effectiveness. The price depends a lot on the manufacturer. The list of medicines can be extended, but with the main substitutes for amoxiclav on the pharmaceutical market there are:
For example, the drug Augmentin in tablets has a lower price; you can also pick up Russian manufacturers, in particular, amoxicillin.
The entire world around us is swarming with pathogens. Fortunately, every person's body has one very pleasant feature. If everything is in order with the immune system, the skin and mucous membranes are not damaged - you can not be afraid of a bacterial and any other infection. Otherwise, you will have to find out what amoxiclav is, what it helps from and when this drug is prescribed.
The importance of the microflora of the internal environment
In the human body, normal microflora is constantly present, but sometimes it can be replaced by pathogenic flora and conditionally pathogenic, which can lead to the development of the disease.
|
Normal |
Pathogenic |
|
It begins to populate the child's body from the first minutes of life, from the moment the baby is laid out on the mother's stomach. |
It is constantly present in the environment, penetrates, as a rule, into a weakened organism. |
|
It is part of the body's immune system and ensures normal digestion. |
It actively multiplies and releases toxins that can cause headaches. |
|
In its absence, a diagnosis is made and therapy is carried out aimed at colonizing the internal environment with microbes. |
In addition to intoxication, pathogenic microflora leads to the development of infectious diseases. |
So it is necessary to fight only with those microorganisms that can cause serious diseases. The destruction of normal microflora will lead to a weakening of the body, digestive disorders and an increased risk of penetration of harmful microbes.
Amoxiclav: instruction, price
Since the drug is, its appointment and use should be monitored by the attending physician:
- The minimum course of taking the drug is 5 days, at a shorter time, the tablets will not have the desired effect and will not be able to destroy all forms of pathogenic bacteria;
- The duration of the maximum course should not exceed two weeks, due to possible side effects... After taking the drug for two weeks, you must again be examined by a doctor in order to get further recommendations;
- The dose for children under 12 years of age is calculated based on weight. For each kilogram of body weight, 40 mg per day is prescribed, the entire dose is evenly distributed over three doses;
- The dosage for adults depends on the general condition of the body and the degree of progression of the disease. The tablets are used 2 or 3 times a day, the dose ranges from 800 to 2000 mg;
- The tablets must be swallowed and washed down with warm water, at least 200 ml per dose.
Price differs, depending on the dosage and form of release of the drug. Taking pills into account:
The antibiotic is sold in packs of 10-15 tablets, so by multiplying it is easy to calculate the price per battery or for the whole pack.
Analogues are cheaper than the drug
It is not worth saving on your health, but sometimes you can get the same effect by paying much less. With a long course of treatment, this matters., and in general, there is no point in overpaying and "donating" money to a pharmaceutical concern.
You can use by other means, by the way, produced in Russia:
- Augmentin;
- Femoklav;
- Amoxicillin;
- Ampiox;
- Flemoxin.
All listed drugs able to effectively fight infection... Experts prefer to prescribe each of them to choose from at a certain localization of the infectious process itself. Therefore, it is better to stock up on a list of cheaper analogs even before going to the doctor and already in the office wonder why cheaper drugs are not suitable for you. Some health workers have a percentage of the sale of expensive drugs, but in all countries they are trying to fight this practice.
Despite the fact that the transferred funds cost less, they still remain potent antibiotics, the use of which must be approached "wisely". The dosage of each drug is indicated in the instructions, you can consult a pharmacist at the pharmacy's checkout.
Amoxiclav at
During pregnancy, a woman is not protected from any disease, including from bacterial infection... The only problem is that:
- The body of a pregnant woman is more sensitive to any external stimuli;
- Anything that affects the mother also affects the child;
- Even the slightest impact can manifest itself in decades;
Most drugs are banned for a period of 9 months;
- Somehow it is necessary to fight diseases, and not only at the level of traditional medicine.
From the entire list of antibiotics, as a result of long observations, a small number of drugs were isolated that can be used even in such a delicate situation. Among them was amoxiclav, but this does not mean that the tablets can be swallowed for any reason.
Antibiotic still affects the child and can lead to sad consequences, therefore, when prescribing, the doctor asks only one question: What will be more harmful for the mother and child - an untreated disease or the action of amoxiclav?
Guided by the principle of less harm, the doctor tries to preserve the life and health of the mother, even if it causes serious harm to the baby.
How and when can you drink the drug?
Amoxiclav, like any antibiotic, is prescribed for bacterial infections:
- Otitis;
- Sinusitis;
- Pharyngitis;
- Tonsillitis;
- Bronchitis;
- Pneumonia.
Pathogenic microorganisms can affect the genitourinary system, gastrointestinal tract, and bone tissue. After examination by an appropriate specialist, the patient will be assigned a full course of therapy, which will include an antibacterial agent.
Each doctor has his own approach, but amoxiclav is used quite often, it is indicated in the algorithm for the treatment of many bacterial diseases.
You can find the drug at any pharmacy, by quite reasonable price, should be used with caution during pregnancy, lactation and childhood... If the immune system cannot cope with a sudden "invasion" on its own, it is necessary to provide it with all possible help.
Video instruction about amoxiclav
In this video, the famous doctor Komarovsky will tell you what he thinks about antibiotics and their use, from which amoxiclav can help and how to take it correctly: